从收入多样性的视角看农户的旱灾恢复力——以内蒙古兴和县为例

农业旱灾是制约我国农业生产的一个重要因素,尤其对于干旱和半干旱地区。兴和县地处内蒙古高原,旱灾的经常发生使当地居民形成了独特的适应策略。通过研究者先后两次的实地调研和问卷访谈,采用农业收入多样性分析方法对农户的旱灾恢复力进行了研究。研究表明,兴和县农户收入来源的多样性程度存在着北部地区低,中、南部地区相对较高的趋势;同时发现气候干旱化使当地居民家庭收入来源萎缩,收入的多样性正在逐渐丧失。同时分析了造成这种现象的原因,以帮助当地农民提高家庭收入的多样性,增强其生活系统应对旱灾的稳定性,从而提升其旱灾恢复力水平。研究结果对其他地区农村系统提升应对自然灾害的恢复能力有借鉴意义。     

公元1600年秘鲁Huaynaputina火山喷发在中国的气候效应

公元1600年秘鲁Huaynaputina火山喷发是历史时期全球最大规模的火山喷发之一,在全球范围产生了重大的气候与环境效应。通过对中国历史时期地方志文献的查阅与整理,结合南北极的冰芯、北半球的树轮和欧洲历史文献等有关记录,对Huaynaputina火山喷发在中国的气候效应进行探讨。结果发现1601年夏季长江下游地区异常寒冷,1601年夏季和秋季黄河中下游地区的严重霜灾,1602年上半年长江中下游地区异常多雪。     

水对公路工程的危害及公路建设对水环境的影响

水对公路的路基、路面、隧道等结构都会产生危害,而公路建设也会对沿线的地下水环境产生影响。进行公路排水对提高使用道路的寿命和服务质量有积极的作用,但也应考虑公路建设对地下水和地表水环境的影响。     

女盗贼的把戏

女盗贼丽塔乔装打扮,混进珠宝拍卖会场,盗走了两颗大钻石。一回到家,她马上将钻石放在水里做成冰块放在了冰箱里。因钻石是透明无色的,所以藏到冰块里,     

野生老虎面临灭绝危机

从2月14日开始,我们就迎来了农历的虎年。超市商场都摆满了各种老虎玩具,各种造型十分喜气。然而,鲜为人知的是,人人熟知的老虎在野外已经十分稀罕了,曾经威风凛凛的山大王已经被人类逼到了穷途末路的境地。     

脑筋急转弯

完全重合的次数在12小时以内,时针、分针、秒针三针完全重合的时间有几次?     

窗户永远向太阳:会旋转的住宅问世

向日葵会随着太阳旋转,所以可以接收到更多的太阳能。一些建筑设计师受到这个自然现象的启发,也企图制造一种可以随着太阳能旋转的房屋。最近,澳大利亚一对夫妇就修建出了这样一幢可以随着太阳旋转的房屋。     

解放军:大陆抢险救灾行动的主力军

莫拉克台风带来"8·8"水灾,酿成台湾中南部50年来最严重灾害。尽管是天灾,但从预报到救灾仍引发岛内各界反思,更有媒体建议向大陆学习抗洪救灾的章法。台湾《苹果日报》刊登文章《向解放军学习抗洪救灾》认为,危机处理不是待危机发生后再处理,最重要的是危机发生前的预防管理。台军何妨学习解放军如何抗洪救灾,重新将之列入战备任务,以挽回民众信任与信心。《中国时报》撰稿指出,莫拉克台风     

重庆市2006年特大旱灾分析与灾后恢复性研究

风险性、脆弱性、恢复性和适应性是自然灾害4个最重要的特性,也是灾害研究的主要方向。灾后恢复作为减灾管理的关键环节具有重要的研究意义。基于自然灾害系统理论,归纳整理了重庆旱灾报刊数据库,构建并分析了重庆旱灾系统,探讨了其灾后恢复性模式。结果表明：（1）重庆2006年特大旱灾百年一遇,伏旱是导致灾情累加形成巨灾的直接原因;（2）旱灾后的连续降雨是提高灾后恢复力的重要因素;（3）灾民的外出打工实现了旱灾的风险转移和经济补偿,减小了损失。这些研究结果为水田农业区的伏旱型旱灾系统研究和恢复性措施提供了新的思路和实证。     

社区大气环境质量调查方法与风险响应对策——基于GIS的深圳市案例研究

为了减轻日益严重的大气污染及其对公共健康的影响,迫切需要大气质量管理方面的立法,而科学合理的法律法规应当建立在对大气污染变化情况正确而充分的了解基础之上。深圳市环境保护监测站公布的年报是基于环境监测站点的数据的,但是,这些常被引用的数据因指示因子和站点空间分布的局限性而不够科学合理。在补充环境监测站点数据方面已经有过许多研究。这里提出了一种基于GIS的社区环境大气质量调查方法,并于2006年在深圳市进行了实验。通过实验定义了大气污染风险的9种类型及相应的应对办法,实验证明了该方法的可行性。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.