中国区域粮食生产与消费中的虚拟耕地平衡研究

从不同尺度分析了我国2008年粮食生产、消费中的虚拟耕地含量及虚拟耕地平衡空间分布规律.主要结论为:①2008年粮食生产虚拟耕地北方比南方多32396.8×107m2,人均粮食生产虚拟耕地量北方远远高于全国平均水平和南方,因粮食生产形成较为典型的虚拟耕地“北土南调”现象.②2008年粮食消费虚拟耕地北方比南方多6851.62×107m2.③从粮食生产与消费的虚拟耕地平衡空间分布规律来看,2008年虚拟耕地调出区全部位于我国北方地区,集中分布在两大地带:一是由黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、新疆、宁夏5省(区)组成的我国北方边境沿线地带,二是由河南、安徽组成的中部区;调入区则集中在由东部沿海地区、中部省份和西部内陆省份组成的环状地带.     

乡村振兴背景下深入推进耕地轮作休耕制度试点研究

耕地轮作休耕制度试点是乡村振兴战略的必然要求和制度基础.新形势下深入推进耕地轮作休耕制度试点既是夯实农业生产力基础的需要,也是推进乡村绿色发展的需要.当前耕地轮作休耕制度试点进入扩展阶段,以第一批试点总结经验,分析带动试点全面推进是关键.通过分析第一批试点典型区域实施耕地轮作休耕的经验做法,总结出耕地轮作休耕计划必须因...     

我国环境与发展的十大对策

1 实行持续发展战略目前,我国经济发展基本上仍然沿着以大量消耗资源和粗放经营为特征的传统发展模式,这种模式不仅会造成对环境的极大损害,而且使发展本身难以持久。因此,转变发展战略,走持续发展道路,是加速我国经济发展、解决环境问题的正确选择。     

大城市耕地资源人口承载力研究——以北京市为例

在全国城市化、工业化快速发展时期,北京等大城市耕地资源和粮食生产规模逐年下降,人口粮食需求对外依赖度提高,城市粮食保障度降低。以实证数据为基础对北京等大城市粮食安全问题进行了分析,结合乡村劳动力安置问题提出了保护大城市耕地资源的政策建议。     

基于主体功能区战略的差异化环境政策——以广东省为例

为落实科学发展观、建设资源节约和环境友好型社会,《国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》提出要推进形成主体功能区,按照区域的主体功能定位,规范空间开发秩序。主体功能区战略的实施对环境管理提出了新的任务和要求,构建有利于主体功能区战略实施与各主体功能区环境目标实现的环境政策体系非常紧迫。文章在深刻理解主体功能区战略的环境政策需求的基础上,深入分析优化开发区、重点开发区、限制开发区和禁止开发区的资源环境压力与环境管理目标。按照"主动引导发展"的思想和"分类指导、分区推进"的基本原则,研究提出保障各功能区环境保护目标与全省社会经济与环境协调发展所需的"差别化"环境政策框架。     

安徽省耕地资源时序演变机制分析

耕地的数量是粮食生产的基本保障,耕地资源是中国粮食安全的关键。基于1990—2005年的统计资料,阐述了安徽省耕地资源时序变化的特点,运用主成分分析方法对影响安徽省耕地变化的21个因子进行了分析,分析了耕地演变的机制,建立了多元线性回归预测模型,为制定耕地保护政策提供科学依据。     

对水泥企业生产环境负荷之浅析

基于生命周期理论,采用CNI环境影响评价方法对我国水泥生产的环境负荷进行了定量分析。结果表明：水泥生产的环境影响主要体现在温室效应、不可再生能源消耗和不可再生资源消耗,其环境负荷分别占对应环境影响类型世界总负荷的2.76％,2.34％和1.39％,2006年我国水泥生产的环境负荷约占世界总负荷的1.28％,其中,立窑生产工艺、湿法回转窑生产工艺和新型干法生产工艺的环境负荷分别为0.84％,0.12％和0.32％。通过行业结构调整,用新型干法生产工艺取代其他落后的生产工艺,可使我国水泥生产的环境负荷降至世界总负荷的1％左右。     

