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1.
This paper recommends a revision of watershed development policy in India in relation to the planning of development interventions
involving agricultural intensification and rainwater harvesting following biophysical and societal impact studies carried
out on two watershed development projects in Karnataka. A need for changes in policy has arisen in response to progressive
catchments closure at the basin level and declining volumes of water flowing into village level reservoirs (known locally
as tanks). Flow reductions have occurred largely as a result of increased agricultural intensification over the past 10–15 years.
Field levelling, field bund construction, soil water conservation measures, farm ponds, the increase in areas under horticulture
and forestry and the increased abstraction and use of groundwater for irrigation are all contributing factors to reduced flows.
Planning methodologies and approaches, which may have been appropriate 20 years ago for planning water harvesting within watershed
development projects, are no longer appropriate today. New planning approaches are required which (1) take account of these
changed flow conditions and (2) are also able to take account of externalities, which occur when actions of some affect the
livelihoods of others who have no control or influence over such activities and which (3) contribute to the maintenance of
agreed minimum downstream flows for environmental and other purposes.
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2.
Over the last four decades, the Indian government has been investing heavily in watershed development (WSD) programmes that are intended to improve the livelihoods of rural agrarian communities and maintain or improve natural resource condition. Given the massive investment in WSD in India, and the recent shift from micro-scale programmes (<500 ha) to meso-scale (~5000 ha) clusters, robust methodological frameworks are needed to measure and analyse impacts of interventions across landscapes as well as between and within communities. In this paper, the sustainable livelihoods framework is implemented using Bayesian networks (BNs) to develop models of drought resilience and household livelihoods. Analysis of the natural capital component model provides little evidence that watershed development has influenced household resilience to drought and indicators of natural capital, beyond an increased area of irrigation due to greater access to groundwater. BNs have proved a valuable tool for implementing the sustainable livelihoods framework in a retrospective evaluation of implemented WSD programmes. Many of the challenges of evaluating watershed interventions using BNs are the same as for other analytical approaches. These are reliance on retrospective studies, identification and measurement of relevant indicators and isolating intervention impacts from contemporaneous events. The establishment of core biophysical and socio-economic indicators measured through longitudinal household surveys and monitoring programmes will be critical to the success of BNs as an evaluation tool for meso-scale WSD. 相似文献
3.
The increasing population and urbanization have serious implications for sustainable development in less-favoured areas of developing countries. In an attempt to sustain the long-term productivity of natural resources and to meet the food and non-food demands of growing population in the semi-arid tropics, the Indian government invests and promotes integrated watershed development programs. A comprehensive tool to assess the impacts of watershed development programs on both social well-being and sustainability of natural resource is currently lacking. In this study, we develop a watershed level bioeconomic model to assess the ex-ante impacts of key technological and policy interventions on the socioeconomic well-being of rural households and the natural resource base. These interventions are simulated using data from a watershed community in the semi-arid tropics of India. The model captures the interaction between economic decisions and biophysical processes and using a constrained optimization of household decision model. The interventions assessed are productivity-enhancing technologies of dryland crops and increased in irrigable area through water conservation technologies. The results show that productivity-enhancing technologies of dryland crops increase household incomes and also provided incentives for conserving soil moisture and fertility. The increase in irrigable area enables cultivation of high-value crops which increase the household income but also lead to an increase in soil erosion and nutrient mining. The results clearly indicate the necessity for prioritizing and sequencing technologies based on potential effects and trade-offs on household income and conservation of natural resources. 相似文献
4.
Today, increasing use intensity and establishment of new sea uses such as offshore wind farming can be observed in coastal and marine waters. This development also increases the pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems. The exclusive economic zone of the German North Sea can serve as an example for this development, in particular illustrating the need to combine multiple uses and societal demands within a given sea area. In order to deal with the resulting conflicts and cumulative impacts, new planning tools and integrated approaches to planning and management are developing. While the sea becomes a contested but at the same time politically recognised area, also conflicts rooted in different perceptions, values and attitudes of coastal people can be observed. In order to deal with the current challenges in marine areas, marine spatial planning and similar tools for integrated planning need to be developed in the form of communication processes, which link diverse sets of information and span a dialogue between groups of society and across spatial scales including the transnational dimension. 相似文献
5.
