量子点-Cu2+对L02细胞的联合毒性及NAC的防护作用

以人胚肝细胞(L02)为研究对象,通过研究量子点及Cu2+ (低毒浓度)联合对细胞存活率的影响以及细胞形态的变化确认细胞的毒性,结合抗氧化剂NAC的防护效果探讨复合毒性的氧化损伤机理.结果表明,无论单独Cu2+还是量子点-Cu2+处理组,L02细胞的增殖能力均受到抑制,量子点-Cu2+处理组表现出更加显著的抑制效果,相对与单独Cu2+处理组细胞存活率最大下降300%.经过NAC预处理的细胞在形态和存活率上都显著恢复.说明了安全浓度范围的量子点的与Cu2+共存提高了细胞毒性风险,NAC能够防护量子点与Cu2+单独或联合引起的氧化损伤.     

量子点与Cu~(2+)对L02细胞毒性的协同作用机制:量子点可能的木马角色

量子点由于其广泛应用及可能的对环境的危害而引起关注,理解量子点对原有环境污染物诱导毒性的影响以及相关的机制对于控制量子点的环境风险具有重要意义.用2μg/mL(IC10)的QDs和2.5～20μg/mL(IC10～IC40)的Cu2+以及人胚肝细胞(L02)作为研究对象,通过EDX和量子点荧光光谱的变化确定了量子点和Cu2+的结合,量子点的存在提高了细胞内Cu2+含量,并进而由MTT和HE染色结果确定了相应的量子点存在下Cu2+诱导的细胞毒性的增加:细胞形态显著变化,存活率最大降低了3倍.由此,推测量子点在此过程中可能扮演了木马角色,吸附了Cu2+并携带其进入细胞,使得细胞内的Cu2+含量增加进而导致毒性提高.量子点在环境中的这种特征值得关注.     

Cd2+对长江华溪蟹谷胱甘肽系统的影响

摘要：本实验采用急性毒性方法,研究了镉（Cd2+）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）肝胰腺和鳃谷胱甘肽系统的影响。Cd2+浓度设置为7.25、14.5、29、58和116 mg/L,同时设对照组。分别在24、48、72和96 h用分光光度法测定了还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活力以及GSH/GSSG比值。结果显示,随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中GSH含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在96 h、Cd2+浓度116 mg/L时GSH含量降至最低值[（28.805±2.239） mg/g];GPx活力先升后降;GSSG含量和GST与GR活力均无显著变化。鳃中GSH、GSSG含量和GPx活力的变化趋势与肝胰腺基本一致,GST和GR活力则随着Cd2+浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低,在96 h、Cd2+浓度116 mg/L时GST和GR活力较对照组分别下降了44%和79%。肝胰腺和鳃中GSH/GSSG比值随着Cd2+浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低。结果表明,Cd2+对GSH和GSSG含量,GPx、GST、GR活力均产生了不同程度的影响;GSH/GSSG比值的变化能灵敏反映Cd2+对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为一种准确敏感的生物学指标用以指示镉污染。     

胚胎绒毛膜对微塑料颗粒与镉联合作用的影响

利用胚胎发育技术和代谢组学技术,以100nm(n-PS)和70～250μm(μ-PS)两种粒径的聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)颗粒为研究对象,从微塑料与胚胎绒毛膜相互作用这个角度,探讨了不同粒径微塑料颗粒和镉(Cd)对斑马鱼胚胎发育联合毒性的差异.结果表明,Cd单独暴露、及其与n-PS和μ-PS联合暴露中,胚...     

