苎麻脱胶废水喷淋锅炉烟气除尘、脱胶、降碱的实验研究

利用碱性废水喷淋烟气工艺,可降低锅炉烟气中粉尘、SO~2对环境的污染,中和碱性废水的pH值,节省大量原用水膜除尘所需的自来水。本工艺具有性能稳定、工艺简单、运行费用低廉的特点,有较好的环境、经济效益。为造纸、制药、制碱、印染等企业产生的碱性废水处理,提供了又一前处理工艺。     

中小型燃煤锅炉烟气的除尘脱硫

总结了多年来在中小型燃煤锅炉烟气除尘脱硫方面的经验，较详细地介绍了常见除尘脱硫的特点，缺陷及其原因。根据多年的经验，采用由于干式旋风除尘器和除尘脱硫嚣 串联而成的干湿两级除尘脱硫系统，可获得较大成功。但在标准要求的特殊区域，目前的设备均不能达到要求，市场迫切高效湿式除法脱硫器的出现。     

转炉除尘水用于烧结烟气脱硫的实验

在实验室进行转炉除尘水脱除模拟烧结烟气中二氧化硫的模拟实验。考察风速、入口二氧化硫浓度、液气比、反应接触时间、温度等因素对脱硫率的影响。研究表明,在设计的实验条件下,通过对实验参数的控制,用转炉除尘水可以取得很好的脱硫效果。     

中小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘技术

根据我国现实环保要求和煤炭行业燃煤锅炉烟气污染及治理现状，针对目前烟气净化技术和现有除尘器的改造等不同情况，分别介绍了由煤科总院杭州环保研究所研制的三种实用脱硫除尘技术，并对国内外中小型燃煤锅炉主要烟气脱硫除尘技术进行了综合性能比较。     

小型锅炉烟气脱硫除尘新工艺

介绍钠钙双碱法——多极喷雾强旋流脱硫除尘工艺处理系统的原理、组成,并通过工程实例对工艺的环境效益和经济效益进行分析。结果表明,该工艺投资省、运行费用低、效果好,是一种发展前景广阔的烟气脱硫除尘工艺。     

小水泥立窑尾烟道水喷淋治氟除尘技术

利用水喷淋装置多层次、多方式地喷淋,可以很好去除小水泥立窑尾烟道中的氟和尘,除尘效率94％,除氟效率80.5%。喷淋后沉浆分离出的沉浆和上清液均回用。     

锅炉脱硫除尘废水的循环利用

结合文丘里洗涤废水处理现状 ,提出应重视北方寒冷地区中小型工业废水处理工程的工艺设计。分析、讨论了高浊度废水处理工程设计中应注意的几个问题     

喷淋泡沫柱烟气脱硫试验

通过喷淋吸收和旋流强化吸收的"联合效应"、重力场和旋流力场的"联合力场"作用原理,研制了脱硫除尘喷淋泡沫柱。分析了喷淋泡沫柱脱硫除尘过程及原理,考察了烟气SO2浓度、吸收液pH值及烟气在柱体中停留时间等工艺参数对脱硫效率的影响。试验结果表明:SO2浓度为866.1 mg/m3、粉尘浓度为1 077.2 mg/m3烟气经喷淋泡沫柱处理后,其脱硫、除尘效率分别达到90.9%和97.3%。     

燃煤锅炉烟气除尘与脱硫闭路循环系统专利综述

本文根据检索到的专利文献,综述了燃煤锅炉烟气除尘与脱硫闭路循环系统的最新研究成果及其内容,并指出所有这些发明均显示出某些共同的特点,其中对环境效益和经济效益的追求是主要的共同目标,并列出了实现这两个"效益"的种种途径。     

炉渣在处理锅炉湿法除法废水中的资源性开发应用

利用燃煤炉渣直接过滤锅炉湿法除尘废水，可以提高出水水质，对废水中SS、COD和HSO4^-有显著去除效果，出水可以满足循环回用要求。     

降尘收集方法对沙尘理化性质的影响及环境意义

利用建立在腾格里沙漠东南缘的中国科学院风沙观测场内收集的降尘,分析了不同降尘收集方法收集的降尘粒度、化学元素含量、富集因子、硅铝率和硅铝铁率,旨在优化干旱区降尘收集方法、确定我国的沙尘源区.降尘物质的微量元素Ba的含量最大,可达255~474μg/g, Nd的含量为0.3~9.6μg/g;常量元素SiO2的含量最大,79.30%, MgO含量最小,0.98%.微量元素的富集因子值在0~3之间,但常量元素差异较大.结果表明,减速法和湿法收集的降尘从粒度分布、化学元素含量、富集因子、硅铝率和硅铝铁率等方面均具有一致性.平均粒径湿法最细(Φ值2.84),干法最粗(Φ值2.46).因此,减速法能够作为代替湿法在干旱区进行收集降尘的方法.同时,由降尘的地球化学性质可知,西北干旱区沙漠是我国的主要沙尘源区之一.     

