裂叶牵牛浸提液对几种种子萌发的化感作用

采用生物测定法研究了裂叶牵牛[Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq]水浸提液对小麦(Triticum aestivun L.)、白菜(Brassica pekinenss Rupr.)、早熟禾(Poa angustifolia Linn.)、鸡冠花(Celosia cristata L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:(1)质量浓度为0.04 g·mL-1,0.08 g·mL-1,0.16 g·mL-1的裂叶牵牛水浸提液对小麦、白菜、早熟禾、鸡冠花均有抑制作用,抑制作用随着裂叶牵牛水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强;(2)质量浓度为0.16 g·mL-1的裂叶牵牛水浸提液对四种种子萌发和幼苗生长具有很强的化感作用,SE值均达100%.     

不同水分条件下三裂叶豚草叶解剖结构的生态适应性

三裂叶豚草（Ambrosia trifida）是世界公害杂草,于20世纪30年代传人我国后,对我国人民的生产生活和生态系统造成了严重危害。本研究以我国北方地区主要分布的入侵植物三裂叶豚草为对象,采用盆栽实验的方法及石蜡切片技术,在Zeiss Image．A,光学显微镜下研究不同土壤水分条件下三裂叶豚草叶片解剖结构的变化。结果表明：三裂叶豚草在90％土壤相对含水量处理下叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度均增加,是细胞储水量增加,细胞体积增大的结果;在50％、30％土壤相对含水量处理下三裂叶豚草叶片变薄、栅海比值增大,是典型的节约型干旱适应,同时叶肉栅栏细胞层数增加、栅栏细胞密度增大,表现出强壮型干旱适应特征;干旱胁迫程度越大,三裂叶豚草叶显微结构变化越大。不同水分条件下三裂叶豚草解剖特征总体可塑性值为0．39,具较高可塑性,其中叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的厚度比（P／S）、栅栏细胞密度等指标较栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度具有更大可塑性,表明这些因素对三裂叶豚草成功入侵有较大作用。     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草叶绿素含量的影响

研究了华南地区外来入侵植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊（Wedelia trilobata L.）挥发物对本地区3种主要杂草的叶绿素含量的影响,以揭示其化感作用的机理。结果表明：三裂叶蟛蜞菊植株挥发物和挥发油对稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli（L.）Beauv.）、三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）和青葙（Celosia argentea L.）叶绿素含量有明显的抑制作用。在同一实验条件下,250.0 g三裂叶蟛蜞菊新鲜茎叶及含有0.10 mL、0.25 mL和0.50 mL挥发油容器中生长的稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的叶绿素含量明显减少,稗草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少56.5%、41.9%、49.6%和64.9%;三叶鬼针草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少6.45%、4.35%、15.3%和24.8%;青葙的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少53.3%、17.6%、33.3%和71.5%。结论：三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用可使受体植物的叶绿素含量减少。其作用机理值得深入研究。     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草叶绿素含量的影响

研究了华南地区外来入侵植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata L.)挥发物对本地区3种主要杂草的叶绿素含量的影响,以揭示其化感作用的机理。结果表明:三裂叶蟛蜞菊植株挥发物和挥发油对稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)和青葙(Celosia argentea L.)叶绿素含量有明显的抑制作用。在同一实验条件下,250.0 g三裂叶蟛蜞菊新鲜茎叶及含有0.10 mL、0.25 mL和0.50 mL挥发油容器中生长的稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的叶绿素含量明显减少,稗草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少56.5%、41.9%、49.6%和64.9%;三叶鬼针草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少6.45%、4.35%、15.3%和24.8%;青葙的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少53.3%、17.6%、33.3%和71.5%。结论:三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用可使受体植物的叶绿素含量减少。其作用机理值得深入研究。     

不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态

对福建东山赤山林场不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝中的钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)元素含量及其再吸收率动态进行了研究.结果表明,海岸梯度对短枝木麻黄小枝中各元素含量及其再吸收率均具有显著影响.在各海岸梯度上,K再吸收率为正值,且基干林带的再吸收率显著低于其它样地,Fe和Zn为负值,Ca、Mg和Na再吸收率在防护林带前沿为负值,而在后沿林为正值,Mn则相反.这表明,基干林带严重的环境胁迫显著降低了短枝木麻黄小枝的养分再吸收率.短枝木麻黄成熟小枝中的K、Mg含量与其再吸收率存在显著正相关,而Na和Fe与其再吸收率存在显著负相关,其它元素与其再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.除K外,各元素在衰老小枝中的含量与相应元素再吸收率之间均存在显著负相关,表明元素再吸收程度越高,其再吸收率就越高.Ca、Mg、Na和Fe再吸收率之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),Zn除与Mn再吸收率呈显著正相关外,与其它元素均表现为负相关,Mn则与其它元素再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.因而短枝木麻黄小枝中不同类型的养分状况对其再吸收率具有不同的影响.表5参42     

