Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China's Local Environmental Politics

The obvious paradox within China's environmental politics is the big gap between the central government's policy and its implementation outcomes at local levels. Despite concerns about implementation at the local level, much about the role of central governments in China's local environmental politics is still poorly understood. This article examines how the incentive structure set by the central authorities affects the policy implementation gap at the local level. Drawing on fieldwork and document analysis, this article argues that the incentives set by the central government regarding environmental policy implementation at local levels are perversely structured, meaning that the central government provides much more incentive for local governments' non-implementation or poor implementation of its environmental policies than it provides for full implementation. The central government's failure to encourage—politically, financially, as well as morally—local government officials to appropriately implement environmental policies can partly explain the production of the policy implementation gap at the local level. This implementation gap cannot be overcome by efforts at the local level unless the central government takes significant measures to address the perverse incentive structure embedded in the overall structure of China's local environmental politics.     

我国环境影响评价公众参与工作存在的问题及解决对策

本文通过对我国环境影响评价公众参与发展历程的回顾和采用对比法分析各省市出台的相关公众参与的实施办法或条例的基础上,分析我国环评公众参与具体操作过程中存在公众参与作用边界被无限放大、参与对象缺乏代表性和形式单一等问题,从信息公开制度、公众参与对象的选择、公众参与形式、公示内容、公众反馈意见等方面提出提高公众参与有效性的对策和建议.     

试论环境政治学的两大分支及其关系

环境政治学是培养环境人才的必要课程之一。通过探讨环境政治学的概念和研究对象,论述环境政治包括国内环境政治和国际环境政治这两个分支四个方面的联系。     

环境保护与公众参与

法律赋予每个公民参与环境保护的权利,公众参与环境保护的深度和广度的提高对促进环境保护工作起着相当重要的作用.立法、行政、司法等部门应在法律法规的制定、政府环境决策、环境信息披露、环境纠纷诉讼等方面为公众参与环境保护积极创造条件,畅通参与渠道,确保公众的参与权得到真正有效的行使.     

Environmental Management and the New Politics of Western Water: The Animas-La Plata Project and Implementation of the Endangered Species Act

/ This paper explores the new politics of western water policy through an examination of the Animas-La Plata water project and implementation of the Endangered Species Act. It is suggested that the focus of western water programming has shifted from the source of distributed funds, the United States Congress, to the agencies originally created to deliver federal benefits because funding for new project construction has not been forthcoming. Under this new system, members of Congress continue to excite their constituents with promises of money for new project starts, while the administrative agencies perform the myriad duties needed to keep these projects alive. The result is that political objectives have replaced operational/management objectives in administrative processes. In this case, the author demonstrates how resource managers in the Bureau of Reclamation manipulated hydrological analysis to control administrative process, why their manipulation was unfair, and perhaps illegal, and why biologists from the US Fish and Wildlife Service accepted the analysis. While ostensibly protecting all interests, the result is that none of the objectives of federal water programming are achieved. KEY WORDS: Environmental management; Administrative politics; Water policy; Endangered Species Act; Animas-La Plata, Bureau of Reclamation     

深圳市环境信息公开和公众参与管理实践与对策

环境信息公开和公众参与已经成为一种重要的环境管理辅助手段,深圳市立足城市之先,在立法和执法方面开展了一系列实践工作,并积累了一定的经验和教训。在研究深圳市环境信息公开和公众参与管理现状的基础上,结合实践中存在的焦点和难点问题,以提高公民环境知情权和参与权的落实水平为目标,从观念、立法、技术指引和参与形式等方面提出政策建议,为深圳市环境信息公开与公众参与管理实践提供了较好的理论和实践探索。     

当前中国环境保护公众参与存在问题与对策研究

环境问题是个全球性问题,当前我国环境污染形势十分严峻,环境污染关系到每位公众的健康,解决环境污染离不开公众参与。通过对我国当前环境保护公众参与发展情况进行分析,既看到我国环境保护公众参与进步的一面,也看到由于我国特殊的国情,公众参与存在的不足一面,从中找出影响我国公众参与发展的主要因素,提出了解决我国环境保护公众参与滞后的措施,为我国环境保护公众参与的纵深发展提供参考。     

Environmental Policy Implementation in Rural China: A Case Study of Yuhang, Zhejiang

The rapid growth of rural enterprises has transformed the Chinese countryside. Although rural industrialisation has resulted in increased financial well-being, it has also contributed to decreased environmental quality. While China has strong environmental protection laws, this paper will demonstrate that they are not being effectively implemented in a rural region in Zhejiang Province. This is due to a number of social, political, and economic barriers that prevent agencies from effectively enforcing environmental policies and regulatory mechanisms. This paper investigates the implementation of China's environmental policies through a case study in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province. It demonstrates that the implementation of environmental impact assessment, discharge fees, and limited time treatment is limited by inadequate technology, low finances, limited human resources, poor public environmental awareness, faulty data, inferior agency reports, organizational conflict, relations based on guanxi, and low discharge fee prices.     

