Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统研究了Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响，结果发现Fe(Ⅲ)降低了污泥沉降指数，同时也减弱了污泥的生物絮凝作用．对细胞外高分子(EPS)的电子能谱元素分析表明在EPS中发生了阳离子间的交换作用，Fe(Ⅲ)置换出EPS中一价和二价金属阳离子．污泥絮体的扫描电镜显示Fe(Ⅲ)使活性污泥絮体颗粒变小变密实，但是Fe(Ⅲ)与EPS之间的作用和含磷沉淀物的生成削弱了污泥颗粒形成较大生物聚集体的能力．Fe(Ⅲ)对生物絮凝作用的影响主要是通过架桥机理和藻酸盐理论来实现的，而电中和不起主要作用．     

纯氧曝气活性污泥培养过程中絮体结构变化

采用纯氧曝气序批式反应器(SBR)直接培养、驯化培养活性污泥,运用显微技术分析絮体当量直径(Deq)、规则度(Rd)、孔隙率(Po)和单位悬浮固体内总细丝长度(Ftl)在培养不同时期的变化规律,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析絮体结构参数的相关性.结果表明:污泥直接培养过程中絮体Deq不断增大,驯化培养初期絮体Deq减小,中后期不断增大,驯化培养污泥絮体颗粒较大;污泥直接培养过程中絮体Rd不断减小,驯化污泥絮体Rd变化不大,在0.400~0.520内波动,两种方式培养的絮体规则度值相当;直接培养初期、中期絮体Po随絮体粒径增大而增大,驯化污泥絮体Po初期、后期呈减小趋势,中期呈增大趋势,直接培养法的絮体Po较小;污泥直接培养中、后期出现大量丝状菌,但很快又减少,污泥驯化整个过程中系统内均无大量丝状菌出现.污泥直接培养初期絮体Deq与Po显著正相关,Rd与Deq、Po显著负相关;中期丝状菌作用较大,Ftl与Po、Rd都显著负相关.污泥驯化初期,絮体Deq与Rd、Po均显著正相关,驯化后期Rd起较大作用,与其他参数均显著相关.     

活性污泥法驯化筛选好氧反硝化菌的试验研究

通过活性污泥法SBR反应器驯化富集好氧反硝化菌.对于在驯化期间出现的污泥膨胀、DM培养液的添加时间和污泥驯化效果都进行了相应的讨论.从完成驯化的污泥中筛选出20株具有较高脱氮效率的好氧反硝化细菌,并对其中的3株FW3、FW6和FR4进行了进一步的研究.结果表明,3株菌的硝酸盐去除率均在60%以上;当C/N为5、pH值为7(FW3和FR4)或8(FW6)、温度为30℃时,3株菌的亚硝酸盐积累较小;在此条件下,3株菌代谢产气中N2含量与大气相比,均高出10%左右.     

壳聚糖改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能

用壳聚糖改性污泥活性炭,测试分析了改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能.同时,用N2吸脱附法、电子扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱及X衍射等技术对改性污泥活性炭进行了表征,研究了改性条件对污泥活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的影响,探讨壳聚糖改性提高污泥活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的机理.结果表明,壳聚糖颗粒物能够较为均匀地分布于污泥活性炭的表面,壳聚糖与污泥活性炭结合良好,孔径也明显减小.壳聚糖与污泥活性炭是通过化学键结合的.改性时间与改性温度均可改变污泥活性炭的BET比表面积和孔容,但改性温度对BET比表面积和孔容的影响更为显著.具有最优孔结构的样品A3的BET比表面积、总孔容及中孔容分别为168.76m·2g-1、0.084cm·3g-1及0.041cm·3g-1.与污泥活性炭相比,改性污泥活性炭的脱硫脱硝性能优于污泥活性炭,这是由于壳聚糖中含氮与含氧官能团,丰富了污泥活性炭表面脱硫脱硝活性基团的种类与数量,利于SO2与NO的吸附氧化;通过适当控制改性条件,也可显著地增加BET比表面积和中孔容,以提高SO2与NO气体的物理吸附,从而提高其脱硫脱硝性能.     

Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems

We investigated the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) in activated sludge collected from eight wastewater treatment systems using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP),cloning,and sequencing of the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene(amoA).The T-RFLP fingerprint analyses showed that different wastewater treatment systems harbored distinct AOB communities.However,there was no remarkable difference among the AOB TRFLP profiles from different parts of the same system.The T-RFLP fingerprints showed that a full-scale wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) contained a larger number of dominant AOB species than a pilot-scale reactor.The source of influent affected the AOB community,and the WWTPs treating domestic wastewater contained a higher AOB diversity than those receiving mixed domestic and industrial wastewater.However,the AOB community structure was little affected by the treatment process in this study.Phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA genes clearly indicated that all the dominant AOB in the systems was closely related to Nitrosomonas spp.not to Nitrosospira spp.Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas communis clusters were found in all samples,while members of Nitrosomonas europaea cluster occurred in some systems.     

紫外辐照对活性污泥中菌群存活率的影响

利用荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescent in-situ hybridization,FISH)特异性地标记了活性污泥中α-Proteobaeteria、β-Proteobaaeria、γ-Proteobacteria和Comamonas sp.4大类群的微生物,借助流式细胞术(Flow cytometry,FCM)检测了这些类群的相对含量.结果表明,上述微生物的相对含量分别为15.09%、20.50%、12.00%和8.37%.紫外线辐照3min后,活性污泥中菌群的相对含量分别变为20.75%、9.10%、81.89%和41.16%,这说明不同菌群对紫外线的敏感度不同.     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

颤蚓对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

系统考察了低、中、高3种不同污泥浓度下(TSS≈4 g·L-1、6 g·L-1和8 g·L-1),一定的颤蚓投加比例对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,并同时考察了颤蚓对污泥特性的影响.研究结果表明,投加颤蚓后60min内,活性污泥沉降速率明显加快,60min时的污泥容积相对于未投加颤蚓前可减少8%～42%;而且.这种效应对污泥浓度高的活性污泥更为显著和有效.然而.通过对污泥特性的分析表明,颤蚓在短时间内(1～3h)对污泥平均粒径、Zeta 电位并无多少影响;此时污泥容积指数(SVI)和胞外聚合物含量(EPS)却反而略有增加.     

Fractal characteristics of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge and its significance

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微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能的影响研究

通过微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能进行实验研究,考察了微波辐射3min内污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的变化,探讨了微波辐射对污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)溶解率、上清液中COD和污泥微观形态的影响.结果表明,低强度的微波辐射对活性污泥相关性质的影响不显著,没有从根本上改善活性污泥的结构.适宜的微波辐射能显著改善活性污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能,500、700和900W微波辐射的适宜辐射时间分别为180、150和60s,此时,活性污泥的比阻为0.3×109S2·g-1左右,较原活性污泥减小了88%,泥饼含水率由原活性污泥直接抽滤的85.2%降低到70.0%.VSS溶解率和上清液COD都随着辐射功率及辐射时间的增加而升高.适宜的微波辐射能促进污泥的团聚絮凝,过度的辐射会破坏活性污泥结构,使活性污泥颗粒细小化,混合液黏度增大,导致脱水性能变差.通过动态流动下微波辐射对活性污泥性能影响的研究,可为微波辐射在活性污泥处理的实际应用提供理论依据.     

Simulation and assessment of sludge concentration and rheology in the process of waste activated sludge treatment

The process of using flat-sheet membrane for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was employed. The variations of sludge concentration and rheology were characterized and simulated. Based on mass balance analysis, mathematical models were developed and successfully used to predict and evaluate the variations of sludge concentration and the digestion e ciency in the MSTD process. The apparent viscosity of sludge could be modeled as functions of mixed liquor suspended solids and shear rates. The sludge in the MSTD process showed both shear-thinning and viscoplastic behaviour, and under various shear rates di erent rheological models could be chosen to predict their flow behaviour. It was also found that sludge concentration and viscosity had significant correlations with membrane fouling in the MSTD process.     

表面活性剂废水活性污泥中的生物絮凝现象

采用曝气槽实验装置对含表面活性剂(LAS)40～300mg/L,COD1200～11000mg/L的洗毛废水进行了60d的连续活性污泥启动期模拟实验.探讨了容积耗氧速率(KO),污泥耗氧速率(ΨO)和MLSS等参数对污泥的生物絮凝速率及污泥的生物活性的影响.研究表明,生物絮凝促进胶体向污泥的聚集,使出水保持了COD250±50mg/L的稳定状态;在线DO的消耗呈直线性,生物絮凝未对COD的降解速率产生明显影响.     

