沿海湿地可持续利用与管理策略

由于人口的快速增长、资源的过度利用、气候干旱化等。特别是湿地的生态保护功能和社会经济价值并未得到足够的重视,使得我国沿海部分湿地生态系统退化和受损,湿地面积减少．湿地环境遭受污染。湿地生物多样性受到负面影响,湿地生态系统面临着严重威胁。湿地生态系统能够提供许多类型的服务,具有公共物品属性,这决定了湿地保护和开发利用过程...     

基于生态学研究制定湿地保护策略：以台湾七股湿地为例

制定合理有效的滨海湿地保护法律制度和管理策略,需要我们理解生物多样性、生态功能和生态系统服务之间的相互关系,并正确地评估滨海湿地的脆弱性以及人类活动和环境变化对湿地的影响。然而,当前滨海湿地保护政策制定过程中有关生态及经济评估数据尚显不足。在此,本文以台湾七股滨海区域作为案例,展示了滨海湿地环境保护政策制定过程生态学研究发挥的影响力,并体现出对其他领域和当地居民相互协作的力量整合,最终实现湿地保护的策略。     

湿地：地球之肾

湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的生态系统,它不仅为人类提供大量食物、原料和水资源,而且在维持生态平衡、保持生物多样性和珍稀物种资源以及涵养水源、蓄洪防旱、降解污染、调节气候等方面均起到重要作用,享有“地球之肾”的美誉。什么是湿地？湿地的功能是什么？城市湿地的功能和现状如何？安徽省的湿地情况是怎样的？我国在生态湿地保护中存在哪些问题？     

黄河三角洲湿地现状及保护利用研究

一、前言湿地是水、陆两种界面交互延伸的区域。根据国际《湿地公约》的定义,“湿地系指,不问其天然或人工,长久或暂时性的沼泽、湿原、泥炭地或水域地带,带有静止或流动、或为淡水、半成水、咸水水体者,包括低潮时不超过6m的水域”。湿地是地球上具有多种功能的独特的生态系统,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类社会赖以生存和发展的自然环境之一,湿地具有调节气候、补充地下水、缓解环境污染、蓄洪抗旱、控制土壤侵蚀、促淤造陆、保护生物多样性等多种功能。正因为如此,湿地又常被人们称为“自然界之肾”,得到全世界的广泛关注,保护湿地已成为世界范围内的联合行动。     

盘锦温地保护、恢复与永续利用研究

随着盘锦地区经济的发展和人口的增加,盘锦湿地出现不同程度的退化,主要表现在湿地淡水的短缺,植被的退化;湿地面积减少和湿地受到污染;人类对湿地认识不足,出现人与鸟争食等现象。为了更好地保护湿地,以保持湿地生态系统的完整性、连续性、生物多样性、生态功能性、永续利用性和景区特色性为理念,对盘锦湿地进行保护与规划。     

湿地的召唤

1998年绿色营的主题是“保护湿地”湿地，对许多人来说，是个陌生的名词。一般说来，它包括沼泽、湖泊、河流、河口以及海岸地带的滩涂、红树林和珊瑚滩；还包括生态功能有限的人工湿地。湿地有两个特点：一是科学研究越来越表明它的重要，它是地球上生物多样性以及生产力较高的生态系统；它在调节气候、蓄洪防洪、促淤造陆、降解污染等方面有其特别功能，人们称其为“地球的肾”；湿地还向人类提供大量的粮食、肉类、鱼、药材、能源、水源、工业原料，以及湿地所特有的鹤类、鹳类、鹮类等大型水禽和湖沼海岸风光所具有的美学源泉。再是人们…     

国际生物多样性日(12月29日)

生物多样性（Biologicaldiversity或Biodiversity）是指地球上的生物（涵盖动物、植物和微生物）在所有形式、层次和联合体中生命的多样化,包括生态系统多样性、物种多样性和基因多样性。生物多样性是地球上生命经过几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。但是,由于频繁的人类活动,致使物种灭绝加剧,遗传多样性减少,以及生态系统特别是热带森林和湿地大规模破坏,引起了国际社会对生物多样性问题的极大关注。1992年6月5日在巴西首都里约热内卢召开了联合国环境与发展大会（UNCED）,大会期间《生物多样性公约》开放签…     

保护湿地 保护“地球之肾”

湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,被誉为“地球之肾”,具有维护生态安全、保护生物多样性等功能,是人类社会发展和文明进步的物质和环境基础。随着我国经济社会的发展,湿地保护和开发利用的矛盾日益尖锐,一些地方对保护湿地认识不足,片面追求短期经济效益,甚至在沿海滩涂红树林地挖塘养虾、养鱼,破坏了湿地资源。湿地的价值到底有多大?安徽省的湿地资源状况如何?安徽生物工程学校副校长、水产高级工程师吕友保将就相关问题为大家一一解答。问:《湿地公约》的作用是什么?答:1971年,前苏联、加拿大等国在伊朗拉姆萨尔签订了《关于特别…     

