我国稀土进出口量与价格关联度状况分析

稀土是我国五大优势矿产资源之一,在我国国民经济建设中具有重要的战略意义.近年来,我国稀土矿产品进出口贸易逐年增长,而进出口价格却呈现较大幅度的波动趋势.从对我国稀土进出口总量、进出口价格走势的分析入手,利用灰色关联度模型评估稀土出口总量分别对出口价格、进口价格、进口总量的相关程度,提出了我国稀土贸易的相关建议.     

专家带您看展会 固体废物资源化利用迎来新要求,“无废城市”建设是重点

正产业需求,政策引领我国固体废物产生量大,据统计,我国固体废物年产生量近120亿吨,其中畜禽养殖废弃物近40亿吨、一般工业固体废物产生量约33亿吨、建筑垃圾约24亿吨、主要农作物秸秆约10亿吨、生活垃圾约4亿吨、再生资源约3亿吨、其他6亿吨,年均增长5%~7%,累积堆存约800     

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<正>@天津环保发布:【对固废进口说"不"】2017年年底前,4类24种固体废物将从《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》调整列入《禁止进口固体废物目录》;2019年年底前,逐步停止进口国内资源可以替代的固体废物……我国"禁固令"一出,欧美市场立刻紧张起来,甚至宣称"担心因此导致固体废弃物离开全球循环经济的产业链"。但我国的要求理直气壮,其背后折射出的更是发展大势。(11月7日)@重庆环保:【绿色税收促进绿色发展】自2016年7月1日起实施一年多来,资源税促进资源节约     

中国铜产业体系演化的碳中和实现机制研究

本文研究了我国铜产业采选、冶炼、加工和再生等环节的演化趋势,构建了铜产业直接碳排放-能源间接排放-其他间接排放相结合的多层级碳排放核算模型,分析了我国铜产业各环节碳排放演变规律及碳中和实现机制。结果表明：①1980-2020年我国铜精矿、精炼铜、铜加工材、再生铜产品分别增长了6.6倍、 25.1倍、 88.5倍、 37.1倍,受碳中和目标实现对电力需求量增加的影响,预计2060年铜资源消费总量将较2020年提升62.3%,铜资源社会存量将达到3.9亿t,再生铜将于2030年超过原生铜成为主导资源类型。②2020年铜产业的碳排放总量达到2968.2万tCO₂e,其中,采选环节的吨铜碳排放量最高,达到了3.4tCO₂e,是第二位冶炼的2.3倍;冶炼环节的碳排放总量最大,达到铜产业的39.3%;再生环节的降碳效果突出,相较原生采选冶炼环节减少1251.2万tCO₂e;进出口贸易则进一步降低了该产业43.7%的碳排放总量。③预计2060年铜产业碳排放总量将达到1499.8万tCO₂e,通过促进国际贸易、循环经济、技术创新及环境市场建设等举措,可大幅降低产业的碳排放总量,其中国际贸易及循环经济情景的碳减排效果在2030年前均较显著、随后逐渐下降,技术创新及环境市场建设是该产业碳中和目标实现的根本,在2060年的减排潜力分别达到535.9万t及607.9万t。为了更好地促进该产业可持续发展及“双碳”目标实现,建议依托国内国际双循环格局合理调控铜产业结构,秉持全生命周期理念加快构建铜产业绿色供应链,紧随碳中和发展趋势促进资源循环减污降碳协同增效。     

石墨开采应避走稀土老路

多年以来,中国一直是天然石墨产品的最大出口国,在石墨深加工产品技术上领先的发达国家,则对天然石墨实行"以购代采"的战略,并且进行技术封锁。不可再生的天然石墨资源,以初级产品出口的方式持续流失。国内企业需要的石墨尖端产品,只能再以出口石墨上百倍的价格进口。我国石墨储存量较为丰富,据估算储量约为5500万吨,占全球储量的42%。我国储量多,开采量也大,201 3年全球天然石墨产量为1 1 9     

