栅条式微涡除浊技术流场数值模拟

针对铁路隧道施工废水的高精度高效率除浊需求,采用在旋流式澄清池的旋流反应区中加入栅条式微涡发生器的方式来提升设备混凝除浊效率。采用数值模拟手段分析了旋流场内加入栅条前后流场内与混凝有关的特征参数变化,并采用水力实验进行效果验证。结果表明,加入栅条后,混凝流场初始段的湍动动能及湍耗散明显提升,较之空池条件下分别提升19.24%、155.59%。这种变化利于混凝反应初期,药剂的充分分散,增加颗粒的初始碰撞概率。同时,栅条引入后,增加了流场内的涡旋尺度分布范围,利于流场内不同尺度颗粒完成涡旋絮凝。在原水浊度1 000 NTU的条件下,带有栅条的反应器最终上清液出水浊度达37.4 NTU,絮体分形维数可达1.71,较之空池情况下有明显提升。本研究结果可为微涡旋絮凝技术用于隧道废水处理提供参考。     

溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚/絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构,导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化,从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果,建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体/微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制,相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

絮凝形态学研究及进展

从水体中原始颗粒、絮凝剂和絮体 3个方面综述了絮凝形态学的研究进展 ,尤其是分形理论在絮凝理论与工程中的应用。絮体是具有自相似或自仿射和标度不变的分形结构 ,其分形维数是描述絮凝过程的重要因素。絮体分形结构导致了絮体碰撞的作用半径、有效密度等变化 ,从而对颗粒物分离过程有重要的影响。     

絮凝形态学研究及进展

从水体中原始颗粒、絮凝剂和絮体3个方面综述了絮凝形态学的研究进展，尤其是分形理论在絮凝理论与工程中的应用。絮体是具有自相似或自仿射和标度不变的分形结构，其分形维数是描述絮凝过程的重要因素。絮体分形结构导致了絮体碰撞的作用半径、有效密度等变化，从而对颗粒物分离过程有重要的影响。     

溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚／絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构，导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化，从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果，建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体／微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制，相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

防风抑尘网开孔形式对流场的影响

应用CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2提供的标准κ-ε模型,以流场数值模拟的方法对防风网结构及其网后流场进行流场模拟,研究了防风网开孔形式对物料堆表面速度、压力和湍动能变化的影响。模拟结果表明,物料堆表面风速由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐增大,并在物料堆顶部附近出现边界层分离,使得背风面形成速度回流区;物料堆表面的压力由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐降低,背风面则变化不大;在物料堆顶部湍动能较大,容易起尘。综合分析各个影响因素,圆形开孔防风网的挡风效果最佳。     

絮体破碎再形成行为的计算机模拟

为了深入探讨絮体破碎行为对其分形成长及结构的影响,借助一种简化的絮体破碎模式对絮体破碎/再形成过程进行计算机模拟。通过对比分析破碎前后虚拟絮体的形态特征及其统计特性,得出如下主要结论：（1）絮体发生破碎后,所形成碎片的形态特征直接影响着再形成絮体的形态及恢复程度;（2）絮体外围枝杈结构的破坏,有利于运动粒子进入絮体内部或者均匀地排列在凝聚核周围,改善絮体质心附近颗粒的空间分布,从而有效地提高其致密性和抗剪切破坏能力;（3）在絮体分形成长过程中,存在一个使其由各向同性向各向异性过渡的临界状态,之后发育良好的枝杈对其余枝杈生长的抑制作用增强。此外,在实际操作时还应严格控制絮凝体系的物化条件,不宜使絮体过度破碎,以获得较好的絮凝效果。     

在线混凝-超滤中膜污染与絮体水动力学的关系

为了解在线混凝-超滤过程中膜污染与组件内部絮体水动力学的关系,采用一种粒子成像测速技术PIV,在线监测混凝-超滤过程中絮体在组件内的流动状况及流体力学特性,并采用SEM对污染后的膜进行了分析表征。结果表明,在0.05 MPa下,随运行时间延长,出现了膜通量衰减现象。同时,膜表面絮体的水动力学性质发生较大的变化,PIV实验发现沿中空纤维膜轴向,上部絮体水动力现象变化较大,中部次之,下部变化最小,对应的SEM照片可以看出膜污染在轴向分布不均,上部污染最重,中部次之,下部最小。     

