不同有机物料施用对菜地磷累积和转化的影响

当前以土壤有机质提升为核心的耕地质量提升是保证粮食安全的基础,但在有机质提升过程中土壤磷素的累积和转化特征仍不清楚.在等碳施用条件下,研究对比不同有机物料投入对菜地不同土层土壤磷的累积、转化和迁移规律,以期同步实现有机质提高和磷肥高效管理.试验设置对照（不施肥）、农户传统施肥、生物炭、鸡粪、餐厨废弃物和玉米秸秆施用这6个处理,于辣椒收获期测定各处理下不同土层有效磷（Olsen-P）和水溶性磷（CaCl₂-P）含量、土壤磷组分、有机质（SOM）和pH等指标.在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层中,农户传统施肥处理有效磷含量最高,4种有机物料处理下有效磷顺序依次为：秸秆>生物炭>鸡粪>餐厨废弃物,秸秆和生物炭处理较餐厨废弃物分别增加59.6%~67.3%和29.1%~36.9%.秸秆处理最易于提升土壤活性磷库,0~5 cm土层土壤活性磷较鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理分别增加47.3%和35.1%.随着土层深度增加鸡粪处理的有效磷降低比例最少,20~30 cm土层有效磷占表土层的55.9%,而在其他3种物料处理下仅占16.0%~34.0%.和农户传统施肥相比,有机物料施用后pH显著升高0.18~0.36个单位,鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理的pH显著高于生物炭和秸秆（P<0.05）.生物炭处理下SOM含量相比其他3种有机物料显著增加7.7%~17.6%.4种有机物料中,秸秆提高土壤活性磷库的效果最佳,有利于快速提升植物可利用磷;鸡粪处理下磷素最易向下迁移;在基于土壤地力提升的农田管理下,施用生物炭既有利于改善土壤酸碱度和提高SOM,也可避免磷素在耕层过量积累,降低环境风险.     

蒙脱石对有机物料施入土壤磷形态和有效性的影响

以冷砂黄泥和矿子黄泥为研究对象,猪粪沼渣为有机物料,分别添加0%、5%、7.5%和10%质量分数的蒙脱石,采用室内培养试验研究了蒙脱石对施有机物料土壤pH、磷形态和有效性的影响.结果表明,有机物料对两种土壤pH无显著影响,而蒙脱石使土壤pH显著提高.施加有机物料使两种土壤铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量和分布比例提高,铁结合态磷(Fe-P)含量培养后期提高、比例略有下降,闭蓄态磷(O-P)含量无明显变化、比例下降.有机物料对冷砂黄泥中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)的含量无明显影响、比例下降,却使矿子黄泥Ca-P含量和比例提高.在施加有机物料基础上添加蒙脱石后,冷砂黄泥Al-P和O-P含量和比例下降,Fe-P含量无明显变化、比例下降,Ca-P含量和比例大幅度提高;矿子黄泥Fe-P和O-P含量和比例下降,Al-P含量无明显变化、比例下降,Ca-P含量和比例大幅度提高.培养过程中,有机物料使冷砂黄泥和矿子黄泥有效磷含量分别提高了17.9%~38.0%和17.1%~33.7%,土壤磷的活化系数也显著提高,添加蒙脱石后使两种土壤有效磷含量分别降低8.8%~35.5%和1.1%~11.6%.相关分析结果表明,蒙脱石通过提高pH和Ca-P含量、降低Al-P含量降低冷砂黄泥磷的有效性,通过提高pH、降低Fe-P含量降低矿子黄泥磷的有效性,对冷砂黄泥磷有效性的影响较矿子黄泥大.     

