生长在常规和有机系统中的燕麦谷粒的酚类化合物研究

分析了生长在常规和有机系统中的燕麦谷物的avenanthramides(AVAs)、羟基苯乙烯基甲酸(HCAs)、异吐昔酸蔗糖酯(TASE)的浓度,以及某些农学参数.按照瑞典常规和有机农业耕作方法的标准,于1998～2000年种植了3个燕麦品种(即Freja,Sang和Matilda),2种氮肥水平,3个重复.总体来说,不同年份、不同品种以及不同氮肥施用量的籽粒的AVA含量有显著的差异,但是由于使用常规或者有机耕作系统所引起的籽粒AVA含量的差异不明显.2000年试验的样品籽粒的AVA含量稍高,尤其是对于Matilda品种,并且籽粒的AVA含量受到高氮肥施用量的负面影响.HCAs也显示出品种和年份的差异,但不受氮施肥量或耕作系统的影响.HCA含量,Matilda品种的最高,1999年显著偏低.TASE浓度只表现出年际间的差异,与1998年和2000年的相比,1999年的TASE含量大约高出100%.AVA和HCA含量与产量和籽粒的比重呈负相关,而与籽粒蛋白质含量呈正相关.相反,TASE含量与产量呈正相关.导致酚类化合物中特定参数的波动的原因仍旧未知,但似乎影响产量和(或比重)的因子也会影响到燕麦籽粒中AVAs,HCAs和TASE的含量.     

Die Orientierung der FichtengallenlausSacchiphantes abietis (L.) beim Austritt aus der Galle

The Science of Nature -     

苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%～91.40%和75.25%～86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

包膜尿素对污染土壤上水稻吸收Zn的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了等氮量下普通尿素(PU,prilled urea)、硫包膜尿素(SCU,sulfur coated urea)和树脂包膜尿素(PCU,polymer coated urea)对污染土壤上水稻Zn吸收特性的影响。结果表明,与施用普通尿素相比,施用树脂包膜尿素和硫包膜尿素处理的水稻籽粒产量分别增加9.83%和1.64%,糙米Zn含量分别降低5.48%和11.2%,但差异不显著。施用树脂包膜尿素和硫包膜尿素促进水稻生长,一定程度上降低糙米中Zn浓度。     

丛枝菌根真菌对百菌清引起的旱稻(Oryza sativa L.)毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了百菌清对旱稻 (Oryza sativa L.)生长和氧化胁迫的影响,以及接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)对百菌清污染下旱稻生长的影响和对旱稻氧化胁迫的影响.结果表明,百菌清处理对旱稻的生长有明显的抑制作用,施加百菌清后可以使旱稻地上部的生物量由2.5 g·pot^-1下降到1.0 g·pot^-1以下;地下部分的生物量在施加百菌清处理后由0.9 g·pot^-1下降到0.3 g·pot^-1以下.百菌清处理下接种AMF能显著提高旱稻生物量,接种菌根真菌能使50 mg·kg^-1百菌清处理下旱稻的生物量增加1倍以上.百菌清处理能显著降低旱稻对磷(P)营养元素的吸收,在50 mg·kg^-1百菌清处理下旱稻地上部分P的吸收量由3 200 μg·pot^-1下降到860 μg·pot^-1,接种AMF能使旱稻地上部P的吸收量增加到1 900 μg·pot^-1.百菌清处理还可以引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫,改变旱稻体内抗氧化酶系统的活性,而接种菌根真菌能降低百菌清对旱稻产生的氧化胁迫,从而减轻百菌清污染对旱稻的毒性作用.总之,百菌清土壤污染能够引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫、降低旱稻P的吸收量而影响植物生长,接种菌根真菌能显著改善旱稻的生长和降低百菌清对旱稻的影响.     

Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant systems is a major concern of where, the groundwater is being contaminated with arsenic (above 0.01 mg/L) in the Indian subcontinent. The study was conducted with organic matter to find out the reducing e ect on arsenic load to rice (cv. Khitish). It was observed that intermittent ponding reduced arsenic uptake (23.33% in root, 13.84% in shoot and 19.84% in leaf) at panicle initiation stage, instead of continuous ponding. A decreasing trend of arsenic accumulation (root > straw > husk > whole grain > milled grain) was observed in di erent plant parts at harvest. Combined applications of lathyrus + vermicompost + poultry manure reduced arsenic transport in plant parts (root, straw, husk, whole grains and milled grain) which was significantly at par (p > 0.05) with chopped rice straw (5 tons/ha ) + lathyrus green manuring (5 tons/ha) in comparison to control and corresponding soils. A significant negative correlation of arsenic with phosphorus (grain P with arsenic in di erent parts R2= 0.627–0.726 at p > 0.01) was observed. Similarly, soil arsenic had a negative correlation with soil available phosphorus (R2 = 0.822 at p > 0.001) followed by soil nitrogen (R2= 0.762 at p > 0.01) and soil potassium (R2 = 0.626 at p > 0.01). Hence, e ective management of contaminated irrigation water along with organic matter could reduce the arsenic build up to plants and soil.