絮团形态的动态演变

实验考察了絮凝过程中广义絮团(包括单体颗粒、线状絮团、面状絮团及体状絮团)的黏性分维数、特征黏度、絮团的黏性组成等随絮凝时间的动态演变。结果表明,在絮凝过程中,单体颗粒的黏性分维数与其拓扑维数一致,其余各类絮团的黏性分维数均小于其对应的拓扑维数,其中线状絮团的分维数基本不受絮凝时间的影响,但面状絮团及体状絮团的分维数随絮凝过程的进行逐渐增大但最终趋于稳定;所有絮团的特征黏度与絮凝时间无关,其中线状、面状及体状絮团的特征黏度依次具有10~3、10~4和10~5的数量级;各类絮团的黏性组成随絮凝过程的进行表现出不同的变化态势。     

高活性脱硫剂增湿脱硫过程的数值模拟

对增湿脱硫实验装置进行了数值模拟研究,详细了解反应器内的三相流动、碰撞和蒸发过程,依据流体动力学原理,将气相和脱硫剂颗粒作为连续介质和拟流体,以在欧拉坐标系中描述,将水滴作为离散相,以在拉格朗日坐标系中描述,建立质量、动量、能量和湍动能耗散的输运方程及液滴蒸发、碰撞、运动方程,分别计算气体和液滴轴向速度、反应器内温度的径向分布,其液滴轴向质量浓度、脱硫剂捕集效率,计算数据与试验值吻合较好。     

内循环厌氧反应器多相流流场的三维数值分析

利用数值模拟的方法,引入欧拉双流体多相流模型及标准k-s紊流模型,模拟计算内循环厌氧反应器的三相流三维流场,并通过改变污泥颗粒密度及进水流量,针对固相流速及固含率的变化情况,分析条件的改变对流场的影响。研究结果表明,应用数值模拟方法可以获得内循环厌氧反应器内的流场特征;污泥颗粒密度及进水流量的改变对于反应器内污泥颗粒的流速及分布的均匀性有较为明显的影响。模拟结果对反应器的应用及优化设计具有一定的参考价值。     

氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探求了操作条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;同时讨论了FI值和浊度去除的关系。结果表明,当浊度分别为5、10和20 NTU时,最佳投加量分别为21.6、14.4和3.6 mg/L;随着pH的升高,FI指数增大,同时混凝剂的最佳投加量也逐步减小;随着慢速搅拌转速的增大,絮体破碎过程明显,FI指数降低;当转速为60 r/min时,浊度去除率最高。     

Turbulence effects on chemical reactions in smog chamber flows

Turbulent mixing effects on the reaction rate of a non-premixed flow are presented for a moderately slow second-order irreversible chemical reaction. The turbulent mixing process leads to inhomogeneities in the concentration of the reactants. Chemical reactions are normally highly non-linear and large errors can result from using average concentrations in the computation of mean reaction rates. A brief review of the literature on this problem and its application areas is made with particular emphasis placed on near isothermal flows where the fluctuation in the reaction rate constant can be neglected. The reaction between mixing air jets containing dilute nitric oxide, NO, and ozone, O₃, is studied in a large Turbulent Smog Chamber (TSC) under conditions of high Reynolds number, three-dimensional flow. The measured reactant concentrations, obtained with good time and space resolution, are used to investigate the effects of the reactant species concentration fluctuations on the mean reactant species concentration field through their contribution to the mean reaction rate. Two flow geometries have been studied: two opposed jets issuing into a large chamber and a plume-like source issuing into a turbulent background flow. A three-dimensional finite-difference computation has been carried out for the flow in the chamber using the k-ε-g model of turbulence and mixing. The reacting species concentration field is calculated by considering the transport of a ‘perturbation variable’ equal to the mean of the difference between the species concentration and its corresponding fast chemistry value. A closure for the mean chemical reaction rate based on this quantity is presented and its experimental validation discussed.     

喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内气液两相流场的影响

提出了采用数值模拟的方法研究喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内部气液两相流场的影响。由于实际脱硫塔尺寸庞大,给实验研究带来困难且成本很高,在数值模拟平台上,分别模拟了45°、75°和-30°3种喷嘴角度布置下脱硫塔内部速度场、温度场变化以及湍流强度的分布情况。结果表明,在角度为-30°布置时速度场变化不是很剧烈,脱硫塔进出口温差比较理想,湍流强度在脱硫塔底部较大随着塔高的增加缓慢降低,这样有助于气液两相均匀混合,并控制出口烟温,有利于提高脱硫效率。     

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations on the Effect of Rough Surface on Atmospheric Turbulence Flow Above Hilly Terrain Shapes

The behavioral distribution of the atmospheric turbulence flow over the terrain with changes in a rough surface has become one of the most important topics of air pollution research, among such other topics as transportation and dispersion pollutants. In this study, a computational model on atmospheric turbulence flow over a terrain hill shaped with rough surface was investigated under neutral atmospheric conditions. The flow was assumed to be 2D and modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, which were numerically solved using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Rough surface conditions were modeled using a number of windbreak fences regularly spaced on the hill. The mean velocity and turbulent structures such as turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy were investigated in the upwind and downwind regions over the hill, and the numerical models were validated against the wind-tunnel results to optimize the turbulence model. The computational results agreed well with the results obtained from the wind tunnel experiments. The computational results indicate that the mean velocity was observed to increase dramatically around the crest of the upwind slope of the hill. A thick internal boundary layer was observed with a fence on the crest and downwind region of the hill. The reversed flow and recirculation zone were formed in the wake region behind the hill. It was thus determined that turbulent kinetic energy decreases as the mean velocity increases.     

Interaction between water flow and spatial distribution of microbial growth in a two-dimensional flow field in saturated porous media

Bacterial growth and its interaction with water flow was investigated in a two-dimensional flow field in a saturated porous medium. A flow cell (56 x 44 x 1 cm) was filled with glass beads and operated under a continuous flow of a mineral medium containing nitrate as electron acceptor. A glucose solution was injected through an injection port, simulating a point source contamination. Visible light transmission was used to observe the distribution of the growing biomass and water flow during the experiment. At the end of the experiment (on day 31), porous medium samples were destructively collected and analyzed for abundance of total and active bacterial cells, bacterial cell volume and concentration of polysaccharides and proteins. Microbial growth was observed in two stripes along the length of the flow cell, starting at the glucose injection port, where highest biomass concentrations were obtained. The spatial distribution of biomass indicated that microbial activity was limited by transverse mixing between glucose and nitrate media, as only in the mixing zone between the media high biological activities were achieved. The ability of the biomass to change the flow pattern in the flow cell was observed, indicating that the biomass was locally reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium. This bioclogging effect became evident when the injection of the glucose solution was turned off and water flow still bypassed the area around the glucose injection port, preserving the flow pattern as it was during the injection of the glucose solution. As flow bypass was possible in this system, the average hydraulic properties of the flow cell were not affected by the produced biomass. Even in the vicinity of the injection port, the total volume of the bacterial cells remained below 0.01% of the pore space and was unlikely to be responsible for the bioclogging. However, the bacteria produced large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which likely caused the observed bioclogging effects.     