发展环境友好型的贸易模式

“以生态修复为使命”的贸易发展方式,是指把改善环境、恢复生态作为我国贸易发展的一种新使命和新任务,建设一个与科学发展观相一致的新贸易体系。这个体系包含3个内涵：一是控制和减少资源和环境消耗型产品在出口总量中的比重,缓解我国环境压力;二是增加进口能替代我国环境消耗的产品,实现环境输入;三是通过调整进出口结构,从绿色产品贸易、环境友好型技术贸易和其他有利于环境的贸易活动中赚取经济利益。这三者是依次优先的关系,即当务之急是减少环境消耗型产品出口,其次是实行环境输入,最后是绿色贸易。     

建立适应外贸体制改革的环境政策

1994年我国加快外贸等五大经济体制收革步伐，促进了对外贸易的迅速发展，提高了利用国际资源能力，外贸进出口总额达2350亿美元．居全球第11位，外贸进出口总、值占国内生产总值的比重达的％左右．出口依存度超过部分发达国家．成为我国国民经济发展的新生长点。而利用深化外贸体制改革的有利时机．推进贸易政策“绿色化”，实现可持续发展，是环保领域面临的新课题。一、适应外贸体制改革的政策边界环境与贸易的可持续发展面临两难抉择：（1）国际贸易自由化发展对环境产生的正面、贝面影响。（2）日趋完善的环保法律对贸易自由化的积极、…     

“双碳”目标下青岛高新区低碳发展路径研究

工业园区是我国工业发展的重要载体和强大引擎,是实现碳达峰和碳中和目标的重要抓手。本文以青岛高新区为研究对象,编制了2016—2020年该园区的温室气体排放清单,通过情景分析探讨了其碳达峰路径,并为中国工业园区的低碳发展提出了低碳发展政策建议。研究显示,2016—2020年,青岛高新区碳排放总量从32.88万t增加至43.78万t,碳排放强度由0.47 t/万元降至0.36 t/万元。工业能耗是青岛高新区碳排放的最大贡献者,也是其实现碳达峰的关键部门。生活用能的碳排放占比逐年增大,是青岛高新区实现碳达峰的重要影响因素。通过优化能源消费结构、提升能源利用效率、推进集中供热设施、煤改气等举措,青岛高新区预计在2025年实现碳达峰,碳排放总量达到71.58万t,碳排放强度降至0.27 t/万元。我国需制定统一的工业园区温室气体排放核算方法,建立工业园区温室气体排放数据库,将碳达峰碳中和目标要求纳入工业园区经济社会发展中长期规划,充分挖掘能源及环境基础设施的减排潜力,促进我国工业园区低碳发展。     

废计算机及配件属于国家禁止进口废物

关于废计算机配件等货物是否属于国家禁止进口的固体废物问题 ,国家环保总局经研究 ,日前作出解释 ,全文如下 :1995年通过的《固体废物污染环境防治法》第二十五条规定 ,国家禁止进口不能用作原料的固体废物 ,限制进口可以用作原料的固体废物 ;该法同时授权国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院贸易主管部门制定、调整并公布可以用作原料进口的固体废物的目录 ,未列入该目录的固体废物禁止进口。为实施上述规定 ,原国家环保局、外经贸部、海关总署、国家工商局和国家商检局 1996 - 3- 1联合发布的《废物进口环境保护管理暂行规定》第六条和…     

中国对外贸易的经济增加值——隐含碳排放失衡问题研究

在欧盟碳边境调节机制等贸易碳壁垒层出不穷的国际贸易新形势下,我国对外贸易亟待破解低经济附加值和高碳排放双重压力。本研究运用双边贸易隐含排放分析模型,通过构建贸易碳生产率和贸易失衡度指标,从国家整体、双边贸易和三次产业三个层面,定量揭示了1995—2019年我国对外贸易中的碳排放和经济损益失衡现象。结果表明,2019年贸易净增加我国国内碳排放9.3亿吨。其中,中美和中欧贸易碳逆差分别为2.5亿吨和1.6亿吨。第二产业贸易导致9.8亿吨碳排放净流入我国,第一产业和第三产业贸易分别引发0.4亿吨和0.2亿吨碳排放净流出我国。2019年我国出口贸易整体碳生产率为1.0欧元/千克碳,约为全球平均值的一半;我国出口贸易失衡度为1.9,承担了相较于自身出口经济收益占比近两倍的碳排放责任。在我国三次产业中,仅第一产业出口贸易的碳生产率高于全球平均值、失衡度小于1.0。我国已成为国际转移排放的“污染避难所”,亟须通过采取持续强化绿色低碳技术自主创新、增加三产贸易占比、增强国内大循环主体作用等措施,应对更趋复杂的贸易和气候变化争端。     