攀援角度对五爪金龙形态、生物量分配及相对生长速率的影响

对不同攀援角度五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配及生长特性等参数进行了分析.结果表明:随攀援角度的增加,五爪金龙主茎长度增加、总叶面积减少;其根生物量比(RMR)增加,叶生物量比(LMR)下降,茎生物量比(SMR)变化不明显.其中,0°攀援生长五爪金龙的叶生物量比是根生物量比的4.625倍;90°攀援生长五爪金龙的根、茎和叶的生物量分配差异最小,在0.318~0.363 g·g-1之间.攀援生长五爪金龙(30°~90°)的相对生长速率随攀援角度的增加而增大.对比0°和90°,30°和60°攀援生长五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配和生长参数均表现出较高的可塑性,对不同倾角支持物的适应能力很强.0°和90°攀援生长五爪金龙的叶面积指数(LAI)、相对生长速率(RGR)和净同化速率(NAR)均高于30°和60°.攀援角度对五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配及相对生长速率存在不同程度的影响,较高相对生长速率的五爪金龙具有较强的种间竞争能力和入侵性.     

不同尺度下耕地土壤Cr含量的空间自相关性分析

以山东省禹城市耕地土壤重金属铬(Cr)元素为例,采用Moran’s I统计量对县级和镇级两个不同取样尺度下Cr含量的空间自相关关系、空间相关尺度和空间分布规律进行了对比研究.结果表明:1)随着研究尺度的增大,Cr含量的变异系数增加,块基比(C0/Sill)减小,空间结构性增强;2)两个尺度下Cr含量Moran’s I指数都大于0,表明研究区内两个尺度下的Cr含量都存在空间正自相关,且Moran’s I指数随着研究尺度的增加而增大;3)Lisa聚类图表明,两个尺度下Cr含量都存在空间聚集区和空间孤立区,其中"高—高"空间聚集和"低—高"空间孤立区域存在潜在Cr污染风险.研究表明小尺度下能够观察到大尺度下观察不到的细微差别,研究可为土壤重金属环境质量评价和重金属污染防治提供重要参考.图4表2参23     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖环境中可培养细菌与理化参数的动态及其相关性分析

随着刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)人工养殖业的快速发展,刺参病害日渐突出.养殖环境微生物和理化参数作为养殖生态系统的重要组成部分,其变化规律及其相关性研究对防治刺参病害具有重要意义.本研究于2012年4月至2013年4月,对山东省即墨市刺参养殖池塘水体中4种可培养细菌(总异养菌、弧菌、硝化细菌、硫化细菌)、4项理化参数(温度、pH、盐度、溶解氧)和沉积环境中6种可培养细菌(总异养菌、弧菌、硝化细菌、硝酸盐还原菌、硫化细菌、硫酸盐还原菌)、6项理化参数(温度、pH、氧化还原电位、硫化物、有机碳、总氮)的动态变化进行了监测,并分析了不同细菌类群的数量及其与沉积物中5项理化指标间的相关性.结果显示:水中大多数细菌类群的周年变化呈夏季高、冬季低的趋势,与温度的变化趋势基本一致,弧菌的变化幅度较异养菌大;硝化细菌较硫化细菌高一个数量级,但变化趋势一致;水体的pH与溶解氧均在夏季高温出现最低值,与温度变化趋势相反;沉积物中异养菌数变化不大,弧菌数量在夏季和冬季出现两个高值.氮循环相关细菌的数量高于硫循环相关细菌.相关性分析结果显示,刺参养殖池塘沉积物的pH与氧化还原电位呈显著正相关(P0.05),二者与硫化物含量均呈极显著负相关(P0.01).硫化物含量与总异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和硝化细菌均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与硫化菌和硝酸盐还原菌呈显著负相关(P0.05),总氮含量与硝化细菌正相关性显著(P0.05).各类细菌数量之间也存在一定的相关性:总异养菌与硝化细菌、硫酸盐还原菌之间、硝化细菌与硫酸盐还原菌之间均存在极显著正相关性(P0.01),弧菌与总异养菌、硝化细菌之间存在正相关性,硝酸盐还原菌与硝化细菌之间、硫酸盐还原菌与硫化细菌之间存在负相关性.本研究表明刺参养殖池塘环境中多项理化参数和细菌数量之间相关性显著,其关系错综复杂,可为防治刺参病害提供理论依据.     