长周期水文效应作为不同强度暴雨事件的综合反映,对流域规划和管理决策非常重要。以太湖地区蠡河流域为研究区,通过解译1984年、1995年和2000年3个时段TM/ETM获得土地利用分布地图,分析其土地利用变化的模式,并基于研究区30年的降水序列,应用长周期水文分析模型L-THIA(Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment),计算3个时段土地利用特征对暴雨地表径流的影响,分析不同土地利用类型水文效应的敏感性,在此基础上总结了减少流域水文效应的土地利用管理策略。分析结果显示,该区土地利用有明显变化,主要表现为水田、旱田向建筑用地的转化,从1984年到2002年,城镇及居民地扩展占流域总面积的4.199 4 %,地表径流量增加了6.170 %,不同土地利用方式的水文效应有较大差别,林地、湖滩湿地的敏感性最大,其次是水田和旱田。 相似文献
6.
The millennium ecosystem assessment report on global assessment of desertification has highlighted its worldwide impacts on
the environment—increasing dust storms, floods and global warming—as well as on societies and economies. It links sustainable
management of resources, and inter alia well-being of dryland populations, to reducing societal pressures on dryland ecosystems
through adoption of alternative livelihoods. This paper, in combination with a companion paper by Safriel and Adeel, presents
the conceptual underpinnings of this approach as well as examples of how innovative approaches for creating livelihoods can
help reduce the pressure on marginal drylands. Three case studies presented are based on activities undertaken within a joint
international project called sustainable management of marginal drylands. First, introduction of chicken farming to farmers
in Hunshundake Sandland in northern China has reduced the pressure on grasslands and led to a major recovery of these ecosystems.
Second, development of desert-based aquaculture, with accompanied longer-term storage of water, on the margins of the Cholistan
desert in Pakistan has provided a new source of income for the villagers. Third, development of a new income-generating activity
based on soap production from olive oil in Dana Biosphere Reserve in Jordan has demonstrated that traditional olive farming
can be linked to community-based innovation to create a new, high-demand market for goods. Working with communities to develop
new, sustainable livelihoods that reduce pressure on marginal drylands can thus be used as powerful tool for overcoming and
reversing desertification. 相似文献
7.
A stakeholder dialogue was embedded in the ATEAM project to facilitate the development and dissemination of its European-wide
vulnerability assessment of global change impacts. Participating stakeholders were primarily ecosystem managers and policy
advisers interested in potential impacts on ‘Agriculture’, ‘Forestry’, ‘Water’, ‘Carbon storage’, ‘Biodiversity’ and ‘Mountain
environments’ sectors. First, stakeholder dialogue approaches to integrated assessment are introduced. Methodological considerations
on stakeholder selection and dialogue implementation and evaluation follow. The dialogue content and process are evaluated
from the perspectives of stakeholders and scientists. Its usefulness in the research process and the relevance of outcomes
for stakeholders are particularly considered. The challenging compromises required to perform innovative research, which seeks
to achieve both peer scientific credibility and societal relevance, are emphasized. Effective stakeholder dialogues play a
substantial role in raising the visibility and meaningfulness of vulnerability assessments as critical means to improve awareness
on global change and its potential worrying impacts on society. They further provide scientists with critical information
on ecosystem management and sectoral adaptive capacity. These processes of mutual learning and knowledge exchange moreover
foster a better understanding of the potential and limits of global change modelling and vulnerability assessment for policy
and ecosystem management.
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8.
