吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中的硝基苯

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱测定水中硝基苯的方法,探讨了样品pH值、吹扫温度和吹扫时长对吹扫捕集的影响.当进样体积为5.0mL,pH值为3.0,吹扫温度为45℃,吹扫时间为40 min时,采用SCAN和SIM数据采集模式的检出限分别为0.59μg/L和0.11μg/L.将建立的方法用于实际样品的测定,获得了很好的精密度...     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定水中丙烯腈

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定水中丙烯腈的分析方法,探讨了吹扫温度、吹扫时间、脱附温度和脱附时间对吹扫捕集效率的影响情况,同时对线性范围、方法检出限、准确度和精密度进行实验。在确定的最佳条件下,丙烯腈的线性相关系数为0.9998,平均加标回收率为96.9%,相对标准偏差为4.0%;方法检出限为0.18μg/L。结果表明,该方法简单易操作、检出限低、灵敏度高、准确度及精密度高。     

水中10种挥发性有机物的快速检测

采用吹扫捕集与快速气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用,建立测定水中10种石化行业常见挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吹扫捕集-快速气相色谱-飞行时间质谱的分析方法。通过质谱定性,选定目标物的特征离子,运用内标法定量,采用DN-624(20m×0.18mm×1μm)快速毛细管色谱柱,在10min内完成对水中10种VOCs的分析,在保证各目标物灵敏度和分辨率不受影响的同时,分析时间从标准方法的17min降至10min。该方法的线性、精密度与检出限满足标准方法 HJ 639—2012《水质挥发性有机物的测定吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法》要求,通过实验验证,能够广泛应用于石化行业环境监测与应急监测。     

气质联用法和气相法测定土壤中正丁醇的比较

文章使用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱法进行土壤中正丁醇的检测，从校准曲线、检出限、精密度、加标回收率等方面论证了两个方法对于测定土壤中正丁醇的可能性并对两种方法的测定效果进行比较。     

吹扫捕集-GC/MS测定化工园区地下水中VOCs

本研究建立了吹扫捕集-GC/MS测定化工园区地下水中酮类、醚类、腈类等24种VOCs的分析方法。水样经吹扫捕集后,待测物在HP-VOC色谱柱上分离,质谱分析采用EI离子源和SIM监测模式,外标法定量。该方法的加标回收率为98.6%~110%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~6.1%,检出限为0.08~0.30μg/L,具有准确、灵敏、受其他有机物干扰少的优点。由于这24种VOCs特征离子较为普遍,且受化工园区企业污染的地下水样品组成复杂,在样品分析时应特别注意数据的假阳性问题。     

吹扫捕集气质联机法测定水质丁基黄原酸

水质丁基黄原酸的测定通常采用铜试剂亚铜分光光度法。该方法具有操作繁琐、灵敏度低、线性范围窄、重现性差、低浓度样品容易受基体影响而干扰检测结果等缺点。采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定水质丁基黄原酸,该方法具有操作简便、快捷、灵敏度高、精密度好等优点,检出限可以达到0.1 g/L,加标回收率可达90%以上,能够满足当前各类水质标准对丁基黄原酸的排放要求。     

Fenton试剂与改性凹凸棒石联合处理微污染水中苯酚的实验研究

研究了Fenton试剂联合聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDMDAAC）改性凹凸棒石对模拟微污染水中苯酚的去除效果。考察了pH值、反应时间、投加量、温度等因素对苯酚去除效果的影响。结果表明：先采用Fenton试剂氧化再用改性凹凸棒石吸附对微污染水中苯酚具有较好的去除效果,在pH=9、温度为25℃、改性凹凸棒石投加量为5g／L、吸附时间20min的条件下,苯酚去除率达98．2％。     

顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用测定水中有机氯农药和氯苯类化合物

建立顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS)对水中34种有机氯农药和氯苯类化合物检测的方法。探究萃取头类型、萃取时间、萃取温度及离子强度等条件对萃取效率的影响。实验结果表明采用二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(PDMS/DVB)萃取纤维头、萃取时间为20min、萃取温度70℃、氯化钠(NaCl)加入量2.0g时,萃取效果较好。使用弱极性HP-5MS(固定相为5%苯基-甲基聚硅氧烷)毛细柱分离,三重四级杆全扫模式定性,动态多反应监测模式(dMRM)联合内标法定量,方法线性范围4~400ng/L,相关系数(R2)大于0.99,方法检出限为3.5~8.5ng/L,样品加标回收率为70.2%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.98%~15.8%。     

五氯酚对环境污染及居民健康影响研究

中国长期以来使用五氯酚纳盐杀灭亡血吸虫的中间宿主──—钉螺．为评价它对环境的污染及居民健康危害，１９９０－１９９３年在我省开展了五氯酚环境污染及对居民健康影响研究．在研究区采集环境样品（空气、水体、土壤及底泥、蔬菜、肉、蛋、鱼等）共１７３份；生物材料（人血、尿）共４５７份，分析五氯酚浓度．结果在明，在五氯酚使用区，环境中ＰＣＰ浓度稍高于对照区，而生物材料尿、血中ＰＣＰ浓度明显高于对照区．全血胆碱脂酶活性用药区明显低于对照区，统计学分析有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００１），证实了长期低剂量使用可造成环境及生物蓄积．     

气相动态顶空法分析水源水中61种挥发性有机物

建立了用于饮用水源水中61种挥发性有机物（VOCs）同时进行分析的气相-动态顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱法（D-HS-GC-MS）,VOCs包括集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目中的31种VOCs。用D-HS-GC-MS法对水样中VOCs进行分析,获得良好的标准曲线线性关系（均大于0.995,溴二氯甲烷除外）,除乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和环氧氯丙烷的方法检出限分别为15 g/L、13 g/L、11 g/L和11 g/L外,其余VOCs的方法检出限均介于0.10～0.58 g/L,饮用水源水实际样品加标回收率和RSD分别为75.8%～116%和1.16%～21.6%（n=3）。气相-动态顶空进样法相对于常见的吹脱捕集法具有不直接接触样品的优势,避免了仪器被样品污染,用于饮用水源水中几十种VOCs的同时分析,在常规监测中可节省大量的人力物力投入。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.