日照市粮食生产的时空特征演变——基于耕地因素分解的视角

"藏粮于地"是新时期我国保障粮食安全的重要战略决策。分析山东省日照市粮食生产的时空演变规律,基于LMDI方法对影响粮食生产的耕地利用因素进行分解,可为优化地方耕地保护策略、保障粮食安全提供决策依据。结果表明:自2005年以来,日照市粮食生产地域分化特征显著,各区县影响粮食生产变化的主导因子不同:粮食单产减少是东港区粮食减产的首要因子;复种指数增加是拉动岚山区粮食生产的主要因素;耕地面积变化是造成东港区和莒县粮食变化的主导因子。政府应严格落实耕地占补平衡、土地用途管制,保证耕地质量,提升规划管控效果;不断提升耕地的规模化经营水平,走节约集约化道路;促进耕地利用转型升级,挖掘耕地资源潜力。     

全球环境变化与土壤水资源研究

当今世界人口、资源、粮食、环境的矛盾日趋尖锐,已危及人类生存。我国人口多,耕地少,土壤退化,资源短缺,环境质量趋于恶化。这些问题已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。在资源环境问题中,水资源对人类生存和粮食生产最为重要。所以研究世界水资源主要是研究陆地水资源的状况、贮量与变化,预测全球水资源对人类生存的影响,改善世界水资源状况,合理利用和调控水资源。它在缓解人口、资源、粮食和环境危机中将起决定性的作用。     

基于农户视角的粮食主产县耕地健康评价与诊断--以湖南省湘阴县为例

耕地健康关乎国家粮食安全。依据PSR理论模型构建耕地健康评价指标体系,利用湖南省岳阳市湘阴县农户调查数据,运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法和障碍度模型评价了该县耕地健康状况并诊断其障碍因子。结果表明:湘阴县耕地健康综合指数为0.488,耕地健康等级为中度亚健康;耕地健康压力指数、状态指数和响应指数依次分别为0.597、0.526和0.418;轮作休耕、种植绿肥、单位播种面积有机肥施用量、粮食单产、耕作层厚度、单位播种面积化肥施用量、灌溉保证率是制约湘阴县耕地健康的主要障碍因子。     

Status and management of watersheds in the Upper Pokhara Valley,Nepal

Contributing to the debate on the causes of Himalayan environmental degradation, the status and management of four watersheds in the Upper Pokhara Valley were studied using information available from land use analysis, household surveys conducted in 1989 and 1992, deliberations held with villagers, and field observations. Accordingly, areas under forests and grazing lands were found being depleted at relatively high rates between 1957 and 1978 due mainly to the government policy of increasing national revenue by expansion of agricultural lands, nationalization of forests, steadily growing population, and dwindling household economy. Despite the steady growth of population, this process had remarkably slackened since 1978, owing primarily to remaining forests being located in very, steep slopes and implementation of the community forestry program. Forests with relatively sparase tree density, however, and grazing lands in the vicinity of settlements have been undergoing degradation due to fuelwood and fodder collection and livestock grazing. In many instances, this is aggravated by weak resource management institutions. Being particularly aware of the economic implication of land degradation, farmers have adopted assorted land management practices. Still a substantial proportion ofbari lands in the hill slopes is vulnerable to accelerating degradation, as the arable cropping system is being practiced there as well. The perpetuation of the local subsistence economy is certain to lead, to a further deterioration of the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of watersheds. To facilitate environmental conservation and ecorestructuring for sustainable development, a broad watershed management strategy is outlined with focus on alleviating pressure on natural resources.     

Economics of salt‐induced land degradation and restoration

Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management.     

中国土地资源安全度研究——以土地资源的人口承载力为标准

土地资源安全维系着国民经济能否可持续发展，而可持续发展是在不超过生态系统承载力条件下的一种安全发展模式。以中国大陆29个省市为例，研究了中国各省区的土地资源人口承载力，进而计算了我国土地资源的安全度。结果表明，我国各省区土地资源人口承载力存在明显的地域不均衡现象，超载与盈余并存；多数省份处于接近或超过土地资源人口承载临界值，我国土地资源安全状况不容乐观。     

国家海洋公园建设的制度经验与优化

我国正逐步完善以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的顶层设计,将国家公园定义为具有国家代表性的"陆域或海域"。但与国外相比,我国现有海洋类自然保护地单个及总体面积都不大,管理上也存在碎块化的问题,没有地域广阔、覆盖更完整生物链的国家海洋公园,离实现海洋生态系统性保护的目标尚有距离。而事实上,我国已经具备相关制度供给,既拥有国际规范支撑,也积累了本国海洋类自然保护地建设的法治成果,只是仍存在一些制度障碍需要克服,需进一步优化、整合原有的海洋类自然保护地体系以匹配新体制。建议明确国家海洋公园的国家公园属性,调整国家公园的监管主体,统筹陆海不同的功能分区,构建中国特色的国家海洋公园管理体制。     