三峡库区澎溪河底泥及消落区土壤磷的形态及吸附特性研究

沉积物是自然水域的重要生态组成部分,是形成湖泊、水库富营养化的关键因素之一.为研究三峡库区澎溪河流域沉积物中磷的赋存形态特征及迁移转化规律,采用连续提取法对澎溪河底泥3个断面及消落区3种土壤类型中磷赋存形态进行分析,并通过等温吸附实验研究了磷的吸附规律,确定了零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0).结果表明,澎溪河底泥中的总磷含量在0.80～1.45 g·kg-1之间,赋存形态以无机磷为主,其中钙结合磷和蓄闭态磷比例在80%以上,铁铝结合磷含量较低,该流域底泥受自然岩石状态及沉积环境的影响较大,而人为活动对其影响较小;消落区土壤总磷含量在0.65～1.16 g·kg-1之间,磷的赋存形态也以无机磷为主,冲积土和紫色土也以钙结合态磷和蓄闭态磷为主,水稻土中则以蓄闭态磷含量最高.澎溪河高阳、黄石和双江3个断面底泥的EPC0分别为0.08、0.13和0.11 mg·L-1,消落区冲积土、紫色土和水稻土的EPC0分别为0.08、0.09和0.04 mg·L-1.EPC0值与沉积物中总磷、pH、Ca-P、黏粒含量呈正相关性,其中与pH和Ca-P相关性显著.根据澎溪河上覆水中磷浓度的季节变化,初步判定底泥及消落区土壤在夏秋季节为磷的"汇",在冬春季节则成为其"源".EPC0高于水体富营养化临界值,底泥及消落区土壤中磷的释放依然是不可忽视的潜在问题.     

互花米草入侵对胶州湾湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对滨海湿地土壤磷循环的影响,基于时空互易原则,选择胶州湾湿地互花米草区(SA区)和光滩区(MF区)为研究靶区,分析了互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)及其组分含量的差异性以及影响因素.结果表明,互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中TP(472.70 mg·kg^-1)和IP(239.00 mg·kg^-1)平均含量明显高于入侵前光滩区TP(386.19mg·kg^-1)和IP(212.68 mg·kg^-1)含量,增幅分别为22.40%和12.38%.研究区无机磷组分以钙磷(Ca-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的45%～61%和31%～49%.互花米草入侵后,10～30 cm层土壤Ca-P含量显著降低(P <0.05),7月尤为明显;Fe-P含量显著增加(P <0.05),0～40 cm土壤层含量高于40～60 cm层(P <0.05),并且7月在10～40 cm土壤表现出明显富集现象.通过结构方程模型发现互花米草入侵后有机质(OM)对TP和Fe-P有显著正...     

西辽河沉积物有机组分对磷的吸附影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机组分对磷的吸附影响.结果表明,西辽河沉积物对磷的饱和吸附量Гm值为953.64mg/kg.吸附分配系数K值为40.50;去除有机质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,碳标化饱和吸附量Гmoc值和吸附分配系数Koc值分别只能达到原样的12.07%和27.49%,说明有机质是影响磷在沉积物上吸附的主要因素;沉积物有机组分中的轻组有机质是一类橡胶态胶体,磷在橡胶态胶体上的吸附以分配作用为主,其碳标化吸附分配系数为77.13;沉积物有机组分中的重组有机质对磷的吸附起主导作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1225.63mg/kg;重组有机质是一类玻璃态胶体,磷在玻璃态胶体上的吸附除分配作用外,还存在孔隙填充方式的吸附;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质(胡敏素)对磷的吸附起关键作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为3546.69mg/kg.影响机制主要为稳、紧结态腐殖质是形成沉积物疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质.     

聚丙烯酰胺对磷素在土壤中吸附-解析与迁移的影响

通过等温吸附-解析试验和土柱淋溶试验,研究了土壤(填土)经聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)处理后对磷素的吸附、解析规律以及磷素在土柱中迁移的影响.研究结果表明,和原土样相比,PAM减少了土壤在慢速吸附阶段对磷的吸附,不仅使土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)降低,而且使被吸附磷的解析率升高;PAM与土壤复合后可以促进有效磷在土柱中向下迁移,增加淋溶液中磷的浓度.     

西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附试验研究了西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为. 结果表明:沙土对磷的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附方程和Langmuir吸附方程,且前者更优. 吸附分配系数(k)平均值为31.55,磷饱和吸附量平均值为312.55 mg/kg. 沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,易淋失,仍存在一定的环境风险. 固定沙土中的微团聚体因存在以孔隙填充方式的磷吸附,所以其对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小;而流动沙土对磷的吸附能力最弱,磷淋失的环境风险最大. 农田和林地沙土对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小,是沙土的最佳利用方式. 沙土对磷的吸附分配系数及饱和吸附量与土壤w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著正相关.      