旅游景区厕所废水收集与处理技术研究进展

旅游景区厕所粪污生态化处理技术是解决旅游景区环境污染、改善游客游览体验及防治疾病传播的重要基础,但受旅游景区地理位置、当地经济发展水平及游客的环保意识等条件的影响,国内各旅游景区粪尿收集及生态化处理水平有较大的差异.本文针对当前旅游景区厕所粪污的收集和处理问题,综述了旅游景区厕所粪污收集转运方式与处理技术,分析了技术特点、工程应用效果及技术选择应考虑的因素.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

蒙脱石粘土改性吸附剂处理印染废水实验研究

通过实验得到天然蒙脱石粘土改性和提高蒙脱石粘土吸附剂处理印染废水效果的方法,阐述了蒙脱石粘土改性和吸附有机污染物的机理。研究结果表明,天然蒙脱石经钠化和无机聚合物改性处理后,大幅度地提高了天然蒙脱石粘土对有机污染物的吸附能力。改性粘土吸附剂在投加量为0.1％时,处理红色印染废水,COD去除率85％,脱色率88％以上;处理兰色废水,COD去除率94％,脱色率达98％。处理后的水质达到回用要求。模拟实验表明,该吸附剂对含有各种类型染料的印染废水都有稳定的处理效果。本研究为印染废水处理提供了廉价高效的吸附剂。     

A pilot-scale study of cryolite precipitation from high fluoride-containing wastewater in a reaction-separation integrated reactor

Fluoride removal by traditional precipitation generates huge amounts of a water-rich sludge with low quality, which has no commercial or industrial value. The present study evaluated the feasibility of recovering fluoride as low water content cryolite from industrial fluoride-containing wastewater. A novel pilot-scale reaction-separation integrated reactor was designed. The results showed that the seed retention time in the reactor was prolonged to strengthen the induced crystallization process. The particle size of cryolite increased with increasing seed retention time, which decreased the water content. The recovery rate of cryolite was above 75% under an influent fluoride concentration of 3500 mg/L, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and an influent flow of 40 L/hr. The cryolite products that precipitated from the reactor were small in volume, large in particle size, low in water content, high in crystal purity, and recyclable.     

序列间歇式活性污泥法处理毛纺厂废水的研究

采用序列间歇式活性污泥法处理毛纺厂废水。试验结果表明,经4h曝气处理,进水COD为190～650mg/L时,出水COD始终低于100mg/L,去除率大多在80％～90％之间,色度去除率大多在50％以上,出水COD和色度均达到行业排放标准。还对较低COD浓度下序列间歇式活性污泥法的COD降解过程进行了研究,推导出一级反应动力学关系式Sr＝So（1－10￣^-k1^t）,并以试验数据进行了拟合,求解出动力学常数k1和So。     

Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of selected drug residues in wastewater and surface water

Pharmaceutical residues have become tightly controlled environmental contaminants in recent years, due to their increasing concentration in environmental components. This is mainly caused by their high level of production and everyday consumption. Therefore there is a need to apply new and sufficiently sensitive analytical methods, which can detect the presence of these contaminants even in very low concentrations. This study is focused on the application of a reliable analytical method for the analysis of 10 selected drug residues, mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and dicofenac), in wastewaters and surface waters. This analytical method is based on solid phase extraction, derivatization by N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and finally analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with Time-of-Flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC- TOF MS). Detection limits ranged from 0.18 to 5 ng/L depending on the compound and selected matrix. The method was successfully applied for detection of the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the Svratka River and in wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modrice, Czech Republic. The concentration of pharmaceuticals varied from one to several hundreds of ng/L in surface water and from one to several tens of μg/L in wastewater.     

基于碱度平衡与反硝化动力学的厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺配水比例模型

采用批式反硝化试验,研究了BOD5和NOx-N(NO3--N与NO2--N之和)浓度对反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,在碳源充足的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化为零级反应,与NOx-N浓度无关;在碳源限制的条件下,猪场废水厌氧消化液反硝化过程中NOx-N转化速率与BOD5的关系遵从Monod方程.以Monod方程和碱度平衡为基础,推导出配水比例的数学模型.通过模型分析表明,进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比小于3.82时,仅靠配水措施不能平衡整个处理系统的碱度,还需要外加碱度;进水碱度与进水氨氮浓度之比大于6.90时,序批式反应器(SBR)可以直接处理厌氧消化液,不需要配水,厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺不适用.猪场废水厌氧消化液的碱度与氨氮浓度之比大多为3.82～6.90,因此,猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理适宜采用厌氧-加原水-间歇曝气工艺.通过数学模型作图显示,配水比例随着水力停留时间、SBR反应器数量、反应器中微生物浓度、滗水器工作能力以及亚硝化率的增加而减少,随着反应器运行周期的增加而增加.     

典型规模化养猪场废水中兽用抗生素污染特征与去除效率研究

采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱/串联质谱方法,对苕溪流域某规模化养猪场排放的典型废水进行兽用抗生素污染检测.结果表明,废水中四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素等4种四环素类抗生素污染最为严重,最高单体污染浓度可达13.65×103ng·L-1.磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲唑和磺胺二甲嘧啶等3种磺胺类物质也有一定的检出量,但以磺胺二甲嘧啶较为突出,最高检出量为675.4ng·L-1.氧氟沙星以及红霉素和罗红霉素等喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素除了原水有较低的检出量,其它废水均未检出.厌氧消化废水处理系统对废水中高浓度的抗生素具有明显的去除效果,但对低浓度的抗生素去除率较低.与欧盟水环境抗生素阈值(10ng·L-1)相比,排放水中的抗生素污染浓度对周边地表水环境的污染风险仍需要引起重视.通过饲料摄入途径估算养猪场排泄物抗生素含量,并与实测值比较,结果表明,饲料摄入并不是该养猪场兽用抗生素利用的主要方式,可能存在其它用药途径,需要在今后的畜禽养殖兽用抗生素的污染调查、风险估算和消减工艺研发中引起重视.