In this paper I undertake a preliminary assessment for the tropics of the relation of economic development, meaning in general
increases in economic activity as measured by e.g. GDP, and its normal biophysical corollaries of increased resource use and
land use change. I also examine each in relation to the intellectual concepts that underlie and guide what is commonly called
economic development. Because most of the development literature is derived from economics or other social sciences, and focuses
almost entirely on lifting people’s standards of living as measured in monetary units, very little examines the per unit biophysical
requirements of that development, including energy or other resource use requirements, land use change or other environmental
consequences of development plans. In addition there seems to be insufficient connection between those who create economic
development plans and those who undertake empirical biophysical assessments to determine whether the development plan has
worked or can possibly work. The problem is deeper: there exists a series of models used in the development literature that
have been used to encourage and guide development. These models have received very little scrutiny as to either their efficacy
or their societal or environmental impacts until quite recently. When this has been done the models have been shown to fail
miserably. It is time to develop a new model of development that synthesizes conventional economic, biophysical economic and
social aspects, and that is based on the scientific method rather than on perceived wisdom. This model must also take into
account population growth, issues of who wins and who looses from economic development, and the implications of the incipient peak in global oil production. 相似文献
9.
In this study, a multi-criteria methodology is proposed to identify and prioritize interventions for water quality improvement with the aid of computer simulation models. The methodology can be used to elaborate and compare future socio-economic development scenarios to select the best interventions based on three criteria: (1) ideas of experts and stakeholders about the importance of scenarios, (2) impacts of each scenario on surface water quality in watershed, and (3) benefit–cost analysis for each scenario. A score is computed for each scenario based on a weighted sum technique which enables to take into consideration different level of importance for the three criteria. The methodology is applied to Cau River basin in Vietnam, with the aid of a computer tool, to assess interventions for river water quality improvement within the context of population growth and urbanization. The results show that fast future population growth in upstream has significant impacts. In 2020, an increase of 116 % of the population in Bac Kan town can lead to an increase of 120 and 135 % in BOD 5 and NH 4 + median concentrations, respectively, with the implementation of a treatment plant for 10,000 people in Bac Kan town. Therefore, the increase of the domestic wastewater treatment plant’s capacity in Bac Kan town, at least twice as the projection of local government, is necessary. These results will help decision makers to select the best interventions for Cau River basin management. 相似文献
10.
Historically, paddy soils are the most valuable natural resources that produce about 90% of staple food in eastern coastal
China. Dispersed patterns of rapid rural settlement expansion, or “exurban”, are recognized as key threats to the region’s
food security through paddy soil loss. Analyzing the process of ex-urbanization and its impact has profound implications for
the sustainable development of rural China. Based on official statistics and data derived from satellite images, dynamics
of rural settlement expansion and paddy soil loss were outlined for Tiaoxi watershed during China’s market transition period
(1994–2003). Particularly, rural settlements became more aggregated and total area expanded by 183% at an average rate of
12.3% per year for the whole watershed. Existing cores, open areas away from urban centers and areas near major transportation
lines and river channels, observed the highest specialization in rural residential growth. Being closely associated with rural
settlement in spatial distribution, open large paddy soil patches acted as another kind of center for rural settlement expansion
within the landscape. Variations in rural settlement expansion were detected among different-tier counties, such as speed
of rural settlement expansion, speed of build-ups growth per capita. These variations were closely related to social-economic
development. The rapid rural settlement expansion led to a considerable loss of paddy soil, about 11% of the total amount
for the whole watershed. Linear regression identified a significant relationship between paddy soil loss and rural settlement
expansion. Given the social and ecological problems associated with paddy soil loss, we argue that innovative and effective
planning policies as well as management programs that target at paddy soil protection should be developed and implemented
in rural China. In particular, we suggest using watershed as an appropriate spatial unit for sustainable paddy soil management
in this investigation. 相似文献
11.
Meteorological-driven processes exert large and diverse impacts on lakes and their water quality; these impacts can be hydrologic,
thermal, hydraulic, chemical, biochemical, or ecological. The impact of climate change on Lake Tahoe (California–Nevada) was
investigated here as a case study of climate change effects on the physical processes occurring within lakes. The already
published trends of meteorological variables were used to assess the effects of global warming on Lake Tahoe dynamics. Records
from the period 1969–2002 show that Lake Tahoe has became warmer and more stable. A series of simulation years into the future
(i.e., 2000–2040) was established using flows, loads, and meteorology data sets for the period 1994–2004. Results of 40-year
simulations show that the lake continues to become warmer and more stable, and mixing is reduced. Possible changes in water
quality because of global warming are discussed through inference, although these are not specifically simulated. Many existing
problems may be exacerbated due to climate change, yet extreme uncertainty depends on the rate and magnitude of climate change.