气候变化对生物多样性及相关人类惠益的影响与应对

全球气候变化比预期的更快,其产生的不利影响也比预期严重,物种与遗传资源丧失风险不断增加,自然生态系统面临面积缩减与功能退化的严峻威胁。生物多样性是影响生态系统过程、制约生态系统服务功能的重要因素。生物多样性降低,不利于生态系统服务质量的维持与保育,并对人类福祉与健康以及社会、经济和生态的可持续发展产生严重的负面影响。需积极推动气候变化减缓与生物多样性保护的协同应对,加强国际合作与技术经验交流,针对生物多样性保护适应气候变化的薄弱环节完善保护网络与监测预警,探索生物多样性与生态系统服务的保护和提高,以保障人类生存与发展的长期利益。     

丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状及保护对策

湖北丹江口库区湿地自然保护区是"内陆湿地和水域生态系统类型"自然保护区,但受人为活动的影响,水文情势改变,保护区的湿地生态系统受到一定的威胁。基于丹江口库区湿地自然保护区现状,从合理调整保护区范围、全面加强湿地生态建设、加强环境污染防治、建立有效的湿地保护管理协调机制、加强湿地保护知识的宣传等方面,构建和谐生态,实现人与自然协调发展。     

中国自然保护地70年发展历程与成效

新中国成立70年来,我国自然保护地体系逐步完善。在生态系统与重要自然资源保护方面,形成了由自然保护区、风景名胜区、森林公园、地质公园、自然文化遗产、湿地公园、水产种质资源保护区、海洋特别保护区、特别保护海岛等组成的保护地体系。在生态空间保护方面,率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线,构建了以重要生态功能区、生态脆弱区和生物多样性保护区为主体的生态保护红线技术体系,成为我国新世纪一项重大生态保护工程,并开展了生态功能区划、主体功能区划。在保护机制上,于2015年启动了国家公园体制,并开展试点示范。本文从以上三个方面概要分析了我国自然保护地的发展历程和发展成效。     

鸭子河湿地的生态健康评价与恢复研究

从湿地现状、服务功能和外环境影响3方面构建了城镇区域内湿地生态健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）和模糊综合评价法,对广汉鸭子河湿地这一城镇区域内河滩型湿地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明,在广汉市城市化进程中,该湿地的生态系统受到了一定程度的影响,就总体而言,湿地生态系统结构完整,基本功能依然具备,但栖息地功能有一定的退化,在整体上属于亚健康状态。根据评价结果及退化成因分析,提出了相应的恢复措施,对广汉市城市化进程中鸭子河湿地的保护提供了重要的决策依据,对同类型的湿地保护具有指导意义和借鉴价值。     

南极内陆科考站的环境影响评价及减缓措施

南极内陆地区以其特殊的地理位置和特有的生态环境在研究全球变化尤其是气候变化中发挥不可替代的作用.随着越来越多的科考站在南极内陆地区建立,人类活动对南极环境的不利影响的程度和性质正在发生范围的扩散和层次的转移.本研究以中国昆仑站为例,依据不同类型活动的发生概率、范围、持续时间,严重程度的不同,对在南极内陆地区建立科考站所产生的环境影响进行了综合分析,结果表明,科考站的建设和运行对南极内陆环境及其附属的生态系统带来了不可避免的负效应,提出相关减缓措施以期尽可能减缓不良的环境影响,这不仅为日后南极科考活动提供规范化指导,还为南极内陆地区环境污染的控制及管理和可持续发展提供参考.     

遥感调查方法在河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估方面的应用研究

河北省省级自然保护区以自然生态系统类型为主,人类活动较为频繁,将遥感评估方法应用于河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估具有重要意义。本文通过分析高分辨率遥感卫星影像的特点,结合河北省省级自然保护区的实际情况,优先选取分辨率为2m的民用卫星,提出了遥感调查方法在自然保护区人类活动和开发建设活动中自动监测、生态系统格局变化、生态系统质量变化以及人类活动干扰程度四方面的评估应用。     

DYNAMICS OF WETLAND DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN LAS VEGAS WASH,NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the co‐evolution of the Las Vegas, Nevada metropolitan area, Las Vegas Wash ecosystem‐a downstream riparian wetland‐and Wash management as a case of urban‐environment dynamics. Since Las Vegas Wash provides the primary drainage for Las Vegas, changes in the urban system lead to changes in the Wash and its ecosystem. The population of the drainage area has grown from approximately 1,000 people in 1900 to more than 1.3 million in 2000. This phenomenal population growth led to increased Wash flow, from less than .03 m³/sec (1 ft³/sec) to over 7.4 m³/sec (260 ft³/sec), and consequent ecological changes from a nearly dry wash to a rich wetland, and now to an eroded system. As the Wash ecosystem changed, valuation of Wash characteristics by residents and resource managers also changed, shifting the focus of management and use, which ultimately led to further ecosystem changes. Reciprocal relationships among human activity, environmental change, and management in this urban area highlight the need for a comprehensive and dynamic systems perspective and adaptive approaches in urban environmental management and make this a particularly compelling case study. This paper describes a conceptual systems framework for adaptive urban‐environment management derived from this case.     

