三峡库区土壤中微量元素有效态含量及其特征

本文研究了微量元素在三峡库区土壤中的有效态含量以及丰缺程度，发生频率等特征，同时，初步探讨了有效态微量元素之间及其与土壤ｐＨ值，有机质含量的相关关系。     

川东食管癌高发区土壤地球化学环境的初探

我国是世界上食管癌发病率最高的国家之一。本文对比了四川省内食管癌高、低发病区的土壤地球化学环境，计算了土壤中微量元素有效态含量的总量，结果发现高、低发病区在耕地利用类型，土壤类型以及土壤的物理、化学性质方面都存在明显差异，表明土壤地球化学环境恶劣、尤其是土壤中微量元素缺乏与食管癌高发有密切关系。     

乐昌Pb/Zn矿区水稻土中Pb的形态分布特征

对多年利用矿山废水灌溉的水稻土中Pb的化学形态、植物有效态和动物／人有效态进行了分析研究。结果表明，土壤中Pb的碳酸盐结合态、可交换态、有机结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态含量分别是363、338、185和155mg／kg，其总和占总Pb含量的72．70％，表明其较高的环境敏感性；动物／人有效态Pb含量为1085mg／kg。土壤有机态Pb与植物中Pb含量相关性最高，表明用有机态表征土壤Pb的植物有效态比惯常使用的DTPA态要好。植物有效态与动物／人有效态含量相比，前者为后者的17．05％，表明土壤Pb污染对当地动物／人的潜在生态危害远远大于水稻等农作物；Fe-Mn氧化物结合态Pb与植物有效态（即有机结合态）及动物／人有效态Pb相关性最好，表明该形态对土壤Pb的生物有效性具有积极作用。     

乌鲁木齐市蔬菜基地土壤有效态镍的空间变异特征

以乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地为典型区甜干旱区绿洲城市郊区土壤有效态镍含量的结构特征进行分析,得出该区有效态镍的空间分布格局并揭示了引起这种分布格局的成因,结果表明：乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地有效态镍属中等变异。半方差函数模型拟合表明有效态镍含量可以用球状函数拟合,具有高度的空间自相性,有效态Ni主要受内在因子（土壤形成因子,如气候、地形、土壤类型等）控制。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了有效态镍含量的空间分布格局,呈现明显的北高南低分布规律。     

骨炭＋沸石对重金属污染土壤的修复效果及评价

采用盆栽试验,研究了铜铅镉复合污染土壤添加骨炭和沸石前后对土壤pH值、土壤中重金属有效态含量、蕹菜生长、重金属吸收量的影响。结果表明,土壤污染后pH值显著降低,土壤中重金属有效态含量显著增加,蕹菜生长不良,株高、鲜重、干重显著降低,同时蕹菜重金属含量增加;添加固化剂后土壤pH值提高了2.21和2.29个单位,土壤有效态重金属含量显著降低,蕹菜株高、鲜重、干重增加,同时使轻度污染土壤上的蕹菜达到卫生安全标准。     

土壤pH对东南景天修复镉污染土壤的影响研究

东南景天是一种镉和锌的超积累植物,改变土壤p H能否有效提高其吸收镉的效率,需要进一步验证。采用盆栽实验研究不同土壤p H下东南景天吸收和积累Cd的差异以及对Ca Cl2提取有效态镉的影响。结果表明,降低土壤p H值显著提高了土壤镉的有效态含量。弱酸性土壤即p H接近5.5时东南景天生物量及累积镉的量最大,土壤镉去除率也最高,达6.6%。强酸性即当p H接近4时,虽然植物地上与地下镉含量均最高,但生物量最小,植物去除率较其他处理低。研究证实降低土壤p H是提高植物提取效率的有效办法,这为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供了科学依据。     

土壤pH值与土壤养分有效态关系探讨——以内江市白马镇为例

本文探讨了小区域范围内土壤pH值与土壤主要肥力指标N、P、K有效态的关系,结果表明土壤pH值与土壤速效P含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0．498;与土壤缓效K呈显著正相关,相关系数为0．352;与水解性N和速效K含量相关性不明显。     