侧入式搅拌槽中多相流流场特性的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学(CFD)技术对不同安装偏角的侧入式搅拌反应器中单相及多相流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,典型安装偏角下,搅拌槽内流场是由内部围绕搅拌槽中心的高速环形上升流和外部沿搅拌槽壁面的低速下降流组成的大循环流。水平偏角既增加了整个搅拌槽流场的平均速度,有利于固体颗粒在整个搅拌槽内的悬浮性能,又增大了槽底高速流体区域的面积,因而改善了槽底固相沉积状况。竖直偏角增大了槽底高速流体区域的面积,并对槽底施加一定的冲刷作用,从而进一步降低了槽底固相沉积的可能性。无安装偏角时槽底固含率最多的地方主要积聚在搅拌器下方区域。搅拌器在水平偏角θ=10°,竖直偏角φ=5°时槽底大部分区域的固含率分布较均匀,仅在槽底搅拌器右侧的壁面区域存在小面积的固含率较高区域,在该安装偏角下整个搅拌槽的固液悬浮性能及防止底部固相沉积性能达到最佳。     

Predictive modelling of dispersion controlled reactive plumes at the laboratory-scale

A model-based interpretation of laboratory-scale experimental data is presented. Hydrolysis experiments carried out using thin glass tanks filled with glass beads to construct a hypothetical and inert, homogeneous porous medium were analysed using a 2D numerical model. A new empirical formula, based upon results for non-reactive (tracer) experiments is used to calculate transversal dispersivity values for a range of grain sizes and any flow velocities. Combined with effective diffusion coefficients calculated from Stokes-Einstein type equations, plume lengths arising from mixing between two solutes can be predicted accurately using numerical modelling techniques. Moreover, pH and ion concentration profiles lateral to the direction of flow of the mixing species can be determined at any given point downstream, without the need for result fitting. In our case, this approach does not lead to overpredictions of lateral mixing, as previously reported when using parameters derived from non-reactive tracer experiments to describe reactive solute transport. The theory is based on the assumption of medium homogeneity.     

A field study of factors influencing the concentrations of a traffic-related pollutant in the vicinity of a complex urban junction

The paper describes a field study focused on the dispersion of a traffic-related pollutant within an area close to a busy intersection between two street canyons in Central London. Simultaneous measurements of airflow, traffic flow and carbon monoxide concentrations ([CO]) are used to explore the causes of spatial variability in [CO] over a full range of background wind directions. Depending on the roof-top wind direction, evidence of both flow channelling and recirculation regimes were identified from data collected within the main canyon and the intersection. However, at the intersection, the merging of channelled flows from the canyons increased the flow complexity and turbulence intensity. These features, coupled with the close proximity of nearby queuing traffic in several directions, led to the highest overall time-average measured [CO] occurring at the intersection. Within the main street canyon, the data supported the presence of a helical flow regime for oblique roof-top flows, leading to increased [CO] on the canyon leeward side. Predominant wind directions led to some locations having significantly higher diurnal average [CO] due to being mostly on the canyon leeward side during the study period. For all locations, small changes in the background wind direction could cause large changes in the in-street mean wind angle and local turbulence intensity, implying that dispersion mechanisms would be highly sensitive to small changes in above roof flows. During peak traffic flow periods, concentrations within parallel side streets were approximately four times lower than within the main canyon and intersection which has implications for controlling personal exposure. Overall, the results illustrate that pollutant concentrations can be highly spatially variable over even short distances within complex urban geometries, and that synoptic wind patterns, traffic queue location and building topologies all play a role in determining where pollutant hot spots occur.     

Indoor pollutant mixing time in an isothermal closed room: an investigation using CFD

We report on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions of mixing time of a pollutant in an unventilated, mechanically mixed, isothermal room. The study aims to determine: (1) the adequacy of the standard Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes two-equation (k−) turbulence model for predicting the mixing time under these conditions and (2) the extent to which the mixing time depends on the room airflow, rather than the source location within the room. The CFD simulations modeled the 12 mixing time experiments performed by Drescher et al. (Indoor Air 5 (1995) 204) using a point pulse release in an isothermal, sealed room mechanically mixed with variable power blowers. Predictions of mixing time were found in good agreement with experimental measurements, over an order of magnitude variation in blower power. Additional CFD simulations were performed to investigate the relation between pollutant mixing time and source location. Seventeen source locations and five blower configurations were investigated. Results clearly show large dependence of the mixing time on the room airflow, with some dependence on source location. We further explore dependence of mixing time on the velocity and turbulence intensity at the source location. Implications for positioning air-toxic sensors in rooms are briefly discussed.