基于CiteSpace的中国生态补偿研究特征与趋势分析

以CNKI数据库中2001-2020年生态补偿文献为数据基础,借助CiteSpace绘制知识图谱,分析我国生态补偿研究特征与趋势.结果表明:我国生态补偿研究正处于平稳发展阶段;"生态补偿机制""补偿标准"和"生态文明"是研究的热点;"绿色发展""横向生态补偿"和"生态系统服务价值"为前沿话题.总的来说,我国生态补偿研究...     

近20年我国生态补偿研究进展与实践模式

本研究通过对20年来我国生态补偿相关文献的发文数量、重要文献等进行统计,采用文献检索和文献计量等方法,分析我国在生态补偿研究区域、研究领域、关键环节等方面的研究趋势,并基于政策变迁视角,从政策的制定思路、政策文本形式以及政策执行主体等维度来探究我国生态补偿20年政策发展历程,提炼出具有中国特色的生态补偿模式的形成过程。结果显示,热点领域和热点区域研究直接受政策导向影响,区域重大战略催生区域生态补偿研究呈井喷式增长,生态补偿政策实践力度大、范围广、领域多,制度设计从分散体现走向精准聚焦,补偿领域从单点起步走向全面布局,补偿模式由自上而下走向多元参与。随着我国生态文明建设迈入新征程,展望生态补偿未来改革和创新路径,建议围绕“全面”“综合”“多元”“民生”等核心关键词,探索基于多学科交叉的创新性研究,将生态补偿的研究进一步与制度创新、技术创新等相结合,以法制化、多元化、市场化和信息化为核心,推动生态补偿向更加立体、更加纵深和更加系统的方向发展。     

基于文献计量的新疆准东地区研究现状及热点分析

基于CiteSpace软件,采用定量化的文献计量方法对中国知网的《中国学术期刊(网络版)》中2000-2018年的期刊论文和硕博士论文数据库内主题含有"准东"的文献进行统计和分析,梳理与剖析近20年准东地区科学研究的发展趋势、研究现状及热点,以期为该区域相关科学研究领域的进一步研究提供方向。结果表明:①2000-2018年我国有关准东的文献总体上呈先缓慢增长,至2011年开始快速增长的趋势;②研究层次主要集中在自然科学类的工程技术和基础与应用基础研究,研究的基金资助类型主要为国家自然科学基金;③研究学科领域主要集中在工业经济、燃料化工、矿业工程等领域,且学科领域分布广泛;关键词共现网络和热点动态演化分析得出,准东煤、准噶尔盆地、准东煤田、等关键词在准东研究领域中位于前列,并具有一定的关联性,且随着时间的推移,准东地区研究领域逐渐产生新的研究热点,"碱金属"、"高钠煤"、"结渣"、"气化"、"热解"等日益受到更多学者的广泛关注。     

海洋生态损害补偿及其相关概念辨析

以下概念涉及对海洋的生态损害由弱到强依次为:海洋生态环境保护、海洋资源有偿使用、海洋生态环境损害(负外部性)、海洋生态环境损害(侵害)。海洋生态损害补偿是广义概念,包括针对"海洋资源有偿使用"的"有偿"、针对"海洋生态环境损害(负外部性)"的"补偿"和针对"海洋生态环境损害(侵害)"的"赔偿"。海洋生态损害补偿是海洋生态补偿的重要组成部分,海洋生态补偿是生态补偿的重要组成部分,理论上需要进行经济学、管理学、法学等多学科的交叉融合研究,实践上需要将它置于生态补偿的总体框架中进行制度政策设计。     

生态补偿的环境伦理学与经济学之辩

生态系统服务以长期服务流的形式出现,它只有小部分能进入市场被买卖。生态补偿是近年来生态环境管理领域新发展起来的方向和热点,但其实际应用引起了一些环境伦理问题。在介绍生态系统服务的经济学发展历史之后,分析了生态补偿中的环境伦理问题,探讨了环境伦理和生态系统服务之间存在的关系,以及人类从自然资源和生态补偿中受益的权利,对环境伦理和生态系统服务的未来提出了一些看法,得出支撑任何生态系统的支付方案之间的相互作用将有助于解决环境伦理问题,有助于传统经济增长和自然环境保护两者的兼容。     

生态补偿理论研究进展

生态补偿是生态经济学领域的一个研究热点,研究者、决策者和实践者都将生态补偿视为应对生态系统退化的有效政策工具。围绕生态补偿的定义、补偿客体、生态补偿主体、补偿标准和方式,学术界进行了大量研究,形成了市场交易、生态经济、税收补贴和社会制度等多种生态补偿理论框架。但是,由于这些理论存在不同程度的缺陷,在实践中难以避免挤出效应、外溢效应、交易费用高等问题,也不利于协调效率、效益和公平之间的关系。构建具有普遍适用性和可操作性的生态补偿理论框架,需要研究如何将生态服务纳入经济学的总供给和总需求分析模型,提出简便易行的生态服务价值综合评估方法,统一生态服务价值与经济领域价值计量的基础,从生态、经济和社会的综合维度研究针对不同生态服务补偿机制的有效尺度。     

宁国市建立和完善生态补偿机制的调查与思考

生态补偿是以保护生态环境、促进人与自然和谐为目的,体现区域发展外部环境公平,调整生态保护和受益相关各方之间利益关系的环境经济政策。生态补偿作为一项利用经济手段解决生态环境问题的有效机制和措施得到世界许多国家的关注,并逐渐发展成为环境保护领域的热点议题。     

吹响开展生态环境教育“集结号”

正每一个"热词"的出现,都反映出社会公众对"热词"背后事件的关注程度。近几年,生态环保领域热点频现,"热词"频出,如"环保钦差""党政同责""按日计罚""查封、扣押""垃圾分类""秸秆禁烧""绿色创建"等。这些"热词"的背后,折射出我国环境治理已经进入一个新阶段,环境教育也随之开启新模式。     

编者按

正本期特别邀请复旦大学王玉涛研究员组织策划了"生态资产研究"专题(共4篇文章),以飨读者。生态资产是人类社会赖以生存发展的重要基础,但长期以来传统经济发展模式未对生态资产给予足够重视,进而对人类社会的可持续发展造成严重挑战。有关生态资产保护、核算、补偿、管控以及合理开发等相关问题是近几年国内外资源环境管理研究领域的热点之一,其关键难点在于如何科学量化生态资产,构建生态资产     

中国滨海旅游研究热点领域与演化路径分析——基于科学知识图谱视角

以1981—2016年CNKI收录的603篇国内滨海旅游研究期刊论文为样本,运用可视化工具CiteSpaceⅢ中的关键词共现、突现词分析等方法,探究该领域的研究现状、前沿热点、演化脉络和未来态势。结果表明:20世纪80年代滨海旅游开始进入国内学者研究视野,研究规模逐渐扩大,且集中在海岛、自然保护区、沿海城市等区域;开发、影响和管理是国内滨海旅游研究的核心,"开发"主要包括资源、市场和产品开发的研究,"影响"主要包括环境、经济和社会影响的研究,"管理"主要包括可持续发展、国家海洋公园、发展模式和法律法规等;研究经历了三个阶段:以资源导向为主的起步阶段(1981—1994年)、以可持续导向为主的稳步发展阶段(1995—2005年)和以产业导向为主的快速拓展阶段(2006—2016年)。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.