中国废弃手机回收的管理策略研究

作为“城市矿产”的典型代表，废弃手机因其废弃数量大、稀贵金属品位高等特性而备受关注，但在推进废弃手机回收过程中存在诸多问题。本文以推动产业发展为立足点，梳理了影响废弃手机回收的两级制衡要素，通过构建GREY-DEMATEL模型，定量评估各要素对废弃手机回收的影响程度并确定优先等级。其中，完善废弃手机回收的管理制度及相应的经济扶持政策成为短期内应着力解决的核心问题，从长期发展来看，废弃手机的前端收集应成为产业关注的重点。基于此，本文立足于废弃手机回收的短期目标及长远发展，分别提出相应的管理策略，为再生资源产业的良性发展提供对策建议。     

A model recycling program for Alabama

Solid waste disposal is becoming a difficult problem for many states. Since 1960, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increasing at a rate of 1% per year. More than 75% of the waste is comprised of recyclable materials. Several states have mandated recycling to decrease the volume of waste intended for disposal. Those mandated programs are very popular, but depend on many political, social, and economic factors for success. While Alabama has the manufacturing infrastructure to support a mandated recycling program, no recycling legislation has been promulgated. At this time recycling is only being done on a voluntary basis. A mandatory program with the proper support, education and funding could allow Alabama to recycle much of the 5.2 million tons of waste that are generated within its borders each year.     

废旧电脑拆解工艺与资源化案例研究

以某再生资源公司的废旧电脑拆解为案例进行研究,介绍了工艺技术、拆解回收各种资源的数据。研究结果表明,我国废旧电脑人工拆解-破碎-冶炼相结合的工艺,是电子废弃物循环利用、资源高效回收、减少环境风险的较好工艺技术,符合固废处理的3R(替代、减少、优化)原则。     

Biorefinery study of availability of agriculture residues and wastes for integrated biorefineries in Brazil

Brazil has a great potential for use renewable raw materials in biorefineries. It is one of the largest producers of agricultural and animal commodities, which produce large amounts of residues and wastes. These agricultural residues and animal waste can be effectively transformed to energy and other products in systems similar to a ethanol refinery where an integrated process involves conversion for biomass into fuel, energy and chemicals, integrated in the context of a biorefinery. The objective of this work is the determination of the actual availability of main agricultural residues and animal wastes generated in Brazil and of their generation potential index and their prospects for 2020. The results indicate that the sugarcane has the highest agronomic availability, reaching 157 million tons of fresh material and an estimated reuse potential of 19.6 million tons (dry basis), followed by soybeans, rice, maize, orange, wheat, cotton, cassava and tobacco.     

Overview of household solid waste recycling policy status and challenges in Malaysia

With the annual increase in waste generation and heavy reliance on landfilling as disposal, method in Malaysia, it is just a matter of time before significant problems of space limitations, health, and environmental issues hit the nation severely. This paper attempts to develop an overview on solid, waste recycling in Malaysia at the most basic level of a community or nation which is the household, unit. Households are the main primary source of municipal solid waste in Malaysia, consisting of, recyclable materials at most 70% to 80% of the total waste composition as found placed in the, landfills. Overview on the existing household solid waste recycling policy and program status in, Malaysia is relevant in enhancing solid waste management measure from recycling perspective. Despite the high potential and opportunities for solid waste recycling, wastes are still simply being, dumped in an open area of ground without any attempt for recovery and recycling. Comparing to, recycling rates of neighboring countries, Malaysia is falling back at merely 5% which proves how, uncommon recycling practice is. The government is committed to significantly improve the national's, solid waste management services especially in waste minimization. Fortunately the emphasis on, recycling as a sustainable waste management strategy has taken a shift in paradigm as wastes, separation and recycling are part of the major changes in the current policy implementation. With, issues and challenges in recycling practice that were highlighted in this context especially from the, aspects of information availability and other loopholes within solid waste management policies and, related recycling program within the community, the question on whether the goals in 2020 can be, met remains unsure of but there is a possibility for a successful implementation of sustainable solid, waste management particularly in recycling.     

