地表水中水合肼的样品保存研究

通过对不同基质地表水样中水合肼在p H、温度、光照、时间等条件下进行保存的研究,确定对其保存效果的影响为:p H水合肼浓度时间温度光照。建议地表水样品使用棕色玻璃瓶采集,调节p H至2.00后,于4℃下避光保存;洁净的地表水样保存时间不超过2周,黄河等含泥沙较多的水合肼样品应立即分析,保存时间至多不超过2 d。     

水质丁基黄原酸测定难点探讨

丁基黄原酸是水质监测的重要项目之一。水中丁基黄原酸的测定,在样品采集保存、前处理及仪器分析各阶段都存在一定的技术难点。实际分析时很容易出现测定结果不理想,甚至定性定量错误等问题。结合实验对丁基黄原酸测定中容易出现的问题及注意事项进行探讨,正确区分丁基黄原酸及其盐,有效保存样品,采用低损失的前处理方法以及选择性好的分析仪器,有利于提高丁基黄原酸测定的准确性。众多丁基黄原酸测定方法中,液相色谱质谱法、离子色谱法以及液相色谱法在选择性和灵敏度方面更具优势,也可用于其他方法检出丁基黄原酸时对测定进行确认。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样测定水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸

通过优化色谱条件、稀释样品、加入氨水等措施,建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱法直接进样分析地表水及自来水中草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的方法。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2) 0. 999。方法检出限分别为5. 20(前处理中对样品进行了20倍稀释)和0. 08μg/L,远低于国家标准限值要求。草甘膦和丁基黄原酸的加标回收率分别为73. 8%～92. 3%和85. 0%～113. 0%,样品间的标准偏差均10%,准确度和精密度均满足质控要求。该方法简化了样品前处理过程,成功降低了基质效应对草甘膦和丁基黄原酸测定的干扰。     

影响地表水中总磷测定的因素探讨

总磷是评价水质的一项重要指标,现对样品中悬浮物(泥沙)含量、加酸保存样品保存时间与调节pH值对总磷测定的影响进行研究。结果表明,随着沉降时间的延长总磷测定值逐渐降低,加酸保存的样品总磷测定值随保存时间的延长而增高,且测定时是否调回中性对测定结果基本无影响。故进行地表水中总磷的测定需严格按照标准规定的样品采样过程控制采样沉降时间,加酸保存,24 h以内进行测定,测定时无需调回中性。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶、松节油和丁基黄原酸

建立了一种吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定水中的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶、松节油和丁基黄原酸的分析方法。结果表明,吹扫时间、脱附时间、脱附温度和盐酸用量是影响目标化合物测定的关键因素,对吹扫捕集条件优化后,各目标化合物线性良好,相关系数均0.998,检出限为0.13~2.22μg/L,加标回收率为80.5%~111%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~10.9%,能够满足地表水环境质量标准的要求。     

顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中痕量丁基黄原酸

建立了顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中丁基黄原酸的方法。丁基黄原酸在酸性条件下分解成易挥发的二硫化碳,可用顶空-气相色谱分离、质谱定量测定。与传统的分光光度法相比,该法简便、快捷,在0.010～1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,准确度高,加标回收率为95.1%～100.6%,精密度好,相对标准偏差为3.1%～6.5%,方法检出限为0.002 mg/L,适用于水中丁基黄原酸的监测。     

挥发酚水质样品保存条件的研究

应用正交试验法探讨挥发酚水质样品的最优保存条件，找出了对挥发酚水质样品保存影响最大的因素为保存温度，其次为样品的pH值。经实验证明，挥发酚样品浓度为0.2mg/L，温度5℃，保存时间在8h内，pH值为4的条件下，挥发酚水质样品的保存效果最好。     

顶空气相色谱/质谱法测定水中四乙基铅的关键因素研究

采用顶空气相色谱/质谱法联用技术测定水中的四乙基铅,对涉及的关键操作环节及重点技术问题进行了研究。结果表明,在避光条件下于4℃低温冷藏并密封保存,添加甲醇作为保护剂,保存时间不应超过3 d。实验选择进样口温度为220℃,顶空瓶压力为96.52 kPa,调节载气流量设置实际分流比为51,可以有效改善顶空进样测定样品时存在的不出峰、不稳定或灵敏度降低的问题。对地表水、自来水及生活污水实际样品进行四乙基铅测定和加标回收分析,加标回收率为81.0%~110%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~7.4%,能够满足《水质四乙基铅的测定顶空/气相色谱质谱法》(HJ 959—2018)的测定要求。将顶空进样法与吹扫捕集法进行比较,结果表明顶空进样法稳定性更好,适合大批量四乙基铅样品的连续测定。     

水中挥发酚测定中的几个问题

1试剂提纯 :将 1 0 0 ml2 % 4 - AAP溶液置于50 0 ml分液漏斗中 ,加 5ml三氯甲烷盖塞后剧烈摇荡 2 min,静置分层 ,上清液留作显色液。 2缓冲溶液的 p H值控制 :缓冲溶液 p H值随配制时间而变化 ,放置两周后应适当增加缓冲溶液用量或重新配制 ,使其达到水溶液 p H值在 9.6～ 1 1 .5范围内 ,否则会使水样吸光度偏高。 3萃取时间控制 :在测定低浓度挥发酚时 ,加入氯仿后适当把振摇时间增加至 3min,其结果更接近保证值。 4铁氰化钾反应时间控制 :同一批水样数量最好不超过 1 0个。每个水样间隔 3～ 4min加铁氰化钾 ,使每个样品保证在加入铁氰…     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中痕量丁基黄原酸

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中丁基黄原酸的方法.丁基黄原酸在酸性条件下分解成易挥发的二硫化碳,经吹扫捕集富集后用气相色谱分离质谱定量测定.与传统的分光光度法相比,更简便快捷,在0.25～10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,准确度高,添加回收率为98.3％～105％,精密度好,相对标准偏差为5.92％ ～ 10.7％,方法检出限为0.07μg/L.与顶空法相比,灵敏度更高.     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.