宜宾兴文县僰王山镇水田土壤中硒形态分布特征及研究

为了客观分析土壤中硒形态分布特征及硒有效性影响因素,依据硒不同形态下的溶解度不同,采用四步五态连续浸提取技术,由弱到强的选择顺序提取僰王山镇水田土壤中硒的水溶态、可交换态、有机质结合态、硫化物/硒化物态、残渣态这5种形态,并用原子荧光光谱法分析和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤样品中5种形态硒和总硒的含量。初步总结了研究区水田土壤硒含量特征和硒形态分布特征。研究结果发现,僰王山镇水田土壤总硒含量变化范围为0.51~0.93 mg/kg,平均值0.714 mg/kg,远远超过全国土壤总硒平均值0.290 mg/kg,且超过了目前认为的富硒土壤的标准值0.4 mg/kg。从土壤中5种形态分析结果所占比例来看,有机质结合态和硫化物/硒化物态硒是硒元素的主要赋存形态,两者占土壤总硒含量的54.63%,反应了研究区土壤中硒富集与有机质结合态存在密切关系。     

氮磷养分配施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响

通过田间定位试验,探讨水肥一体化技术下不同养分配施措施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响,筛选出适合该区域叶用枸杞高效可持续生产管理模式。结果表明,随着养分浓度的增大,各层次土壤中有机碳含量整体呈现增加趋势,土壤中易氧化态有机碳及土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)变化趋势与土壤有机碳类似。与对照相比,水肥一体化施肥增加了0～20cm和20～40cm土层硝态氮含量;但随着土层深入,土壤剖面硝态氮含量整体呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而对照处理硝态氮呈现增加趋势,40～60cm土层硝态氮含量达最大。在水肥一体化N2P3处理下,叶用枸杞叶芽产量最高。研究确定,N2P3处理的"少量多次"水肥一体化灌溉模式,是叶用枸杞生产区最佳的农业高效高产的水肥生产管理模式。     

施用高锌猪粪对土壤环境污染的影响

采用饲喂含锌微量元素添加剂的猪排出的猪粪（试验猪粪）和畏产的猪排出的猪粪（普通猪粪）作小麦－－水稻盆栽试验。供试土壤为酸性黄壤,中性冲积土、石灰性紫色土。结果表明：三组土壤上都是随着试验组猪粪施用量增大,土壤全锌残留量和有效锌含量俞高。如每年以小麦－－水稻轮作方式种植,长期施用高锌猪粪（以施用量最低１０ｇ／盆计）,根据土壤ｐＨ的不同,则１２年￣２８年间土壤中锌含量可能超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级     

我国煤中微量元素的赋存及开发利用

煤中微量元素的赋存规律和综合利用工艺的研究和开发，对于资源的合理利用具有重要意义。在综合国内煤中微量元素研究文献的基础上，分析了煤中微量元素的来源可分为原生、次生和后生，赋存状态主要与有机质的吸附和络合作用有关；开发利用的现状较为落后，表现为研究区域少、研究手段和技术水平差。指出，必须深入对煤中微量元素的赋存规律和综合利用工艺进行深入研究，合理利用资源，使矿区实现可持续发展。     

垃圾填埋处理中微量金属元素迁移和转变特性分析

城市生活垃圾中含有多种微量金属元素,并且在填埋处理过程中会产生重金属的二次污染,是城市垃圾填埋处理中最难解决的问题。本文对垃圾中微量金属的来源、微量金属在填埋过程中的迁移和转变特性等方面进行了研究。研究认为,微量金属在填埋处理过程中除受本身特性的影响,还与垃圾的产地和组成有关。     

不同生长期暴马丁香叶中活性成分分析

通过对不同采收期暴马丁香叶中主要活性成分和微量元素含量的分析,研究活性成分与微量元素对暴马丁香叶质量的影响.采用高效液相色谱法测定暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷的含量,紫外分光光度法测定其总黄酮和多糖的含量,原子吸收分光光度法测定其铁、锰、锌、铜的含量,再采用SPSS16.0软件对测定结果进行统计分析.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷和总黄酮在5月2日含量较高,4月20日含量较低;总多糖和4种微量元素在5月2日含量较低,4月20日含量较高.与不同采收期紫丁香苷和总黄酮含量上升或下降趋势对比,总多糖和微量元素的含量变化总体上却与其相反.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷、总黄酮与Fe、Mn、Zn元素间呈现一定的拮抗作用,而多糖与Fe、Zn、Cu元素间呈协同作用,微量元素对暴马丁香叶的质量有一定的影响.     

Baseline concentrations and spatial distribution of trace metals in surface soils of Guangdong province, China

A total of 260 surface soil samples were collected to investigate the spatial distribution of trace metals in Guangdong province, one of the fast developing regions in China. The results show that the upper baseline concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Hg were 28.7, 57.6, 77.8, 0.13, 23.5, 87.0, and 0.15 mg kg(-1), respectively. Regional parent materials and pedogenesis are the primary factors influencing the concentrations of trace metals, and various anthropogenic activities are the second most important factors. The spatial distribution of trace metals is correlated to the geological characters with high concentrations of trace metals always located in regional fault areas, basins, and the Pearl River Delta alluvial plain and to the low concentrations associated with the other areas in Guangdong province.     

