三种工业废水颗粒污泥的化学及微生物学组成

对ＵＡＳＢ反应器中处理酒精废醪、木材纤维板热压废水及石灰法造纸黑液颗粒污泥的化学及微生物组成进行了比较研究，结果表明：无机元素在颗粒污泥中的沉积与废水组成及运行条件密切相关；接种污泥中加入少量的颗粒污泥可作为新生颗粒污泥的生长核心；胞外多聚物有利于颗粒污泥的形成与稳定，其产量与颗粒污泥的生物量有关，其分布有一定的区域性；颗粒污泥的微生物组成与废水水质、运行温度及颗粒污泥所处的生理阶段等因素密切相关；丝状细菌，特别是索氏甲烷丝菌类似菌在颗粒污泥中起着重要作用；污泥颗粒化过程中各类生理菌群的增殖次序与其在厌氧消化过程中的功能次序一致。当发酵细菌、产氢产乙酸菌、同型产乙酸菌和产甲烷菌在每ｍＬ颗粒污泥中分别达到１０７－１０、１０５－７、１０６－８和１０５－６个时，可构成一个较稳定的厌氧微生态系统。     

低浓度Ce3+对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性和胞外多聚物的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了低浓度Ce3 对启动驯化、稳定培养和酸化等不同状态对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度Ce3 可促进厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性;0.05mg·l-1Ce3 对稳定培养中的厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性促进作用最大,提高了14.29%,对酸化污泥促进作用较弱,低于5%,对启动驯化和再启动污泥有所抑制,抑制程度分别为7.67%和1.64%;驯化培养过程有利于污泥对稀土的适应.Ce3 的加入降低了启动驯化、稳定培养、严重酸化和再启动污泥的胞外多糖含量,有利于颗粒污泥的稳定性.Ce3 使驯化、稳定培养和再启动状态污泥的胞外核酸含量降低,而酸化污泥的胞外核酸含量升高,可用细胞膜通透性的改变解释.     

沼泽产甲烷能力和途径差异的机制

土壤中甲烷的形成有 2条途径 :乙酸发酵和H2 /CO2 还原。比较而言 ,乙酸发酵产甲烷的能力强于H2 /CO2 还原。在特定环境中 ,何种产甲烷途径占优势取决于底物尤其是活性有机碳含量 ,而新形成的有机碳尤为重要。活性有机碳含量丰富的沼泽 ,甲烷主要由乙酸发酵形成 ,因此产甲烷能力较强。导致沼泽产甲烷能力异同的原因就是有效底物含量差异 ,从而使不同类型沼泽环境中产甲烷菌菌种不同 ,正是底物含量的高低和由此引起的产甲烷菌菌种的不同决定了不同类型沼泽产甲烷潜能的差异     

沼泽产甲烷能力和途径差异的机制

土壤中甲烷的形成有2条途径：乙酸发酵和H2／CO2还原，比较而言，乙酸发酵产甲烷的能力强于H2／CO2还原，在特定环境中，何种产甲烷途径占优势取决于底物尤其是活性有机碳含量，而新形成的有机碳尤为重要，活性有碳含量丰富的沼泽，甲烷主要由乙酸发酵形成，因此产甲烷能力较强，导致沼泽产甲烷能力异同的原因就是有效底物含量差异，从而使不同类型沼泽环境中产甲烷菌菌种不同，正是底物含量的高低和由此引起的产甲烷菌菌种的不同决定了不同类型沼泽产甲烷潜能的差异。     

UASB反应器处理生活污水的自接种启动

本试验利用未沉淀的生活污水(COD在432mg/L左右)在7℃～22℃温度下自接种启动容积为5L的升流式厌氧污泥层反应器.初始有机容积负荷为1.75kgCOD/m~3·d,水力停留时间为5.9h.运行57天时出现了颗粒污泥,此时污泥负荷为0.33kgCOD/kgVSS·d.106天后反应器达到稳定的处理效果.当温度在20℃左右,HRT为6h,COD去除率达81.2%,出水COD低于100mg/L.培养出的颗粒污泥呈黑色,粒径在0.5mm～3mm之间,比重为1.04, SVI在15左右,有较好的沉降性和产甲烷活性.污泥中产甲烷菌主要是素氏甲烷丝菌.     