DEP对蚯蚓抗氧化酶系的影响及DNA损伤

邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)是一种常见的塑料添加剂,并因塑料制品大量广泛使用而进入土壤环境,但其对土壤动物的毒性及其机制并未完全阐明.本文以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为研究对象,使其暴露于不同含量DEP的模拟污染土壤,以蚯蚓体内的抗氧化酶活性、ROS含量、GST活性、MDA含量和DNA损伤程度为评估参数,研究含DEP污染土壤对蚯蚓的毒性作用并分析其机制.结果表明,在DEP胁迫作用下,蚯蚓体内的抗氧化酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性、活性氧自由基(ROS)均发生变化并导致基因损伤产生.在28d的实验周期内0.1~50 mg·kg-1DEP的胁迫下,ROS含量水平呈现增加状态,存在"剂量-效应"关系,并且过量的ROS引起脂质过氧化反应造成机体内MDA含量增加.在ROS和MDA共同作用下,蚯蚓体腔内的DNA受到损伤并且损伤程度与DEP含量存在"剂量-效应"关系.从实验结果可以看出,DEP可以对蚯蚓机体和DNA造成一定程度的损伤,表现出较强的生态毒理效应.     

Toxic effects of fluoranthene and copper on marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

To investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals on the population reproduction,antioxidative defense system and cell ultrastructure of the marine diatom,fluoranthene and Cu2+ were selected to test their toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricorntum,in the laboratory.The results indicated that both fluoranthene and Cu2+ inhibited population reproduction of P.tricorntum.When the algal cells were exposed to fluoranthene or Cu2+ for 72 h,ultrastructure damage in the cells was observed un...     

四环素和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性及机制

选取斑马鱼为模式生物,研究TET（四环素）和As（砷）对斑马鱼的联合毒性.结果表明,50μg/L TET和100μg/L As的联合暴露显著增加斑马鱼体内氧化应激（GPx）、炎症因子（TNF-α）和凋亡因子（C-jun）相关基因表达,造成肠道和肝脏组织更严重的损伤.50μg/L TET和100μg/L As联合暴露呈现的协同毒性效应与P-gp基因被抑制介导的As在肠道和肝脏蓄积量[（704.15±24.50） ng/g和（458.35±24.25ng/g）]显著增加有关.此外,发现肠道的通透性及微生物群落结构的变化对TET和As协同毒性无明显影响.     

铜与毒死蜱复合污染对淡水绿藻的毒性效应

重金属及农药残留在水环境中被频繁检测出,其复合污染对环境生物的联合毒性有别于单因子的生物效应.以淡水绿藻为受试生物,比较分析了有机磷农药毒死蜱（Chlorpyrifos）和重金属铜的单一及复合暴露对蛋白核小球藻急性毒性、细胞通透性及抗氧化应激的影响.铜、毒死蜱72小时单一暴露对小球藻的EC₅₀分别为0.68和12.71μmol/L,藻细胞叶绿素含量随污染物浓度的增大而降低,细胞通透性随污染物浓度的增大而增强,藻细胞活性氧和抗氧化酶被显著诱导.利用相加指数法（Additive Index,AI）确定铜、毒死蜱联合暴露对小球藻急性毒性的联合作用类型为拮抗作用,这与小球藻ROS产生量及抗氧化酶等指标的显著性水平分析结果一致.     

四种环境雌激素对斑马鱼内脏团抗氧化防御系统的影响研究——17B-雌二醇与三种增塑剂DMP、DBP、DOP的影响

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为受试动物,研究了四种环境雌激素-17β-雌二醇(E2)和三种增塑剂(DMP、DBP、DOP)对其内脏团的氧化损伤及应激效应。经急性毒性实验,得到E2、DMP、DBP、DOP对成体斑马鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.51、12.33、9.67、9.89 mg·L-1。在此基础上分别设置5个浓度梯度,研究E2(暴露2 d,4 d)、DMP、DBP、DOP(暴露4 d)对斑马鱼内脏团的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,SOD、CAT、GST、MDA对这四种环境激素都非常敏感,其中SOD、CAT、GST活性的影响均呈现先诱导后抑制的趋势,而MDA含量则随着污染物浓度的升高而增加。高浓度暴露条件下,E2(0.4 mg·L-1)和DMP、DBP、DOP(0.8 mg·L-1)对SOD、CAT、GST活性均有显著抑制(p0.05),MDA的含量有显著升高(p0.05)。可见,E2、DMP、DBP、DOP会导致斑马鱼内脏团氧化损伤,并且在同等浓度下E2的毒性明显高于三种增塑剂。     