An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China

It is important to understand the status and extent of soil contamination with trace elements to make sustainable management strategies for agricultural soils. The inputs of trace elements to agricultural soils via atmospheric deposition, livestock manures, fertilizers and agrochemicals, sewage irrigation and sewage sludge in China were analyzed and an annual inventory of trace element inputs was developed. The results showed that atmospheric deposition was responsible for 43–85% of the total As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb inputs, while livestock manures accounted for approximately 55%, 69% and 51% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Among the elements concerned, Cd was a top priority in agricultural soils in China, with an average input rate of 0.004 mg/kg/yr in the plough layer (0–20 cm). Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the sources, the inventory as well as the environmental risks of trace elements in soils varies on a regional scale. For example, sewage sludge and fertilizers (mainly organic and phosphate-based inorganic fertilizers) can also be the predominant sources of trace elements where these materials were excessively applied. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic element inputs to and accumulation in agricultural soils.     

广东省梅州清凉山枢纽水质变化及饮用水源地环境管理对策

根据2004～2008年清凉山水库及取水口棉地坑、梅江桥的实测资料,分析梅州饮用水源保护区的水质变化特点,并讨论对锰等微量元素影响在个别时间超标的原因;根据锰的特点,提出保洁治理的方法,为梅州的"以人为本"的和谐社会服务.     

Mobilization of trace metals and inorganic compounds during resuspension of anoxic sediments from Trepangier Bayou, Louisiana

The release of trace metals (Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) and inorganic compounds (As) from initially anoxic Trepangier Bayou sediments, Louisiana and the sources of the released metals were investigated. After 1 to 2 d aeration, significant amounts of trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Co) were released to the aqueous phase with increased acidity, primarily due to the oxidation of acid-volatile sulfide and ferrous iron and iron sulfide minerals. The addition of a bacterial inhibitor, NaN,, to the Trepangier sediment during resuspension inhibited metal release, suggesting that microbial catalysis can regulate metal mobilization during sediment resuspension. In a well buffered system, oxidation of iron sulfides alone did not appear to induce trace metal release. Moreover, when Trepangier sediment was resuspended in anoxic conditions at neutral pH, <1% of the trace metal content was released, whereas a significant release of metal was observed under acidic anoxic conditions. Although oxidation of iron sulfide minerals is an essential prerequisite for the release of Zn, Co, Cd, and Ni, carbonates and oxides also play a role. The trace metals and inorganic compounds investigated could be classified into three groups according to their release characteristics: (i) Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Co; (ii) Fe, Pb, and As; and (iii) Cu. The groupings appeared to depend on the sources of compounds and their relative affinity, after oxidation, to iron oxyhydroxides or organic matter.     

搅拌棒吸附萃取技术在环境样品分析中的应用

搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)是继固相微萃取(SPME)之后的又一种无溶剂的用于痕量有机物分离和浓缩的技术,其萃取涂层体积大,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、重现性好、不使用有机溶剂等优点。适用于环境样品中挥发性及半挥发性有机物的痕量分析。本文综述了SBSE在环境样品分析中的应用,以及该技术的应用展望。     

Major and trace elements of selected pedons in the USA

Few studies of soil geochemistry over large geographic areas exist, especially studies encompassing data from major pedogenic horizons that evaluate both native concentrations of elements and anthropogenically contaminated soils. In this study, pedons (n = 486) were analyzed for trace (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, Ti, Zr) elements, as well as other soil properties. The objectives were to (i) determine the concentration range of selected elements in a variety of U.S. soils with and without known anthropogenic additions, (ii) illustrate the association of elemental source and content by assessing trace elemental content for several selected pedons, and (iii) evaluate relationships among and between elements and other soil properties. Trace element concentrations in the non-anthropogenic dataset (NAD) were in the order Mn > (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu) > (Pb, Co) > (Cd, Hg), with greatest mean total concentrations for the Andisol order. Geometric means by horizon indicate that trace elements are concentrated in surface and/or B horizons over C horizons. Median values for trace elements are significantly higher in surface horizons of the anthropogenic dataset (AD) over the NAD. Total Al, Fe, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, pH, and clay exhibit significant correlations (0.56, 0.74, 0.50, 0.31, 0.16, and 0.30, respectively) with total trace element concentrations of all horizons of the NAD. Manganese shows the best inter-element correlation (0.33) with these associated total concentrations. Total Fe has one of the strongest relationships, explaining 55 and 30% of the variation in total trace element concentrations for all horizons in the NAD and AD, respectively.