METHANOSPIRILUM HUNGATEII 单伴生共培养物中的丙酸盐…

从厌氧消化器中富集和分离出含有一株新的厌氧化丙酸盐细菌ＬＹＰ的共培养物，ＬＹＰ的唯一伴生菌是能利用氢和甲酸的亨氏甲烷螺菌。该共培养物利用丙酸和少量的丁酸生成乙酸、ＣＯ２和甲烷。共培养物的生长和产甲烷能力受乙酸或丁酸降解菌的促进。     

产甲烷古菌与电子传递体相互作用机制研究进展

厌氧消化是实现有机废弃物资源化最有效的技术之一，实现形式是产生生物沼气.作为一种清洁能源，生物沼气可以有效减少化石燃料的使用，进而减少温室气体的排放.产甲烷古菌位于厌氧发酵链末端，是生物沼气主要成分甲烷的直接生产者.在厌氧消化系统中，产甲烷古菌与发酵链前端微生物以及各种天然和人工电子传递体存在着活跃的电子互营过程，对于维持厌氧消化系统的稳定性和改善生物沼气的生成效率具有重要作用.本文综述近年来报道的在强化厌氧消化过程中常用的铁基与碳基电子传递体与产甲烷古菌的相互作用机制，着重介绍两类电子传递体通过自身氧化还原反应或物理性质与产甲烷古菌细胞膜上的氢酶和细胞色素c进行电子互营的微观作用机理，分析两类电子传递体通过参与胞外电子传递过程与产甲烷古菌能量代谢可能存在的耦合机制，其中乙酸型产甲烷古菌基于电子歧化传递在进行胞外三价铁呼吸过程中存储能量，从而增强产甲烷代谢，改变了目前对甲烷生成的生化和生态学理解，极大推进了产甲烷古菌与胞外电子传递体相互作用的研究.产甲烷古菌胞外电子传递路径的不清晰和其细胞膜上蛋白功能的不确定是制约产甲烷古菌与电子传递体相互作用机制研究的重要因素.因此提出利用快速发展的...     

单伴生共培养物中的丙酸盐氧化细菌

从厌氧消化器中富集和分离出含有一株新的厌氢氧化丙酸盐细菌ＬＹＰ的共培养物，ＬＹＰ的唯一伴生菌是能利用氢和甲酸的亨氏甲烷螺菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｕｍｈｕｎｇａｔｅｉｉ）。该共培养物利用丙酸和少量的丁酸生成乙酸、ＣＯ２和甲烷。共培养物的生氏和产甲烷能力受乙酸或丁酸降解菌的促进。     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地产甲烷菌的数量、群落组成和活性

甲烷产生过程是湿地生态系统中最活跃的生物地球化学进程之一,岩溶湿地是一类具有典型岩溶地区水文特征和重要环境影响的特殊内陆淡水湿地.为了解岩溶湿地产甲烷菌的类型及其在碳循环中的贡献,综合运用分子生物学、微生物学和地球化学的方法对桂林会仙岩溶湿地沉积物中产甲烷菌的数量、群落组成、活性以及相关的环境因子进行研究.分析15-35 cm沉积物中甲基辅酶M还原酶基因mcr A的数量、种类以及与环境因子之间的关系,发现mcr A基因的拷贝数为106~(-1)07,主要来自5类产甲烷古菌目,分别是甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)、甲烷胞菌目(Methanocellales)、甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)以及一类尚未鉴定的产甲烷古菌,这些序列中有一半的序列与已知Mcr A蛋白序列相似度在95%以下,并且mcr A基因的多样性和数量分布主要受到有机碳和硫酸盐含量的影响.在产甲烷活性方面,沉积物的乙酸型产甲烷速率为1 024(±447)pmol g~(~(-1)) d~(-1),氢型产甲烷量约为650(±155)pmol g~(~(-1)) d~(-1).上述结果表明,会仙岩溶湿地具有同普通淡水湿地类似的产甲烷菌群落组成和较高的产甲烷潜力,并且该环境中可能蕴藏着许多尚未被研究的微生物资源.     