柱孢藻毒素对草鱼淋巴细胞毒效应及氧化损伤机理研究

针对淡水水体拟柱孢藻水华产生的柱孢藻毒素,以我国典型食用鱼种草鱼(Ctenophar yngodon idellus)为实验材料,研究了其对鱼体免疫细胞毒效应及机理.结果表明,随着体外暴露剂量的增加,草鱼淋巴细胞活性逐渐降低,暴露24h后100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素诱导组细胞活性仅为对照组的20%;对诱导组淋巴细胞的DNA检测发现呈现阶梯状电泳的典型细胞凋亡特征;应用流式细胞仪进一步检测了细胞凋亡率,表明1～100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素均能够诱导细胞凋亡,并且其凋亡毒效应呈现明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;诱导12h后,氧化应激产物活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均明显上升,100μg·L-1柱孢藻毒素诱导组ROS含量为对照组的2.5倍,MDA含量为对照组的2倍,诱导24h后,1、10、50和100μg·L-1实验组氧化应激产物含量仍然明显上升,这说明氧化应激是柱孢藻毒素导致草鱼淋巴细胞DNA损伤的重要原因;RT-PCR技术对重要凋亡基因的检测表明,1～100μg·L-1实验组凋亡促进基因Bax表达显著增强(p<0.05),50和100μg·L-1高剂量组凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达显著降低(p<0.01).本研究从细胞水平揭示柱孢藻毒素对草鱼免疫细胞具有明显的毒性,该毒效应通过氧化应激介导的DNA损伤表现,凋亡是柱孢藻毒素对草鱼免疫细胞毒性的主要机制.     

北京市PM2.5中类腐殖质的生物氧化应激效应初探

为研究细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中类腐殖质(humic-like substances, HULIS)的生物氧化应激效应,对北京市区和郊区不同季节大气PM_2.5及其中碳质组分和金属元素浓度进行测定,并以大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(NR8383)作为细胞模型,分析PM_2.5及其重要组分诱导产生内源性ROS的能力,研究了PM_2.5中HULIS对诱导产生内源性ROS的贡献. 结果表明:①冬季PM_2.5中碳质组分浓度及内源性ROS浓度(单位为μg zymosan/m3,以酵母聚糖(zymosan)表征的单位体积空气中内源性ROS的浓度)明显高于夏季,但夏季PM_2.5具有更高的生物氧化潜力(单位为μg zymosan/mg PM,以酵母聚糖(zymosan)表征的单位质量颗粒物的生物氧化潜力). ②PM_2.5中碳质组分和一些金属元素浓度均与PM_2.5生成的内源性ROS浓度之间具有较高的相关性. ③HULIS单独诱导生成的内源性ROS浓度也呈冬季〔市区和郊区分别为(55.46±22.69) (43.27±23.89) μg zymosan/m3〕高于夏季〔市区和郊区分别为(18.73±11.94) (7.88±3.63) μg zymosan/m3〕的特征. 在北京市区和郊区两个采样点,由HULIS单独诱导生成的内源性ROS浓度与PM_2.5诱导生成的总内源性ROS浓度之间具有较好的相关性. 研究显示,HULIS是PM_2.5中诱导ROS生成的关键组分,在北京市区和郊区两个采样点HULIS对PM_2.5诱导的内源性ROS的贡献率分别为42%和37%.      

Effect of Cd on GSH and GSH-related enzymes of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L existing in Antarctic ice

Glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes play a great role in protecting organisms from oxidative damage. The GSH level and GSH-related enzymes activities were investigated as well as the growth yield and malonyldialdehyde(MDA) content in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L exposure to the different cadmium concentration in this paper. The results showed that the higher concentration Cd inhibited the growth of ICE-L significantly and Cd would induce formation of MDA. At the same time, it is clear that GSH level, glutathione peroxidases(GPx) activity and glutathione S-transferases(GST), activity were higher in ICE-L exposed to Cd than the control. But GR activity dropped notably when ICE-L were cultured in the medium containing Cd. Increase of GSH level, GPx and GST activities acclimate to oxidative stress induced by Cd and protect Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L from toxicity caused by Cd exposure. These parameters may be used to assess the biological impact of Cd in the Antarctic pole region environment.     

毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎氧化应激效应研究

以斑马鱼为模型,研究了毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎形态学的影响,及其对胚胎的氧化应激和氧化损伤作用.将斑马鱼胚胎暴露在梯度浓度的毒死蜱溶液中96h后,发现毒死蜱会造成斑马鱼胚胎严重畸形甚至死亡,其96h半致死浓度为1.18mg/L.对氧化应激相关基因的表达及抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行检测,结果表明,在毒死蜱胁迫下抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性降低,并且其编码基因(Cu/Zn-sod、Mn-sod、cat)的表达受到抑制;但在低浓度毒死蜱胁迫下,抗氧化酶活性并没有受到显著影响,而抗氧化酶基因的表达对毒死蜱更加敏感.毒死蜱能引起gstp2的表达上调,但GST活性与gstp2的表达变化并不一致.处理组胚胎中nrf2表达上调,从而上调抗氧化蛋白和II相解毒酶基因的表达.毒死蜱胁迫下,基因ucp2、cox1表达下调,能够减少呼吸链ROS的产生.同时基因bcl2表达下调,表明凋亡的平衡受到破坏.毒死蜱处理组中MDA含量显著升高,说明毒死蜱能造成斑马鱼胚胎氧化损伤.     

Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish

Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chemical parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addition, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.     

甲醛和甲醇染毒对小鼠造血组织的毒性作用

为了探究甲醛(Formaldehyde,FA)对造血组织的毒性,分析甲醛的毒性是否与中间代谢产物——甲醇(Methanol,MeOH)的毒性一致,以72只昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组〔①对照组,仅灌服生理盐水;②FA₄₀组,单独灌服甲醛(FA),w(FA)为40 mg/kg;③ MeOH₄₀组,单独灌服甲醇(MeOH),w(MeOH)为40 mg/kg;④FA₁₀+MeOH₃₀组,同时灌服甲醛和甲醇,w(FA)为10 mg/kg、w(MeOH)为30 mg/kg;⑤FA₂₀+MeOH₂₀组,同时灌服甲醛和甲醇,w(FA)为20 mg/kg、w(MeOH)为20 mg/kg;⑥FA₃₀+MeOH₁₀组〕,同时灌服甲醛和甲醇,w(FA)为30 mg/kg、w(MeOH)为10 mg/kg,连续灌胃7 d,检测小鼠的肝脏氧化损伤程度、血液和骨髓内甲醛含量以及甲醛脱氢酶的相对表达量,比较甲醇和甲醛毒性的差异性.结果表明:与对照组相比,各染毒组小鼠肝脏内ROS(reactive oxygen,活性氧)含量极显著增加(P<0.01),FA₃₀+MeOH₁₀组的ROS含量显著上升(P<0.05);肝脏内MDA(malondialdehyde,丙二醛)含量极显著下降(P<0.01),GSH(glutathione,谷胱甘肽)含量极显著升高(P<0.01);在甲醛和甲醇联合染毒组中,随着甲醛含量的增加和甲醇含量的减少,氧化损伤程度呈上升趋势.AHMT(4-amino-3-hydrazine-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole)法测定结果显示,各染毒组小鼠血液和骨髓中甲醛含量与对照组相比均无显著差异;RT-PCR法测定结果显示,各染毒组小鼠中甲醛脱氢酶的相对表达量较对照组显著增加;FA₄₀组与MeOH₄₀组甲醛脱氢酶的相对表达量差异显著(P<0.01);与FA₃₀+MeOH₁₀组相比,FA₁₀+MeOH₃₀组中甲醛脱氢酶的相对表达量极显著增加(P<0.01),甲醛和甲醇联合染毒组中甲醛脱氢酶的相对表达量随着甲醛含量的增加和甲醇含量的减少呈上升趋势.研究显示,甲醛和甲醇的毒性不一致,甲醛对造血组织的毒性可能存在其他方式.      