浅析环境规划中的干系人参与

干系人是指在环境规划过程中所涉及到的利益相关的公众和组织,按具体职责的不同分为规划师(专家)、政府、排污企业、社区(公众)和其他相关者五类,介绍了干系人所具有的资源,并分析了干系人组成的整体性、有序性和动态性特征.根据不同的干系人种类,具体分析了他们在环境规划中的角色和职责.     

The Politics of Participation in Watershed Modeling

While researchers and decision-makers increasingly recognize the importance of public participation in environmental decision-making, there is less agreement about how to involve the public. One of the most controversial issues is how to involve citizens in producing scientific information. Although this question is relevant to many areas of environmental policy, it has come to the fore in watershed management. Increasingly, the public is becoming involved in the sophisticated computer modeling efforts that have been developed to inform watershed management decisions. These models typically have been treated as technical inputs to the policy process. However, model-building itself involves numerous assumptions, judgments, and decisions that are relevant to the public. This paper examines the politics of public involvement in watershed modeling efforts and proposes five guidelines for good practice for such efforts. Using these guidelines, I analyze four cases in which different approaches to public involvement in the modeling process have been attempted and make recommendations for future efforts to involve communities in watershed modeling.     

增强环境影响评价公众参与有效性的研究

本文结合《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》的内容和要求,根据从事环境影响评价的工作经验,提出当前环评中公众参与存在的信息公开及听证主体不尽合理等问题,并加以分析。针对如何更好地做好公众参与工作,提出诸如扩大并完善公众可以参与评价的方式和媒体参与等一系列对策建议。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与

介绍了环境影响评价中公众参与的发展和现状,论述了公众参与在环境影响评价中的地位作用,分析了我国环境影响评价中公众参与存在的问题,并从宏观法制保障、公众环境素质和技术操作程序三个层面提出了完善公众参与制度和提高公众参与有效性的对策.     

中国环境法治建设的成就及建议

回顾了中国改革开放三十年来环境法治建设取得的主要成就,并对我国环境立法、环境执法、环境司法和理论研究方面提出了建议。     

对环境监测实验室实施质量监督的思考

环境监测质量监督是保证环境监测工作质量的重要环节,文章剖析了影响质量监督工作质量的5个因素,提出应从质量监督员的选择、配置和培训、做好文件化规定、提高质量监督工作的计划性、规范质量监督记录、注重质量监督工作效果评价几个方面,强化监督工作的实施,提升质量监督的作用.     

我国公众参与环境保护制度存在的问题及对策

阐述了公众参与环境影响评价的重要意义和相关依据,指出了我国现行公众参与制度中存在信息公示程度不足、征求意见方式单一和公众意见重视不够等问题,并从完善法律法规体系、丰富公众参与形式和提高公众参与透明程度等方面提出了改进措施和建议。     

突发性环境污染事件风险管理中的公众参与研究

公众参与在突发性环境污染事件风险管理中可以发挥重要作用。根据参与者在风险管理中的不同作用,将公众划分为个体公众、社会团体、专家学者、新闻媒体4个类型;从风险管理的3个阶段（预防与准备、应急响应、事故恢复）出发,对各阶段具体工作中所需要的公众参与者类型、参与内容及形式进行了探讨。该研究为突发性环境污染事件风险管理中的公众参与提供了一些新的思路和方法,对有效提高风险管理水平具有借鉴意义。     

提高公众参与环境影响评价有效性的研究

公众参与是促进决策科学化和民主化的重要手段。针对当前我国公众参与环境影响评价存在的诸多问题,本文剖析了问题存在的原因,并从立法、确定利益相关者、完善公众参与方式和内容、提高信息交流透明度、完善公众参与监督体系、完善公众意见筛选与评价方法、提高公众环保知识等方面提出了完善公众参与体系,提高公众参与有效性的建议。     

公众参与环境保护制度属性及制度模块构建

民主政治是公众参与制度的出发点和归宿,通过公众的有效参与,环境执法权得到监督;有序是公众参与制度的自然属性,有序才能使参与变得顺畅;利益均衡是公众参与制度的价值准则,环境矛盾最终体现为环境利益和经济利益之争,解决环境纠纷的最佳手段是寻找利益均衡点;政府居于环境执法的主导地位,同时发挥指导、引导、疏导公众和企业的作用;多重沟通平台是公众参与制度的效率保证,政府、企业、公众在执法前后的多重沟通,才能达到参与的最终目标。与公众参与环境执法制度属性相对应的是制度模块建设,如监督制度、程序制度、纠纷调处制度、润性执法制度以及沟通制度等。这些制度既能准确反映公众参与环境执法制度属性,又能完成制度赋予的使命。     

小水电站环境影响评价中的公众参与

本文分析了小水电站建设对环境影响的特殊性，阐述对其环境影响评价中的公众参与的特殊内容，提出了公众参与的三种方式：公众个人问卷调查、基层组织调查、县(市)政府公共管理部门调查。     

云南省昆明市居民生态环保意识调查研究

本文主要是对云南省昆明市居民环保意识进行调查研究,通过分析得到文化水平与环保意识存在正相关的关系;居民的环保意识与环保行动脱节;政府、企业的环保力度不够大等结论。最后给出了相应的建议和措施。