东海近岸海域不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留的时空变化及其污染分析

2006年6月和2007年6月分别在东海近岸海域采集了4种贝类,对不同贝类体内挥发性酚残留量进行了检测。结果表明：2006年6月调查海域4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为0.25-0.59mg·kg^-1,褶牡蛎（Crassostrea plicatula）体内残留量最高;2007年6月残留量范围为0.80-1.50mg·kg^-1,紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）体内残留量最高。在2次采样间4种贝类体内挥发性酚残留量的平均值表现为四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）〈文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）〈褶牡蛎〈紫贻贝。2006年6月调查海域各站点贝类体内挥发性酚残留量范围为ND-0.78mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.31mg·kg^-1;2007年6月残留量范围为0.20-2.22mg·kg^-1,平均值为1.19mg·kg^-1。2次采样间贝类体内挥发性酚在调查海域的分布格局为东海中部〉东海南部〉东海北部。贝类体内挥发性酚残留量主要受自身与外界环境因素的综合作用。     

攀援型和矮生型四棱豆苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和黄酮含量的研究

以攀援和矮生型四棱豆为研究对象,对不同部位苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和总黄酮含量进行比较,结果表明：除嫩豆荚外,矮生型四棱豆不同部位的PAL活性均高于攀援型,其总黄酮含量亦高于攀援型。攀援型和矮生型四棱豆PAL活性均为种子最高,嫩豆荚最低;两者总黄酮含量均为叶最高,储藏器官块根最低。攀援型和矮生型的PAL活性和总黄酮含量之间均呈显著正相关。矮生型四棱豆不同部位的组织或器官PAL活性受外源因子影响小,类黄酮合成能力高于攀援型,具有更高的抗逆性。     

增强的UV—B辐射对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）不同叶位叶片生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

在植物生长室中,黄瓜植株第1片真叶出现后,用人工UV－B光源照射60d,测定植物各叶位叶片的生长和生理活动。结果表明,UV－B辐射条件下,植物出叶时间被延迟,叶面积和叶干重下降,降幅与叶位高低正相关;叶片含水量降低,老龄叶片（1叶,下位叶）和幼龄叶片（第5叶,上位叶）的水分降幅均高于成年叶片（第3叶,中位叶）;叶片的伸展速度,叶片数目以及单叶面积减少,致使黄瓜总叶面积下降;植株节间长度缩短,是植株矮化的重要原因;根、茎、叶等器官之间的相关生长变化不大,叶片生长在其中起重要的协调作用。UV－B降低Pn和EAQE,对光合的抑制程度随叶位升高而增加,UV－B辐射后,黄瓜叶片的光呼吸显著提高,增幅与叶片发育阶段有关,UV－B对黄瓜第1叶的暗呼吸没有影响,第2、3叶略微下降,第4叶显著升高,分析认为,植株矮化叶面积减少有利于植物适应UV－B辐射;水分含量和光合作用减少、呼吸作用增强是黄瓜生长受抑制的生理基础。图2表2参18     

A regularity in trace element contents of marine zooplankton species

Four zooplankton species, three Arthropoda and one Chaetognata, from the Sea of Japan were analyzed in 1984 for eight major and fifteen trace elements, mainly by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Major and trace element contents on a dry weight basis varied little within a factor of 3.7, except for Ca (a factor of 5.7) among the four species. A log-log linearity with a slope of almost-1 was observed between mean oceanic residence time calculated from the mean dissolved river-water input _R and the concentration factor with respect to mean seawater concentration (CF _SW )for each species. The products of _R and CF _SW were nearly constant within a factor of 10, except for Br and Sb over seven orders of variation of CF _SW for each zooplankton species. It demonstrates a new regularity in trace element contents of marine zooplankton species. This relationship leads to the conclusion that the concentration factors of elements for these zooplankton species with respect to elements for these zooplankton species with respect to mean dissolved river-water concentration (CF _RW )are nearly constant within a factor of 10 with average values of 2.98 to 3.43 in logarithm.     