安徽省沿江湿地资源现状、问题与对策

分析了安徽沿江湿地资源现状,揭示了沿江湿地资源丰富、生态价值高的特征,探讨了湿地开发利用过程中引发的生态环境问题,认为围湖造田和水土流失造成河湖淤塞是沿江湿地洪涝灾害频繁、湿地被破坏的主要原因,生物资源利用过度、追求经济快速发展和缺乏有效监督协调机制是生态系统退化的重要原因,最后提出调整产业结构、改变利用方式、建立湿地保护政策体系和协调机制、恢复湿地系统的生态功能等相应的对策与措施.     

The Ecological and Environmental Characteristics and Conservation of the Wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary, China

The natural wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary, China are important ecologically. The total area of the wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary amounts to 215000 ha. The wetlands consist of littoral and sandy estuarine island areas, and are rich in biological resources. There are 136 species of vascular plant, 150 species of bird, and 68 species of benthic macro-invertebrate in the wetlands. However, the wetland in the Changjiang Estuary is a vulnerable ecosystem. Development of the wetland is mainly influenced by intensive human reclamation, pollution, movement of sediments in the Changjiang River, and the effects of tides and waves. Investigations have shown that maintaining biodiversity, providing resources for the living organisms, purifying environments and resisting natural hazards could be regarded as important functions for the protection of the wetlands. It is proposed that sustainable principles should be supported in developing the wetlands in the future.     

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND THE CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC BIODWERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY1

ABSTRACT: Ecologically effective ecosystem management will require the development of a robust logic, rationale, and framework for addressing the inherent limitations of scientific understanding. It must incorporate a strategy for avoiding irreversible or large-scale environmental mistakes that arise from social and political forces that tend to promote fragmented, uncritical, short-sighted, inflexible, and overly optimistic assessments of resource status, management capabilities, and the consequences of decisions and policies. Aquatic resources are vulnerable to the effects of human activities catchment-wide, and many of the landscape changes humans routinely induce cause irreversible damage (e.g., some species introductions, extinctions of ecotypes and species) or give rise to cumulative, long-term, large-scale biological and cultural consequences (e.g., accelerated erosion and sedimentation, deforestation, toxic contamination of sediments). In aquatic ecosystems, biotic impoverishment and environmental disruption caused by past management and natural events profoundly constrain the ability of future management to maintain biodiversity and restore historical ecosystem functions and values. To provide for rational, adaptive progress in ecosystem management and to reduce the risk of irreversible and unanticipated consequences, managers and scientists must identify catchments and aquatic networks where ecological integrity has been least damaged by prior management, and jointly develop means to ensure their protection as reservoirs of natural biodiversity, keystones for regional restoration, management models, monitoring benchmarks, and resources for ecological research.     

中国湿地生态质量预警研究

简要介绍了中国湿地的特点、主要类型、开发利用现状以及中国湿地生态环境面临的主要问题;分析了湿地生态系统的整体性、结构的复杂性、调控的滞后性、系统的脆弱性与敏感性等4个基本特征,指出了开展湿地生态质量预警研究的理论与实践意义,阐述了湿地生态质量预警系统所包含的警义、警情、警源、警兆、警度和预测模型等基本内容,并提出了构建中国湿地生态质量预警系统的基本思路和方法。     

Major Ecosystems in China: Dynamics and Challenges for Sustainable Management

Ecosystems, though impacted by global environmental change, can also contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of such large scale changes. Therefore, sustainable ecosystem management is crucial in reaching a sustainable future for the biosphere. Based on the published literature and publicly accessible data, this paper discussed the status and trends of forest, grassland, and wetland ecosystems in China that play important roles in the ecological integrity and human welfare of the nation. Ecological degradation has been observed in these ecosystems at various levels and geographic locations. Biophysical (e.g., climate change) and socioeconomic factors (e.g., intensive human use) are the main reasons for ecosystem degradation with the latter factors serving as the dominant driving forces. The three broad categories of ecosystems in China have partially recovered from degradation thanks to large scale ecological restoration projects implemented in the last few decades. China, as the largest and most populated developing nation, still faces huge challenges regarding ecosystem management in a changing and globalizing world. To further improve ecosystem management in China, four recommendations were proposed, including: (1) advance ecosystem management towards an application-oriented, multidisciplinary science; (2) establish a well-functioning national ecological monitoring and data sharing mechanism; (3) develop impact and effectiveness assessment approaches for policies, plans, and ecological restoration projects; and (4) promote legal and institutional innovations to balance the intrinsic needs of ecological and socioeconomic systems. Any change in China’s ecosystem management approach towards a more sustainable one will benefit the whole world. Therefore, international collaborations on ecological and environmental issues need to be expanded.