有机物料投入对喀斯特地区土壤磷素赋存形态与含phoD基因细菌群落的影响

针对喀斯特地区有机物料盈余、土壤养分贫瘠和易流失的特点,设置长期有机物料还田小区定位试验,试验包括6个处理：不施肥对照（CK）、无机肥（NPK）、无机肥+玉米秸秆（NPKS）、无机肥+农家肥（NPKM）、无机肥+滤泥（NPKL）和无机肥+甘蔗灰（NPKA）.研究不同有机物料投入对土壤磷赋存形态和磷活化功能微生物（含有机磷矿化基因细菌）群落结构的影响.通过3 a断续的观测,结果表明,土壤全磷（TP）、速效磷（Olsen-P）和二钙磷（Ca₂-P）含量呈逐年增加趋势,而氯化钙磷（CaCl₂-P）含量呈先降低再增加的趋势;与不施肥对照相比,有机物料投入尤其是滤泥配施能显著提高土壤全氮（TN）、TP、Olsen-P、CaCl₂-P和Ca₂-P含量,其次是甘蔗灰和农家肥配施处理;相关分析表明,CaCl₂-P、Ca₂-P和Olsen-P均与土壤交换性钙（Ca-ex）含量显著正相关;冗余分析（RDA）表明土壤TN、Ca-ex、有机碳（SOC）和土壤全钾（TK）含量是影响土壤磷组分的关键因子.高通量测序分析含有机磷矿化基因（含phoD基因）细菌群落结果表明,与不施肥对照相比,秸秆还田配施无机肥处理显著增加土壤含phoD基因细菌丰富度,但各处理间含phoD基因细菌群落结构无显著差异.RDA分析结果表明,土壤Ca-ex、TK、Olsen-P、pH和SOC是驱动含phoD基因细菌群落变化的关键因子.总体上看,无机肥配施滤泥、甘蔗灰和农家肥是广西喀斯特地区农田土壤较为合适的养分管理方式.研究可为喀斯特地区有机废弃资源利用与土壤磷素管理提供科学依据.     

石灰对土壤吸附镉行为及有效性的影响

酸性红壤上添加石灰显著增加土壤对镉的吸附量并降低吸附态镉的解吸量。但石灰用量较低时,镉的解吸率反而比未施石灰时增加。盆栽试验亦表明,在石灰用量较低时,土壤pH虽有所升高,但小麦和黑麦草植株镉含量降低不明显甚至有所升高;只有较高的石灰用量使土壤pH得以明显升高,植株吸镉量才能明显降低。对这一现象的原因进行了讨论。      

底泥预处理对磷等温吸附特征及磷形态的影响

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了通过不同预处理对有机质去除后,底泥对磷的等温吸附特征以及底泥中磷的赋存形态的转化.结果表明,对底泥曝气预处理强化了底泥对磷的吸附能力,最大吸附量(S_max)达到714.3mg/kg.不同底泥灼烧后,最大吸附量为天然底泥的1.64～2.25倍,且明显高于未灼烧底泥.对底泥曝气与对水曝气预处理使易被生物利用态磷向难被生物利用态磷转化,易被生物利用态磷较预处理前分别减少了7.02%和0.23%,而空白试验底泥的易被生物利用态磷则增加了4.85%.底泥灼烧后,SMT法不适合分析磷的赋存形态.底泥预处理后,酸性或碱性均促进了磷的释放.底泥灼烧后,在pH5～6条件下,磷的释放量低于未灼烧底泥.     

Assessment of labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics in relation to soil properties of West African savanna soils

A large proportion of total P in the soils of the area is unavailable to plants and consequently P is the second most limiting nutrient. The labile and moderately labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of surface and subsurface horizons of eleven soil profiles in the derived savanna (DS) and the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of West Africa were assessed. The labile P fractions are the resin and HCO₃-extractable inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) P. The moderately labile fractions are the NaOH-extractable portion of soil P in the Hedley sequential procedure. In the DS soils, the resin P, considered the most readily available fraction, varied from 1 to 14 mg kg⁻¹, HCO₃-Pi ranged from 3.3 to 11, and HCO₃-PO was between 4 and 12 mg kg⁻¹ in the surface horizon. In the NGS, the topsoil contained 1.5–3 mg kg⁻¹ of resin P, 5–8 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Pi, and 7.5–9.7 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Po. Sodium hydroxide-Po was the largest of the fractions in all the soils studied. It ranged from 23 to 55 mg kg⁻¹ in the topsoil. In general, the labile P levels were higher in soils of the DS than of the NGS and were related to the oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox), and Al (Al_ox) as well as to soil texture. The subsoil of Kasuwan Magani (profile KS 9–21 cm) required 153 mg P kg⁻¹ to maintain 0.2 mg P l⁻¹ in solution (standard P requirement), and Danayamaka (profile DD 7–32 cm) required 145 mg P kg⁻¹. These could translate to 214 and 200 kg P ha⁻¹ if a plow layer of 10 cm is assumed. Because these are within the plow layer, more P fertilizer would be needed for crop production than in the other soils. The standard P requirement and the adsorption maxima were related to Fe_ox and Al_ox, dithionite-Fe (Fe_d), and texture. The increase in labile P content with decreasing Fe_ox and Al_ox could imply that management practices capable of reducing the activities of Fe and Al in solution might improve P availability.     