Inhibition of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function prevents lead-induced neurotoxic effects on structures and functions of AFD neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here we investigated the possible roles of oxidative stress in the formation of decreased thermotaxis to cultivation temperature in lead (Pb)-exposed nematodes Caenorhabditis elagans. Exposure to Pb at the examined concentrations decreased thermotaxis behaviors, and induced severe deficits in the structural properties of AFD sensory neurons. Meanwhile, Pb exposure caused the induction of severe oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction in young adults. Moreover, pre-treatment with the antioxidants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ascorbate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), used to inhibit both the ROS elevation and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Pb exposure, at the L2-larval stage prevented the induction of oxidative damage and the formation of severe deficits in thermotaxis and structural properties of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed young adults. Therefore, the formation of oxidative stress caused by Pb exposure may be due to both the induction of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress may play a key role in inducing the neurotoxic effects on the structures and function of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed nematodes.     

T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos

T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization （hpf） stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 Ixmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tall areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione （GSH）. T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.     

水体二价铜离子致蟾蜍蝌蚪DNA损伤和氧化损伤

为研究水体二价铜离子(Cu2 )暴露对蝌蚪造成的损伤,以常见的中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪为研究对象,采用标准水生生物毒性实验法,将蝌蚪暴露于0.029、0.037、0.049、0.075 mg·L-1的铜溶液中7d,检测蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤及机体过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷肮甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随铜暴露浓度的增加,蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤、MDA和GSH含量与对照组比均有明显升高,且呈浓度-效应关系.蝌蚪SOD、CAT、GSH-Px酶活性也有显著改变;MDA、GSH、DNA损伤均呈线性关系(R2分别为0.9968、0.8997).上述结果表明,水体二价铜离子可导致蝌蚪的氧化损伤和DNA损伤.     

文蛤谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统对北部湾沉积物中可提取态重金属的响应

为识别海洋双壳类谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统对滨海沉积物重金属可提取态和总量的响应特征差异,分析了北部湾潮间带沉积物中不同形态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr的质量分数,文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)鳃组织中w(GSH)(GSH为还原型谷胱甘肽)、w(GSSG)(GSSG为氧化型谷胱甘肽)、GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)和GST(谷胱甘肽硫转移酶)活性,并计算w(GSH)/w(GSSG)、tGSH(总谷胱甘肽)含量和OSI(氧化逆境指数). 结果表明:w(TE-Pb)(TE-Pb为可提取态Pb,下同)、w(TE-Cr)、w(TE-Cu)、w(TE-Zn)和w(TE-Cd)平均值分别为13.40、1.93、13.19、30.09和0.10mg/kg; w(TE-Cd)占w(T-Cd)(T-Cd为总Cd,下同)的60.2%~98.1%,并且主要为弱酸溶解态和有机物及硫化物结合态;部分采样点w(TE-Pb)和w(TE-Zn)较高,二者占w(T-Pb)和w(T-Zn)的平均值分别为44.6%和56.6%;Cr、Cu分别在全部或大多数采样点以残渣态为主,可提取态含量平均仅占总量的17.9%和36.5%. 重金属的可提取态质量分数与总量的空间分布基本一致(Cr除外). 文蛤鳃中w(GSH)、w(GSSG)分别为4.07~6.06、4.01~6.59mg/g. 抗氧化指标对沉积物中重金属总量和可提取态质量分数均有显著响应的为w(GSSG)与Cd,w(GSH)/w(GSSG)与Cr和Cd,OSI与Cr和Cd. 然而,w(GSH)/w(GSSG)和OSI只对w(T-Zn)有良好响应;GST只与w(TE-Cu)、w(TE-Zn)显著相关. 某些抗氧化指标对重金属总量和可提取态质量分数表现出不同程度的响应,因此,不能单独依据双壳类对重金属总量的生化响应特征来筛选用于沉积物综合毒性评价的生物标志物.