Precarious work or sustainable livelihoods? Aligning Prestea's Programme with the development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining

Alternative livelihoods programmes (ALPs) are extensively executed in mining communities, often as models of development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). This paper assesses whether Prestea's ALP aligns with the development dialogue on artisanal mining. The conceptual design of ALP in Ghana's Prestea is based on the notions of substitution, homogenous community, and impact scalability. This paper argues that the Prestea ALP is not aligned with the development dialogue on artisanal mining, and therefore it is difficult to understand the role and function of environmentally‐damaging behaviours within livelihood strategies. The paper contends that it would be appropriate to concentrate on improving the existing artisanal miners’ operation of those most susceptible to resource access restrictions. Further, it may be more prudent to utilize livelihood‐centered interventions that create strong connections with sustainable development as a way of creating regular community engagements. Additionally, this paper argues that the term for the intervention programme on artisanal mining should be replaced with the broader term ‘livelihood‐centered intervention’. The replacement of the term ‘ALP’ avoids the tacit belief that ALP can adequately replace artisanal mining operations. Livelihood‐centered intervention should not necessarily utilize alternative livelihoods as direct behavioural change instruments.     

DESERT HOUSE: A DEMONSTRATION/EXPERIMENT IN EFFICIENT DOMESTIC WATER AND ENERGY USE1

ABSTRACT: In May 1993, a single-family home and adjoining information center opened to the public at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, Arizona. Desert House is designed as an example of what can be achieved today using available technology to improve residential water and energy efficiency. The home is expected to reduce water and energy use by 40 percent compared with that for the typical three-bedroom, single-family residence in the Phoenix area. Water-conserving features include: landscape design employing low-water use plants, minimum turf area, mulch around plants to reduce evaporation, and drip irrigation system; spa cover for evaporation reduction; rainwater harvesting; low-flow shower heads, faucets, and toilets; and graywater reuse system. The home will be occupied by a family and monitored for water and energy use by computer. Visitors are able to access real time water and energy use data about the home, as well as tour the information center, technical exhibits, surrounding landscape, and the home when it is open (one afternoon a week).     

大城市郊区耕地保护与可持续利用探讨--以成都市郫县为例

以成都市郫县为例，运用资源持续利用原理，分析了大城市郊区耕地资源保护和可持续利用过程中的各种制约因素，并从区域经济和社会可持续发展的角度提出了加强土地法制管理和农田环境保护、科学实施土地利用总体规划、合理开发利用土地资源等耕地可持续利用的基本途径与对策。     

攀钢集团钛业公司选钛尾矿的综合利用

本文研究了攀钢钛业公司选钛尾矿的物质成分,提出了尾矿综合利用的途径：一是有益成分的分离、提取,二是利用尾矿或分选出来的矿物发展建材工业     

济宁市地下水资源的开发利用与环境地质问题

地下水是济宁市的主要供水水源。近年来,由于开发利用中存在的问题,造成某些地区出现地下水位下降、水资源供求矛盾加剧以及地面沉降、地裂缝、水质污染、土壤盐碱化等现象。本文分析了济宁市由于地下水开发利用不当所造成的环境地质问题,探讨了合理利用及保护地下水资源的对策。     

Perceived landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development in the Peak District National Park,England

This study explored the public perceptions of mobile telecommunications development – new landscape elements installed to deliver new technology – in a protected area. It examined: (1) the perceived landscape impacts of such development; (2) the importance attached to the socio-economic value of mobile telecommunications; and (3) the factors underlying the perceived landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development. A postal questionnaire survey was conducted in the Peak District National Park, England with 420 respondents drawn from National Park residents and visitors, urban dwellers and members of environmental organisations. The study suggests that: (1) there was a prevailing antipathy towards the landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development in the National Park; (2) apart from emergency uses, the other socio-economic benefits of mobile telecommunications technology were thought to be relatively unimportant in the National Park; and (3) rather than socio-demographic characteristics, it was respondents' understandings of protected areas' needs for the technology and potential health risks that had significant effects on the perceived landscape impacts. Overall, this study suggests that the significance of National Park landscapes is respected by the public, even when setalongside the convenience of modern technology, which has substantial implications for landscape planning and management in protected areas.     