土壤有机质对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用批量平衡方法,研究了土霉素在原土及去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸.结果表明,土霉素在原土和去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸等温线均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,在不同土壤以及不同土壤处理中的拟合相关系数(r)均达到极显著水平.去除有机质能够降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附容量(lgKf),但增加了吸附强度(1/n).土霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在所设土霉素浓度范围内,土霉素在褐土和红壤中的平均滞后系数(HIa)分别为0.039和0.015;去除有机质后的褐土和红壤对土霉素的解吸滞后现象显著增强(P<0.01),其HIa分别增加到0.068和0.028.     

水体底泥及岸边土壤有机无机复合体对磷吸附特征对比

以长春市新立城水库底泥及岸边土壤为研究对象,利用平衡吸附法研究底泥、土壤及二者有机无机复合体(砂粒、粉粒和粘粒)对磷的吸附热力学和动力学特征,并探讨底泥和土壤各级复合体对磷的吸附贡献,以期探明底泥和土壤对磷的富集规律.结果表明,底泥和土壤对磷的吸附热力学均符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,且底泥对磷的理论最大吸附量约是土壤的3倍.底泥及土壤粘粒复合体对磷的吸附热力学符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,粉粒及砂粒复合体对磷的吸附符合Henry方程.粘粒复合体对磷的吸附量均大于粉粒复合体,而粉粒复合体均大于砂粒复合体.底泥及土壤粘粒复合体对磷的吸附贡献约为60%,粉粒复合体对磷的吸附贡献稍大于砂粒复合体的吸附贡献.底泥、土壤及二者有机无机复合体对磷的吸附动力学符合一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和双常数方程,且均在24 h以内达到吸附平衡.研究结果表明,底泥与岸边土壤对磷的吸附具有相似的规律,且底泥及其复合体对磷的吸附能力均大于土壤,说明若磷素由于地表径流等因素由土壤进入到水体中,底泥对磷会有较强的吸附净化作用,即某种意义上底泥为河流磷素有效的"汇".     

Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs

Soil organic matter (SOM) has an important effect on the physicochemical status of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This work was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil and to study the effect of organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition on the CEC of SOM. Soil samples were collected from a 20-year-old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under seven multipurpose tree species: Afzelia africana, Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonic dispersion. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silver thiourea-method and were described by linear regression. The CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to their particle size: clay (<0.002 mm)>fine silt (0.002–0.02 mm)>coarse silt (0.02–0.053 mm), except for the soils under T. africana, D. barteri, and L. leucocephala, where the CEC of the fine silt fraction was highest or comparable to the CEC of the clay fraction. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 76–90% of the soil CEC at pH 5.8. The contribution of the fine silt fraction to the CEC at pH 5.8 ranged from 35 to 50%, which stressed the importance of the fine silt fraction for the physicochemical properties of the soil. Differences in CEC between treatments for the whole soil and the fractions could be explained by the differences in carbon content. Except for the intercept for the clay fraction, SOM had a significant (P<0.001) contribution to both the intercepts (=estimated CEC at pH 0) and slopes (=pH-dependent charge) of the CEC–pH relationships for the whole soil and the fractions. The CEC of SOM at pH 5.8 varied between 283 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for particulate organic matter, and 563 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for the fine silt fraction. The biochemical composition of the organic inputs did not have an important effect on the CEC of SOM. In total, SOM was responsible for 75–85% of the CEC of these soils.     