Therefore, shifts in water quality and quantity due to climate change should be integrated into contemporary planning and
management in an adaptive manner, and the research and development of impact assessment methodology should focus on approaches
that can handle extreme uncertainty. The general alternatives for lake management due to climate change are discussed. Depending
on the specific case, further intensive research is suggested to restore lake water quality. 相似文献
12.
Watershed processes and their effects on coasts are shaped by numerous interacting natural and societal factors. The knowledge of these factors and processes is often limited. This makes the field prone to politicisations with debates, research, and interventions being confined to a few selected factors. Debates on the causes of high river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation in Java have focussed on rainfed agriculture on peasants’ private lands, while other drivers have been neglected. This has undermined the effectiveness of watershed management. This paper links the sedimentation of the Segara Anakan lagoon on Java’s south coast with landscape characteristics and transformations in its catchment. Three-fourths of the lagoon have silted up since 1857/60. This is the result of a much broader range of drivers than commonly assumed to date. In addition to rainfed agriculture on peasants’ private lands, these drivers include coffee cultivation, timber extraction, plantation development, and in-migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century; erosion on contested state forest and plantation lands; state forest management practices; slope cuts to enlarge agricultural fields; agriculture in riparian zones; erosion from roads, trails, and settlements; river channel and floodplain modifications; and volcanic eruptions. The choice and expectations of societal responses aimed at reducing river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation hence need to be reconsidered, and related debates and research agendas must be broadened. 相似文献
13.
Quality of life concerns in rural development planning and management processes at the local level need to be identified and
evaluated through participatory bottom–up approaches. This paper provides an overview of the main issues related to the quality
of life concept in the context of rural sustainable development and discusses the need for operational governance models in
order to identify, evaluate, and incorporate in action planning quality of life concerns at the local level. Quality of life
issues are explored through a governance model applied to a rural Greek case study as part of a sustainable development planning
and management process. 相似文献
14.
Primary purposes for catchment management are to establish a cost-effective allocation and use of its water resources and
to most effectively apply measures to protect the quantity and quality of the water produced by the catchment. For the latter
purpose, diffuse sources of contamination are the greatest difficulty. Diffuse (or non-point source) water pollution poses
challenges for public policy and requires innovative management approaches. Solutions ultimately require behavioural change
and a broad societal response, and must be flexible and adaptive to stochastic catchment conditions and to long-term trends.
Internationally, new models of governance for difficult land and water resource management problems are developing. This paper
reviews the characteristics of ‘wicked’ environmental management problems and the specific policy challenges posed by diffuse
water pollution. A framework for action is derived and compared to the activities and outcomes of water protection in the
New York City watershed. Successes to date in this case indicate that because land management and diffuse sources of pollution
have a local basis, protection of water at source necessitates the fostering of local instruments for an adaptive and twin-track
strategy of applied research and stakeholder deliberation, supported by multi-level partnerships and an enabling regulatory
environment. Although long running, evidence from this case alone is insufficient to establish whether potential trade-offs
between water protection and the economic vitality of catchment communities can be fully resolved. 相似文献
15.
Ecological risk assessment has grown and evolved since the 1980s, as have new challenges (e.g. global climate change, loss of habitat and biodiversity and the effects of multiple anthropogenic chemicals on ecological systems) that need to be factored into the risk assessment processes. There is also an on-going shift from evaluating adverse health impacts on particular, often small scale, environments to undertaking more complex ecological assessments of whole populations and communities across ecologically meaningful landscapes. These trends are generating an increased demand for much more complex ecological assessments, making it increasingly clear that to achieve its potential as a management tool, methods must be developed to apply ecological risk assessment to larger and more complex scales. This paper reviews the development of the ecological risk assessment paradigm in the United States, identifies ways it is being applied and adapted in other countries, explores future research needs and practice improvements, and examines current issues that need to be considered in taking forward the scientific development of ecological risk assessment as a useful environmental management tool. 相似文献
16.