“无废城市”建设推进政策及措施的国别比较研究

“无废城市”建设已经成为应对城市固体废物（以下简称“固废”）管理挑战的国际趋势，我国也启动了“无废城市”建设试点工作。本文介绍了国际“无废城市”实践的背景和发展趋势，对我国和其他高收入国家的“无废城市”相关政策和具体实施方案进行了对比分析。分析结果表明，“无废城市”的推进政策与实施措施存在国别差异，我国的“无废城市”采纳了“问题导向”的推进策略，而高收入国家则是“目标导向”。最后对进一步推进我国“无废城市”建设试点工作提出了四点建议。     

Potential energy production from organic waste and its environmental and economic impacts at a tertiary institution in Palestine

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most well-known biomass resources that can be utilized to produce renewable energy. Numerous countries are plagued by the proliferation of waste, particularly organic waste that can be utilized for energy recovery. Palestine suffers from inefficient solid waste management, and only recently have a few projects focused on bioenergy production been implemented. Throughout the years, the city of Tulkarm experiences power outages which cause a challenge to the Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie campus in Tulkarm. Thus, the possibility of energy recovery from the organic portion in Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie was evaluated. The analysis of an economic impact included discussions of a number of economic aspects, including Levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return, present worth, annual worth, and payback period. On the other hand, a carbon dioxide savings analysis and gas emission were evaluated. The outcomes of the energy optimization demonstrated that the suggested system could supply the institution with an average of roughly 7 MWh of electrical energy. According to the economic study, this project offers 0.25 million dollars in present value, 0.144 million dollars in annual value, a 13 percent internal rate of return, a payback period of 6 years, and a levelized cost of energy of 0.11 dollars for each kWh generated. Additionally, the environmental assessment revealed that this system might reduce CO₂ emissions by around 8,343,778 tons. For effective waste management, energy recovery, and emission reduction, it is advised to implement anaerobic digestion technology.     

Overview of non-hazardous solid waste in the small island state of Mauritius

In Mauritius, solid waste disposal has been a cause for concern since the 1980s. Currently, there is no segregation of waste and some 1200 tonnes of solid waste are generated daily by the 1.24 million inhabitants of the island. As processes such as recycling and composting are still in their infancy stage, most of the waste generated have to be disposed of at the sole landfill. The solid waste management practices of 1980s and early 1990s are no longer compatible with the changing composition and quantity of wastes now generated. As a result, there is an urgency to review the whole waste management system and come forward with sustainable solutions.This paper presents an overview of the disposal of non-hazardous solid waste in Mauritius and provides recommendations for improving the current disposal system.     

Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal

Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to evaluate solid waste data collected from 336 households in KMC. This information was combined with data collected regarding waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets. The study found that 497.3 g capita(-1) day(-1) of solid waste was generated from households and 48.5, 113.3 and 26.1 kg facility(-1) day(-1) of waste was generated from restaurants, hotels and schools, respectively. Street litter measured 69.3 metric tons day(-1). The average municipal solid waste generation rate was 523.8 metric tons day(-1) or 0.66 kg capita(-1) day(-1) as compared to the 320 metric tons day(-1) reported by the city. The coefficient of correlation between the number of people and the amount of waste produced was 0.94. Key household waste constituents included 71% organic wastes, 12% plastics, 7.5% paper and paper products, 5% dirt and construction debris and 1% hazardous wastes. Although the waste composition varied depending on the source, the composition analysis of waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets showed a high percentage of organic wastes. These numbers suggest a greater potential for recovery of organic wastes via composting and there is an opportunity for recycling. Because there is no previous inquiry of this scale in reporting comprehensive municipal solid waste generation in Nepal, this study can be treated as a baseline for other Nepalese municipalities.     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。