磷酸盐对土壤吸附一硫代砷的影响

通过设计批实验和表征分析,探究不同浓度的磷酸盐影响下,一硫代砷酸盐（MTA）在土壤上的吸附特征和机理.结果发现,Elovich动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地拟合MTA在土壤中的吸附过程,相关系数R²分别为0.983和0.994,表明土壤吸附MTA发生在局部位置,吸附过程主要以非均相扩散为主,拟合所得最大单层吸附量为254.214mg/kg.MTA与磷酸盐共存时,随着溶液中磷酸盐初始浓度的增大,土壤对MTA的平衡吸附量逐渐下降,对磷酸盐的吸附量逐渐增大;SEM-EDS结果表明无论是否添加磷酸盐,反应后的土壤表面都能检测到少量As,但添加磷酸盐条件下土壤表面的As含量则相对较低,证实磷酸盐的存在降低了土壤对MTA的吸附;XRD结果表明MTA能与土壤中的铁铝矿物发生络合反应生成内球络合物－[2Al （H₂AsO₄）₃]、≡Al₂O₂AsO （SH）和－[2Fe （H₂AsO₄）₃],而磷酸盐会与土壤表面的羟基形成内球络合物,导致土壤对MTA的吸附能力减弱.     

一种新型改性吸附剂对水中痕量磷的吸附特征

采用碱液-超声波对小麦秸秆预处理后,在高温下用环氧氯丙烷和铝盐进行化学改性,制备了改性秸秆吸附剂.分别对改性前后秸秆的性质表征和吸附性能研究,探讨了改性和吸附机理.表征分析结果表明,改性后秸秆的有序度和结晶度都得到明显提高,并且成功引入了铝离子.改性秸秆吸附水体磷的主要机理包括:因改性而获得的凹凸有致状结构的物理吸附;表面羟基产生的氢键作用以及对磷酸根离子具有配位络合作用;带正电荷表面电位的改性秸秆,可与带负电荷的磷酸根离子之间产生静电吸附作用;改性秸秆对水体磷的空间网捕作用,生成混合磷酸盐晶体.     

Alum split applications strengthened phosphorus fixation and phosphate sorption in high legacy phosphorus calcareous soil

High phosphorus (P) saturation arising from historic P inputs to protected vegetable fields (PVFs) drives high P mobilisation to waterbodies. Amendment of soils with alum has shown potential in terms of fixing labile P and protecting water quality. The present 15 month pot experiment investigated P stabilisation across single alum application (Alum-1 treatment, 20 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before the maize was sown), alum split applications (Alum-4 treatment, 5 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before each crop was sown i.e. 4 × 5 g/kg) and soil only treatment (Control). Results showed that the Alum-1 treatment caused the strongest stabilisation of soil labile P after maize plant removal, whereas the P stabilisation effect was gradually weakened due to the transformation of soil non-labile P to labile P and the reduced active Al³⁺ in soil solution. For the Alum-4 treatment, soil labile P decreased gradually with each crop planting and was lower than the Alum-1 treatment at the end of the final crop removal, without any impairment on plant growth. The better P stabilisation at the end of Alum-4 treatment was closely correlated with a progressive supply of Al³⁺ and a gradual decrease of pH, which resulted in higher contents of poorly-crystalline Al, Fe and exchangeable Ca. These aspects were conducive to increasing the soil P stabilisation and phosphate sorption. In terms of management, growers in continuous cropping systems could utilise split alum applications as a strategy to alleviate P losses in high-P enriched calcareous soil.     

Contribution of organic matter to metolachlor adsorption on some soils

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酸性紫色水稻土颗粒有机质对镉的吸附特性

采集典型的酸性紫色水稻土（APPS）,从中分离出颗粒有机质（POM）,通过批量试验研究POM及其来源土壤Cd²⁺的吸附动力学、等温吸附和热力学特征,通过扫描电镜-能谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等手段及吸附前后镉的形态变化的测定,研究了POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制.结果表明：POM对Cd²⁺的亲和力远高于其来源土壤.POM及土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学最优模型均为准二级动力学.Langmuir、Freundlich方程均能较好地描述其等温吸附特征,其中对POM,以Freundlich方程更优,表明POM对Cd²⁺的吸附属于多分子层的非均质吸附.吸附热力学参数△G^θ均小于0、△H^θ和△S^θ均大于0,表明吸附属于自发吸热过程.根据△H^θ值及解吸试验判定POM对Cd²⁺的吸附以化学吸附为主,土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附过程以物理吸附为主.吸附平衡后,土壤中可交换态镉比例提高,而POM中交换态和络合态镉比例增加.综上及吸附前后POM的表征结果说明,POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制包括含氧官能团的络合、离子交换、阳离子-π键、沉淀作用和静电吸附.