资源环境承载力研究方法综述

资源环境承载力是区域发展战略决策的基础,对指导区域可持续发展和服务国家战略需求具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了资源环境承载力评价从土地资源承载力向水资源承载力、环境承载力和生态承载力发展,再到近年来以土地开发强度为特征,以及基于供给能力的资源环境承载力评价兴起的历程。资源环境承载力评价从单一资源走向各类主要自然资源、环境要素及综合要素的承载力评价,研究方法不断完善。但目前资源环境承载力研究仍存在更多地关注承载的极限容量,对发展容量的关注不足;缺乏具有普适性、可推广的资源环境承载力评价理论及方法体系等问题,其研究仍面临严峻的挑战。未来资源环境承载力研究仍需在承载力从极限容量向发展容量转变,形成具有广泛指导意义的资源环境承载力评价方法体系,强化以空间开发利用为特征的资源环境承载力评价等方面的研究,以此深化资源环境承载力理论及实践应用研究,为区域可持续发展及服务国家战略提供支撑。     

Quantification of present and past biomass productivity as a support to effective biomass management

We used statistical data including specific calculations to show how the productivity of different biomass categories varies with land use, environmental conditions and land management at national and local level in Slovakia. Three different study sites were selected. Averaged annual productivity of the total biomass from one hectare ranged from 5.96 to 12.03 t on arable land, from 4.02 to 15.20 t on grasslands and from 11.72 to 13.56 t on forest land. Although the biomass productivity varied among the various biomass categories and the study sites, the average annual values of the total biomass per hectare from productive land was about the same at all three study sites (11.62, 11.68, 11.78 t/ha). Detailed quantification of different biomass categories offered a variety of possibilities to use them for further applications in economy and ecosystem services. At the national level, the unused biomass could have produced 29.8 PJ (petajoule) of heat energy.     

Definition of Management Zones for Enhancing Cultivated Land Conservation Using Combined Spatial Data

The loss of cultivated land has increasingly become an issue of regional and national concern in China. Definition of management zones is an important measure to protect limited cultivated land resource. In this study, combined spatial data were applied to define management zones in Fuyang city, China. The yield of cultivated land was first calculated and evaluated and the spatial distribution pattern mapped; the limiting factors affecting the yield were then explored; and their maps of the spatial variability were presented using geostatistics analysis. Data were jointly analyzed for management zone definition using a combination of principal component analysis with a fuzzy clustering method, two cluster validity functions were used to determine the optimal number of cluster. Finally one-way variance analysis was performed on 3,620 soil sampling points to assess how well the defined management zones reflected the soil properties and productivity level. It was shown that there existed great potential for increasing grain production, and the amount of cultivated land played a key role in maintaining security in grain production. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, elevation, thickness of the plow layer, and probability of irrigation guarantee were the main limiting factors affecting the yield. The optimal number of management zones was three, and there existed significantly statistical differences between the crop yield and field parameters in each defined management zone. Management zone I presented the highest potential crop yield, fertility level, and best agricultural production condition, whereas management zone III lowest. The study showed that the procedures used may be effective in automatically defining management zones; by the development of different management zones, different strategies of cultivated land management and practice in each zone could be determined, which is of great importance to enhance cultivated land conservation, stabilize agricultural production, promote sustainable use of cultivated land and guarantee food security.     

西部大开发中四川耕地生态环境保护对策

四川耕地生态环境本来已存在严重问题，在西部大开发中四川耕地生态环境保护迎来了良好的发展机遇，更面临严峻的挑战，因此，应尽快编制四川省耕地生态环境保护专项规划，确定我省耕地生态环境保护目标、任务和原则，将其纳入各级政府的目标管理和耕地保护的议事日程，搞好生态环境的建设，促进耕地的可持续利用；同时耕地保护要从单纯数量保护逐步过渡到数量和质量并重，并在土地开发整理中既要努力增加耕地数量，又要注重生态环境保护。最后，应通过加强多部门协调配合，开展多学科综合研究，使耕地生态环境保护落实到具体工程项目。