Water is a precious resource in arid rural areas with irrigated agriculture. Nonetheless, water and agricultural policies in Europe show different management scopes and objectives, usually translated in divergent drivers of rural change. This paper has a double aim: to propose a specific method for quantitative biophysical analysis of water use in rural systems with the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism approach and to show the usefulness of this method for the assessment of the integration of water and agricultural policies. The river basin scale is chosen, since it is the socioecological unit for water management established in the water framework directive 2000/60/CE. A multi-scale water use accounting is provided for a Mediterranean river basin in Andalusia, integrating water cycle, ecosystems and social levels. Particularly focusing on agricultural production, a relevant set of indicators is proposed in order to analyze and compare different metabolic patterns. Finally, the integration of water and agricultural planning is assessed in terms of external (biophysical) and internal (economic, institutional) constraints of the new water-use patterns generated by the scenarios posed in these policies. While on a European level water policy is ambitious in terms of ecological conservation, the lack of integration within the common agricultural policy and the entanglement of multiple scales of political and economic organization of local ruralities blur its priority in a rather slow transition to a new water culture. 相似文献
17.
Sustainability science is emerging as a transdisciplinary effort to come to grips with the much-needed symbiosis between human
activity and the environment. While there is recognition that conventional economic growth must yield to policies that foster
sustainable development, this has not yet occurred on any broad scale. Rather, there is clear evidence that the Earth’s ecosystems
and landscapes continue to degrade as a consequence of the cumulative impact of human activities. Taking an ecohealth approach
to sustainability science provides a unique perspective on both the goals and the means to achieve sustainability. The goals
should be the restoration of full functionality to the Earth’s ecosystems and landscapes, as measured by the key indicators
of health: resilience, organization, vitality (productivity), and the absence of ecosystem distress syndrome. The means should
be the coordinated (spatially and temporally) efforts to modify human behaviors to reduce cumulative stress impacts. Achieving
ecosystem health should become the cornerstone of sustainability policy—for healthy ecosystems are the essential precondition
for achieving sustainable livelihoods, human health, and many other societal objectives, as reflected in the Millennium Development
Goals. 相似文献
19.
The need for environmental and urban planning reached a critical point in the year 2007, when one-half of the world's population
could be defined as living in cities. Urbanisation in India is also increasing at a fast rate. Urban chaos in India, emanating
from the continuous ignorance of fragile ecosystems, calls for the reshaping of existing cities as ‘eco-cities’. The ‘eco-city’—a
well-known concept in the western world—is new to the Indian context. While western connotations of eco-cities should not
be discarded outright in the context of India, core concerns vary significantly for obvious reasons. Recognising two facts—firstly,
eco-city development is altogether a fresh approach to human settlement development in India, and, secondly, the manifold
increase in the vulnerability of cities—this paper discusses documented good practice, reinforcing evolution towards the eco-city
vision. Lessons drawn from the examples cited are further deconstructed in the light of their contribution to urban risk reduction,
which provides direction to appreciating the ‘disaster-resilient eco-community’ concept in Puri, a coastal city in India.
Further, this paper attempts to unravel existing community-based practices in Puri, which are boon to the local environment
and invariably reduce disaster risk. These seemingly modest neighbourhood initiatives symbolise immense societal wealth, which
can be calibrated appropriately for reducing urban environmental risk as well. This paper also illustrates how a ‘disaster
resilient eco-community’ approach is inevitable in the present and future contexts not only to preserve sustainable development
gains but also to secure human well-being. 相似文献
20.
The soy expansion model in Argentina generates structural changes in traditional lifestyles, which can be associated with different biophysical and socioeconomic impacts. To explore this issue, we apply an innovative method for integrated assessment—the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism framework—to characterize two communities in the Chaco Region, Province of Formosa, North of Argentina. These communities have recently experienced the expansion of soy production, altering their economic activity, energy consumption patterns, land use and human time allocation. The integrated characterization presented in the paper illustrates the differences (biophysical, socioeconomic and historical) between the two communities that can be associated with different responses. The analysis of the factors behind these differences has important policy implications for the sustainable development of local communities in the area. 相似文献
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