叶面喷施磁处理复合肥对新红星（Starkrimson）苹果树营养元素的影响

叶面喷施磁处理复合肥对新红星（Ｓｔａｒｋｒｉｍｓｏｎ）苹果树营养元素的影响程文林，杨佩芳，刘和，陈晓春，高美英（山西农业大学大谷０３０８０１）关键词磁处理复合肥，根外追肥，新红星苹果树，营养元素ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＭＡＧＮＥＴＩＺＥＤＣＯＭＰＯＵＮＤＦＥ...     

Microbial community dynamics at high organic loading rates revealed by pyrosequencing during sugar refinery wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

High strength sugar refinery wastewater was treated in a mesophilic UASB. Pyrosequencing reveals microbial community succession with OLR increase. Diversity of microbial communities in OLR12 is much higher than those in OLR36 and OLR54.0 kgCOD/(kg VSS·d). Fermentative bacteria could deal with increasing OLR through the increase of microbial diversity and quantity. Hydrogen-producing acotogens and methanogens mainly coped with high OLR shocks by increasing the quantity of community The performance and microbial community structure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached above 92.0% at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 12.0–54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in effluent were increased to 451.1 mg/L from 147.9 mg/L and the specific methane production rate improved by 1.2–2.2-fold as the OLR increased. The evolution of microbial communities in anaerobic sludge at three different OLRs was investigated using pyrosequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 3% distance were 353, 337 and 233 for OLR12, OLR36 and OLR54, respectively. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD /(m³·d) from 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d) by stepwise, the microbial community structure were changed significantly. Five genera (Bacteroides, Trichococcus, Chryseobacterium, Longilinea and Aerococcus) were the dominant fermentative bacteria at the OLR 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). However, the sample of OLR36 was dominated by Lactococcus, Trichococcus, Anaeroarcus and Veillonella. At the last stage (OLR= 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d)), the diversity and percentage of fermentative bacteria were markedly increased. Apart from fermentative bacteria, an obvious shift was observed in hydrogen-producing acetogens and non-acetotrophic methanogens as OLR increased. Syntrophobacter, Geobacter and Methanomethylovorans were the dominant hydrogen-producing acetogens and methylotrophic methanogens in the samples of OLR12 and OLR36. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d), the main hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were substituted with Desulfovibrio and Methanospirillum. However, the composition of acetotrophic methanogens (Methanosaeta) was relatively stable during the whole operation period of the UASB reactor.     

Enhanced methane production during long-term UASB operation at high organic loads as enabled by the immobilized Fungi

• Fungi enable the constant UASB operation even at OLR of 25.0 kg/(m³×d). • The COD removal of 85.9% and methane production of 5.6 m³/(m³×d) are achieved. • Fungi inhibit VFAs accumulation and favor EPS generation and sludge granulation. • Fungi enrich methanogenic archaea and promote methanogenic pathways. Anaerobic digestion is widely applied in organic wastewater treatment coupled with bioenergy production, and how to stabilize its work at the high organic loading rate (OLR) remains a challenge. Herein, we proposed a new strategy to address this issue via involving the synergetic role of the Aspergillus sydowii 8L-9-F02 immobilized beads (AEBs). A long-term (210-day) continuous-mode operation indicated that the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor (R1, with AEBs added) could achieve the OLR as high as 25.0 kg/(m³×d), whereas the control reactor (R0, with AEBs free) could only tolerate the maximum OLR of 13.3 kg/(m³×d). Remarkably, much higher COD removal (85.9% vs 23.9%) and methane production (5.4 m³/(m³×d) vs 2.2 m³/(m³×d)) were achieved in R1 than R0 at the OLR of 25.0 kg/(m³×d). Such favorable effect results from the facts that fungi inhibit VFAs accumulation, favor the pH stabilization, promote the generation of more extracellular polymeric substance, and enhance the sludge granulation and settleability. Moreover, fungi may enhance the secretion of acetyl-coenzyme A, a key compound in converting organic matters to CO₂. In addition, fungi are favorable to enrich methanogenic archaea even at high OLR, improving the activity of acetate kinase and coenzyme F₄₂₀ for more efficient methanogenic pathway. This work may shed new light on how to achieve higher OLR and methane production in anaerobic digestion of wastewater.     