污泥减容的关键技术—剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法

研究了溶气气浮法用于浓缩城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥的工艺设计参数,并将它与传统的重力浓缩法相比较。通过小试及中试研究结果表明,在相同的进泥条件下（进泥浓度为2～4g/L）,采用气浮浓缩法获得的污泥含固率为3.5％～3.9％,而重力浓缩法仅为1.2％～2.5％;并且气浮浓缩法的水力负荷、固体负荷高达150～200m3/m2·d、350～450kg/m2·d,而重力浓缩法仅为10～15m3/m2·d、20～50ks/m2·d。研究结果还表明：剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法相比于重力浓缩法具有浓缩效果好、运行效率高等优点,另外对两种方法的经济技术分析也表明,气浮浓缩法更具有优越性。     

Purification of total DNA extracted from activated sludge

Purification of the total DNA extracted from activated sludge samples was studied. The effects of extraction buffers and lysis treatments (lysozyme, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sonication, mechanical mill and thermal shock) on yield and purity of the total DNA extracted from activated sludge were investigated. It was found that SDS and mechanical mill were the most effective ways for cell lysis, and both gave the highest DNA yields, while by SDS and thermal shock, the purest DNA extract could be obtained. The combination of SDS with other lysis treatment, such as sonication and thermal shock, could apparently increase the DNA yields but also result in severe shearing. For the purification of the crude DNA extract, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone was used for the removal of humic contaminants. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, potassium acetate and phenol/chloroform were used to remove proteins and polysaccharides from crude DNA. Crude DNA was further purified by isopropanol precipitation. Thus, a suitable protocol was proposed for DNA extraction, yielding about 49.9 mg (total DNA)/g volatile suspended solids, and the DNA extracts were successfully used in PCR amplifications for 16S rDNA and 16S rDNA V3 region. The PCR products of 16S rDNA V3 region allowed the DGGE analysis (denatured gradient gel electrophoresis) to be possible.     

驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解动力学

对好氧活性污泥进行驯化,并研究了丙烯酰胺的生物降解动力学特征.驯化结果表明,经过24d的驯化后,活性污泥系统能稳定降解AM,驯化活性污泥能在20h内降解90%以上的AM,是高效的丙烯酰胺降解菌群.驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解符合一级动力学特征.活性污泥对初始浓度为160、300和500mg·L-1浓度范围内的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0881t 5.5043,InS=一0.0692t 6.1282.InS=-0.0468t 6.3649,半衰期t1/2分别为7.87h,10.05h,14.87h,降解速率常数bKb随着AM浓度增加而降低.说明高浓度的AM对其生物降解有抑制作用.当pH分别为8.5,7.2,6.2,5.1时.活性污泥对初始浓度为300 mg·L-1的AM的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0414t 6.1038.lnS=-0.0592t 6.1744,lnS=-0.0692t 6.1282,lnS:=0.06t 6.1282.半衰期分别为16.74h、11.71h、10.05h、11.55h,说明弱酸性条件对AM的降解有明显的促进作用.考察温度对活性污泥降解动力学影响的研究表明,在20～35℃,随着温度的升高.活性污泥对AM的降解效率上升.不同时间段体系内NH 4-N,pH和NO-3-N都随着降解时间的增加逐步上升,但是达到一定时间后会下降,表明AM在降解过程中先水解,然后发生硝化反应,进而发生反硝化反应,最终AM降解成N2、CO2和H2O.     

Effects of activated sludge flocs and pellets seeds on aerobic granule properties

Aerobic granules seeded with activated sludge flocs and pellets (obtained from activated sludge flocs) were cultivated in two sequencing batch reactors and their characteristics were compared. Compared with granules seeded with activated sludge flocs, those seeded with pellets had shorter start-up time, larger diameter, better chemical oxygen demand removal e ciency, and higher hydrophobicity, suspended solid concentration, and Mg2+ content. The di erent inocula led the granule surface with di erent microbial morphologies, but did not result in di erent distribution patterns of extracellular polymeric substances and cells. The anaerobic bacterium Anoxybacillus sp. was detected in the granules seeded with pellets. These results highlighted the advantage of pellet over activated sludge floc as the seed for aerobic granulation and wastewater treatment.     

