昆山市养殖业污染状况及防治对策

调查了昆山市养殖业现状，根据污染物排放系数，定量计算了2000年该市污染物排放量，并根据实际情况提出了污染防治对策。     

污染物排放削减潜力评估方法——以中小型钢铁企业为例

根据中国中小型钢铁企业污染物排放情况,确立了污染物排放削减潜力评估方法。采用污染物排放削减潜力的数学模型,计算当前生产水平下实施清洁生产和末端治理后对SO2产生量和烟粉尘排放量的削减率,并预测中长期实施清洁生产和末端治理后,污染物产生量和排放量的削减潜力。结果表明,通过采取清洁生产措施和末端治理技术,中小型钢铁企业2020年在4种不同模式下,SO2产生量削减率分别为61.8%、66.4%、73.3%、84.7%;烟粉尘排放量削减率分别为37.9%、44.1%、53.4%、68.9%。通过污染物排放削减潜力的初步研究,不仅从宏观层次上说明了实施清洁生产和末端治理技术的积极意义,而且计算出不同经济发展模式下污染物产生量和排放量的削减量,为行业或区域污染物总量的指标分配和总量控制方案的制订提供了参考依据。     

东北长春民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单研究

民用散煤燃烧是大气污染的重要来源,由于民用散煤活动水平获取难度较大,目前有关民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放量的研究较少。计算了2016年长春6个城区内民用散煤燃烧产生的CO、SO2、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放量,编制了民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单,并分析了大气污染物排放的时空分布特征。结果表明:长春城区燃煤棚户区共计287处,总面积26.64km2,棚户区户均燃煤量约为2.1t/户,住户燃煤比在0.6～0.8;2016年长春城区民用散煤CO、SO2、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、VOCs的排放量分别为12 462、329、142、961、1 201、356t,CO为长春地区民用散煤燃烧主要污染物,占民用散煤燃烧污染物总排放量的80.7%;长春各城区民用散煤燃烧总排放量为绿园区宽城区朝阳区双阳区二道区南关区;大气污染物排放日变化峰值在6:00—7:00、12:00、19:00;民用散煤燃烧污染物排放的周变化差异不大,周末排放量较工作日稍高;采暖期大气污染物排放的月变化与气温的变化同步,排放量呈现1月12月2月11月3月10月4月的变化规律。     

燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制方案研究

基于中国燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放及治理现状,并结合国家相关产业政策和国内外技术发展趋势,以2008年为基准年,分析测算了2015、2020年燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放量,提出了适合中国国情的燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制技术路线.依据研究的控制方案,2015年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为507万、458万、230万t;2020年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为491万、423万、269万t.与2008年相比,大气污染物排放量变化不大,基本上做到了增容不增污.在此基础上,提出了燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物防治建议.     

主要污染物的确定及相关问题讨论

发展中国家正面临着发展经济与新老污染特别是水污染的问题。解决水污染问题时,资金是主要因素之一。恰当的战略思路有助于在有限资金条件下,逐步控制以至改善水污染状况。如何确定主要污染物并尽可能地降低主要污染物的排放量是一个实际问题。本文在作者过去对上海、烟台、常州锌等水污染控制研究的基础上,就以主要污染物为中心的向题作讨论。因篇幅所限,具体数据则不完全列举。     

多沙大河的扩散示踪研究

污染物在水体中的扩散规律研究已引起越来越多人的关注。通过现场扩散示踪实验求得扩散系数，进而对污染物的扩散规律予以定量描述，是一种可靠易行的方法。对黄河托克托至河曲段的实际研究表明，以Ｃｒ２Ｏ或Ｆ－为示踪剂，运用Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型进行多沙大河的污染物扩散规律研究可以取得满意的结果。同时，利用现场示踪实验结果与经验公式的结合可以预测不同情况下的纵向扩散系数，从而得出污染物的允许排放量，这将有利于污染物在水体中行为的深入研究。     

欧洲二氧化硫排放量20余年减少70％

欧洲污染物监测和评估项目（EMEP）2004年报告称，欧洲二氧化硫排放量已从1980年的5300万t下降至2000年1500万t，减少了70％。但从2000年至2002年，下降趋势似乎停顿。原因是虽然一些国家二氧化硫排放量继续减少，但另一些国家的排放量却在增加。排放量增加的国家有波兰、西班牙、俄罗斯和乌克兰。例如，从1999至2002年，     

小型燃油锅炉大气污染物的排放管理控制

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康,空气质量和气候变化具有非常重要的影响;管理控制是控制污染物排放的重要手段.以85台小型燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)燃料特性分析数据和污染物排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,分析了中国在用燃油品质以及大气污染物的排放现状,讨论了小型燃油锅炉大气污染物排放管理控制的潜力与可行性.结果表明,对燃油品质的管理控制是有效控制燃烧过程大气污染物排放的重要措施,分别有95%和98%燃油的灰分和含硫量符合国家相关规定;所有测试锅炉PM排放浓度远低于<锅炉大气污染物排放标准>(GB/T 13271-2001)规定的最高允许排放限值,有90%以上的锅炉达到GB/T 13271～2001中SO2最高允许排放限值,有84%的锅炉达到GB/T 13271-2001中NOx最高允许排放限值;与其他国家相比,中国对小型燃油锅炉常规大气污染物排放的管理控制处于中等水平,应当适时开展对有害空气污染物的管理控制.     

北京市"十二五"期间主要水污染物减排对策研究

分析了北京市"十一五"期间主要水污染物减排取得的成效及存在的问题.根据国家"十二五"水污染物总量控制新要求,分别预测了北京市城镇生活源及工业源新增的COD及氨氮排放量.北京市污染减排将面临存量削减空间有限,新增污染物排放量削减压力巨大的新形势.提出了北京市"十二五"期间污染减排工作应以城镇生活污水治理为主,与环境改善相...     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.