1999—2008年青海省国内游客调查分析与建议

以近10年的青海旅游统计资料为基础,分析了青海省国内游客的构成和特征,试图揭示青海旅游市场的现状。结论显示,虽然整体上青海国内游客数量持续增长,但仍存在省外游客吸引力弱、游客平均停留天数少、旅游设施差、服务质量低等问题。针对上述问题,提出建议,以期为青海旅游业的可持续发展与旅游资源开发及市场规划提供参考。     

Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events1

Stanfield, Les W. and Don A. Jackson, 2011. Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00518.x Abstract: Headwater drainage features (first‐ to second‐order streams) are the capillaries of the landscape that, among other things, moderate the timing and volumes of water available to the riparian and aquatic ecosystems. How these features respond to summer rainfall is poorly understood. We studied how geology and an index of land use/land cover influenced peak flows following rainfall events in 110 headwater stream sites that were studied over a four‐month period during a drought year. Highest peak flows were observed in the most urbanized catchments and in poorly drained soils, but specific responses were variable depending on both geology and land disturbance. Redundancy analysis indicated that both surficial geology and land disturbance were important factors influencing peak flows under drought conditions. We conclude that responses of these headwater streams to individual storms during drought conditions are unpredictable from data collected using our methods, but increased peak flows were associated with increased urban and agricultural development, but mitigated by surficial geology. These findings demonstrate the challenges to accurately predict flow conditions in headwater streams during periods of extreme weather that concurrently have the greatest potential effect on biota. The combination of these challenges and importance of such events indicates the need to develop new approaches to study and manage these resources.     

广州市居民省外游出游行为研究

根据2001年10月到2002年1月对广州702名市民进行的抽样调查资料，作者对广州市居民到省外旅游的行为进行了分析，得出了该地区居民的省外游行为规律。     

Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River1

Xia, Junqiang, Zhengbing Wang, Yanping Wang, and Xin Yu, 2012. Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐18. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12002 Abstract: Significant channel adjustments often occur during flood seasons in the Lower Yellow River (LYR), and it is a challenging work to accurately simulate the morphodynamic processes in the LYR using numerical models. A comparison of two morphodynamic models (Delft3D and 2DLLCDM) for the LYR is presented herein to identify critical improvements for these models. The concepts of these models are first compared with each other. The models were then used to simulate the processes of flood routing, sediment transport, and morphological changes occurring in a braided reach of the LYR. The differences were investigated between the simulated results from these models and corresponding field measurements, and the results indicate that: (1) the hydrodynamic processes calculated by both models agree closely with the measurements if an appropriate Manning’s roughness coefficient is used; (2) the concentrations of suspended load at the downstream boundary calculated by the models agree reasonably with the observed data; and (3) the predicted cross‐sectional profiles obtained from these models do not correspond well with the measurements. Based on these findings, the weak aspects of the models are clarified, and three critical improvements are recommended, including: (1) the development of roughness predictor; (2) the refinement of graded sediment transport capacity formulation; and (3) the consideration of bank erosion module. These improvements need to be implemented in the future.     

国内旅游者人口学特征与行为分析——以延边朝鲜族自治州为例

边境型旅游地因其独特的边境自然风貌、浓厚的异族风情在我国丰富的旅游资源中占有重要地位。通过实地考察，根据游客调查问卷数据和二手资料，与海滨型旅游地普陀山、古村落型旅游地西递和宏村、山岳型旅游地泰山进行了对比分析，揭示了延边朝鲜族自治州国内旅游者的人口学特征、旅游行为、旅游效果等，并就促进其旅游业的进一步发展提出了建议。     

燃煤锅炉湿法除尘废水循环回用后的水质处理工艺和技术研究

调查分析了当前应用于中小型锅炉湿法除尘废水循环回用治理的技术,根据除尘废水循环回用后的水质和工艺特点,提出将除尘循环水净化同燃煤烟气脱硫除尘联合进行以及利用工业碱水,炉渣处理除尘废水的技术和工艺     

我国城市生活垃圾处理行业2013年发展综述

综述了2012年我国城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展概况,以及2013年国家发布和实施的有关标准和政策;重点介绍了2013年国内新投入运行的生活垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾综合处理厂;归纳了2013年国内促进行业发展的部分重要事件;对城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展进行了展望.     

Assessing Ecological Resources for Remediation and Future Land Uses on Contaminated Lands

Increasingly, the public and governmental agencies are concerned about remediating and reclaiming contaminated sites. Understanding the ecological resources on-site and valuing those resources in terms of future uses is important for determining suitable future land uses. In this article, we suggest the major categories of natural resource information required by managers, policy makers, and the general public for making initial future land-use determinations. We then use a dataset of 25 Department of Energy (DOE) sites slated for remediation to explore whether such data are readily available and whether the data can be used to assess natural resource value. Although information is available for almost all sites on federally endangered and threatened species, this information is less available for state-listed species. Biodiversity information is available only for some sites for birds (N = 17), mammals (N = 15), reptiles (N = 14), amphibians (N = 13), and plants (N = 11) and is almost nonexistent for invertebrates (N = 2). Some information is available for invasive species (N = 9). The number of available habitats is directly related to total acres and nonindustrial acres. Biodiversity of birds, mammals, and reptiles (but not amphibians) is directly related to both total acres and total nonindustrial acres of sites. These data suggest that even over a wide geographical area (from eastern to western United States), biodiversity relates to habitat size and number of habitats available. This information will be useful not only to DOE managers but also to natural resource trustees, ecologists, state and federal regulators, and the general public in the discourse over future uses of these lands.*Published online Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Joanna Burger