广州绿地土壤理化特性及其相关性

以广州市荔湾区城市绿地为起点往东北延伸至从化流溪河自然保护区,建立长100km、宽10km的绿地土壤样带以研究广州市绿地土壤理化性状及土壤因子间的相关性。研究结果表明,广州绿地土壤容重平均值为（1.31±0.20）g·cm^-3,属偏紧范围;自然含水量为112.14～402.33g·kg^-1;总孔隙度均值（44.10%±4.84%）,属过紧实（45.3%～41.5%）。土壤pH值为2.21～7.82,变幅较广;有机质属丰富偏下水平（30～40g·kg^-1）;有效磷、有效钙和重金属的变化范围也较广。土壤砂粒质量分数与绝大多数土壤物理因子呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,土壤pH值与重金属总铬、总镉、总铅、有效铜、有效钙和有效钾等呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。研究结果为科学使用和保护城市绿地土壤提供依据。     

Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the trace element contents of soils

In the last few decades, metal oxide nanoparticles have shown impact in various areas, and such an impact causes an increased release in a different environment like soil, water, or air. A limited number of studies on soils showed that the biochemical parameters were affected by the metal oxide nanoparticles. However, the influence of metal oxide nanoparticles on soil elements has not been investigated. For this aim, zinc oxide nanoparticles were applied to two different soils; also, the effect of planting on soil elements was investigated via the cultivation of various plants roots (taproots, fibrous, bulb). Soils were treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0, 1.0 and 20.0?mg during 4 weeks. Then, surface soil samples were collected and digested using an acid digestion procedure. Some biochemically important elements (Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Co, Ni) were determined using a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The effect of time and dose-dependent zinc oxide nanoparticles on the element contents of different soils was investigated during planting, and the results were statistically evaluated.     

Effects of sampling error and temporal correlations in population growth on process variance estimators

Estimates of a population’s growth rate and process variance from time-series data are often used to calculate risk metrics such as the probability of quasi-extinction, but temporal correlations in the data from sampling error, intrinsic population factors, or environmental conditions can bias process variance estimators and detrimentally affect risk predictions. It has been claimed (McNamara and Harding, Ecol Lett 7:16–20, 2004) that estimates of the long-term variance that incorporate observed temporal correlations in population growth are unaffected by sampling error; however, no estimation procedures were proposed for time-series data. We develop a suite of such long-term variance estimators, and use simulated data with temporally autocorrelated population growth and sampling error to evaluate their performance. In some cases, we get nearly unbiased long-term variance estimates despite ignoring sampling error, but the utility of these estimators is questionable because of large estimation uncertainty and difficulties in estimating correlation structure in practice. Process variance estimators that ignored temporal correlations generally gave more precise estimates of the variability in population growth and of the probability of quasi-extinction. We also found that the estimation of probability of quasi-extinction was greatly improved when quasi-extinction thresholds were set relatively close to population levels. Because of precision concerns, we recommend using simple models for risk estimates despite potential biases, and limiting inference to quantifying relative risk; e.g., changes in risk over time for a single population or comparative risk among populations.     

Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on biochemical and oxidative parameters in marigold leaves

Abstract

The effects of suspensions of cerium oxide nanoparticles sprayed onto marigold seedlings (Calendula officinalis L.) at concentrations between 50 and 3200 mg L^?1 were studied. At concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L^?1, the nanoparticles had a slight positive effect on some growth parameters, but at higher concentrations they caused severe oxidative damage. Activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and lipoxygenase increased from 400 mg L^?1 upward, tyrosine ammonia lyase from 1600 mg L^?1. Ascorbate and glutathione contents decreased from 400 mg L^?1 upwards.     

铜、锌对土壤—植物系统的生态效应及临界含量

本文研究了华北山前平原褐土中铜、锌对土壤—植物系统的生态效应。结果表明，铜、锌虽是植物生长所必需的营养元素，但超过一定浓度，就会对作物产生毒害，抑制作物生长，降低产量，并在植物体内造成累积，同时还会影响土壤中微生物的活性。综合考虑食品卫生、经济效益、土壤微生物系统的功能等因素，初步确定该土壤中铜的临界浓度为２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，锌的临界浓度为３５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

Effects of UV radiation of different wavebands on pigmentation, 15N-ammonium uptake, amino acid pools and adenylate contents of marine diatoms

Three marine diatoms Lauderia annulata Cleve, Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow and Thalassiosira rotula Meunier were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of different wavebands under controlled laboratory conditions (0.035 vol% CO₂, 18 °C). Several changes in the patterns of pigments in these organisms were seen depending on the waveband of UV radiation and species examined. UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A radiation led to a reduction in the overall pigment content of all three diatoms. The uptake of ¹⁵N-ammonium was less affected by 5-h UV-A (WG 320) but significantly reduced after UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A exposure. The pattern of free amino acid pools varied depending on the applied UV wavebands and the tested diatom. The main protein-bound amino acids of T. rotula decreased after 5-h UV irradiance except leucine. Contents of adenosine 5′-mono-, di-, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP and ATP) were affected differently by UV radiation; ATP values increased at the end of UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A exposure. These results have been discussed with reference to the impact of the different UV sources and the influence on the nitrogen metabolism in connection to pigments and supply with energy. Received: 13 May 1997 / Accepted: 11 October 1997