温度对活性污泥沉降性能与微生物种群结构的影响

为探究运行温度与活性污泥沉降性能之间的关系,采用5个带有自控设备的序批式反应器考察了不同的运行温度(15,20,25,30和35℃)对活性污泥沉降性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,采用短时进水,由于运行温度对污泥沉降性能的影响远远弱于底物浓度的影响,且系统中的优势丝状菌以Type 0041和Type 0092为主,所以5个系统均未发生污泥膨胀现象;采用长时进水,5个系统均发生了丝状膨胀现象,温度与低底物浓度的相互作用导致污泥的SVI值随运行温度(15~30℃)的增加而升高,而运行温度为35℃时污泥的SVI值要低于30℃的情况.同时不同的运行温度下污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及优势丝状菌的种类差异较大.     

污泥基活性炭吸附空气中甲醛的研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥基活性炭,采用BET比表面积测试、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法研究其理化性能,利用动态吸附实验系统和蒸馏装置,将污泥基活性炭与选定的商业活性炭进行了甲醛吸附性能对比,并利用热重分析法研究了甲醛在各活性炭上的脱附情况.结果表明,污泥基活性炭对空气中浓度分别为498,0.41mg/m3的甲醛均有很好的吸附效果,吸附量分别可达74.27,7.62mg/g,最大去除率分别为83.72%和89.56%,其吸附性能与选定的商业活性炭相当,特别是在处理浓度为0.41mg/m3甲醛时超过选定的商业活性炭.该污泥基活性炭BET比表面积为509.88m2/g,氮吸附等温线属于BDDT分类中的I-B型,表明其具有大量的超微孔和极微孔,更适用于低浓度甲醛的吸附.FTIR分析表明其表面含有各种含氮基团,特别是-NH2的存在,可能形成化学吸附中心,但从吸附甲醛后各活性炭的微商热重分析(DTG)曲线可以看出,各甲醛在活性炭上的吸附主要为物理吸附.     

The biological effect of metal ions on the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge

As a special biofilm structure, microbial attachment is believed to play an important role in the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge (AGAS). This experiment was to investigate the biological effect of Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, Zn^2 +, and K⁺ which are the most common ions present in biological wastewater treatment systems, on the microbial attachment of AGAS and flocculent activated sludge (FAS), from which AGAS is always derived, in order to provide a new strategy for the rapid cultivation and stability control of AGAS. The result showed that attachment biomass of AGAS was about 300% higher than that of FAS without the addition of metal ions. Different metal ions had different effects on the process of microbial attachment. FAS and AGAS reacted differently to the metal ions as well, and in fact, AGAS was more sensitive to the metal ions. Specifically, Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, and K⁺ could increase the microbial attachment ability of both AGAS and FAS under appropriate concentrations, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + were also beneficial to the microbial attachment of FAS at low concentrations, but Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + greatly inhibited the attachment process of AGAS even at extremely low concentrations. In addition, the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system, the content of extracellular polymeric substances and the relative hydrophobicity of the sludges were greatly influenced by metal ions. As all these parameters had close relationships with the microbial attachment process, the microbial attachment may be affected by changes of these parameters.     

剩余污泥水解酸化过程中胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

为了解胞外聚合物(EPS)对污泥水解酸化处理的影响,采用批量试验研究了污泥厌氧水解酸化处理过程中EPS的变化以及温度、pH值、污泥来源、污泥浓度对其的影响.结果表明,pH值和污泥来源对EPS产率、成分有显著的影响.强酸性和强碱性条件下污泥水解过程中溶解性EPS产率是中性条件下的2倍多;强酸性条件下细胞破裂较多,DNA物质占总EPS含量的20%左右;强碱性条件多糖类物质溶出量占总EPS的80%以上.A/O工艺污泥水解酸化EPS产率最大,平均值为41.1mg/gVSS;其次为SBR、氧化沟(OD)和A2/O工艺污泥,其中OD工艺污泥水解酸化产生的EPS中糖类与蛋白质的质量比(φ)值远小于其他工艺污泥.温度由18℃升高至35℃时,溶解性EPS产率增加近50%,多糖所占比例逐渐增大.污泥浓度由2000mg/L升高至6000mg/L,EPS产率增大至38.1mg/gVSS,当污泥浓度达到8000mg/L时,EPS产率明显减少(23.1mg/gVSS).