Effect of wastewater composition on the calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors

Calcium carbonate often precipitates in anaerobic reactors treating wastewater with high calcium content. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of wastewater composition on calcium carbonate precipitation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Two laboratory-scale UASB reactors were operated with calcium-containing influents using acetate and carbohydrate as substrate, respectively. There was an obvious accumulation of inorganic precipitate observed in the biogranules. Observations via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the acclimated biogranules in the two reactors differed in microstructure. Calcium carbonate was found to have precipitated on the surface of acetate-degrading biogranules, but precipitated at the core of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules. The results indicated that substrates had significant influence on the location of calcium carbonate precipitation in anaerobic granular sludge, which was expected due to the different methanogens distribution and pH gradient within the granular sludge degrading various substrates. Moreover, the location of calcium carbonate precipitation substantially affected the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the granular sludge. The SMA of the acetate-degrading biogranules dropped from \(1.96 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} \) to \(0.61 gCOD_{CH_4 } \cdot gVSS^{ - 1} \cdot d^{ - 1} \) after 180-d of operation in the reactor. However, the SMA of the carbohydrate-degrading biogranules was not adversely affected by calcium carbonate precipitation.     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L^-1) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1 (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing methanol in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape.     

微波碱解处理剩余污泥的厌氧消化性能

为了研究微波碱解预处理（microwave/NaOH pretreatment,MNP）剩余污泥在高温和中温条件下厌氧消化的性能,采用半连续完全混合式反应器分别研究了MNP处理后的剩余污泥在高温厌氧消化工艺（thermophilic anaerobic di-gestion process,TADP）和中温厌氧消化工艺...     

Concept and application of anaerobic suspended granular sludge bed （SGSB） reactor for wastewater treatment

Bed expansion serves an important function in the design and operation of an upflow anaerobic reactor. An analysis of the flow pattern of expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactors shows that most EGSB reactors do not behave as expanded bed reactors, as is widely perceived. Rather, these reactors behave as fluidized bed reactors based on the classic chemical reactor theory. In this paper, four bed expansion modes, divided as static bed, expanded bed, suspended bed, and fluidized bed, for bioreactors are proposed. A high-rate anaerobic suspended granular sludge bed （SGSB） reactor was then developed. The SGSB reactor is an upflow anaerobic reactor, and its expansion degree can be easily controlled within a range to maintain the suspended status of the sludge bed by controlling upfiow velocity. The results of the full-scale reactor confirmed that the use of SGSB reactors is advantageous. The full-scale SGSB reactor runs stably and achieves high COD removal efficiency （about 90%） at high loading rates （average 40 kg-COD·m^-3·d^-1, maximum to 52 kg·COD·m^-3 ·d^-1） based on the SGSB theory, and its expansion degree is between 22% and 37%.     

氯霉素生产废水处理中UASB的两种启动方式比较

Ｕ Ａ Ｓ Ｂ 反应器两种启动方式的比较研究结果表明，采用混合废水和氯霉素废水启动均能达到预期的目的；但采用混合废水启动可缩短２３ ％ 的时间．生产中选用何种启动方式应而地制宜