减轻旱灾,谋求旱区可持续发展的综合途径与措施

运用旱区环境社会学的观点和方法，从旱灾、旱区环境与人类行为交互作用的角度分析旱灾，提出减轻旱灾、谋求旱区可持续发展的综合途径、措施与对策。对策的重点是非技术措施与方法，如调适人类开发利用生态资源的观念、方法及群体行为，改善旱区的社会格局、加强旱区人类行为评估和移民管理等。同时提出减轻旱灾，必须强化旱灾的社会学研究。     

面向问题的自然灾害监测与评估集成系统研究

本文描述具体应用在诸如洪水、林火、地震、雪灾、旱灾、虫害等重大自然灾害遥感监测与评估的面向问题的地理信息专题系统。简称灾害集成系统。该系统运行在ＵＮＩＸ平台上，采用面向要素的数据模型，用广义的关系数据库系统实现空间数据和非空间数据的存储管理。     

河北省主要自然灾害和减灾策略

本文在概述河北省自然灾害的基础上,论述了干旱、雨滂、冰雹等11种自然灾害;最后简要分析了自然灾害的趋势及减灾略策。     

海河流域近500年大旱大涝时空特征及趋势预测

作者选择记录年代较长、系统性较好、分布均匀的十八个站作为海河流域的代表站，分别统计了近５００年及每世纪、各年代大旱大涝的出现频数，探讨了它的时空分布特征。还根据天文、气候背景制作了１９９５～２０１０年旱涝趋势预测。研究表明，１９９５～２０１０年海河流域大致处于太阳活动２３周的黑子低值位相和第２４周的高值位相之间，同时又处在太阳黑子世纪周期的下降段。从全国旱涝型指数和北京地区旱涝等级变化曲线看，目前海河流域正处于持续下降期，未来将进入湿润多雨阶段     

安徽省农业灾害系统的灾度预评估研究

本文从区域灾害系统的概念出发,选用16项指标对安徽省农业灾害系统(79个县、市)进行了灾度的R型因子分析预评估,并探讨了灾度指数空间分异的基本格局及其成因。     

湖南省主要自然灾害及减灾策略

本文概述了湖南省的干旱、洪涝、低温冷害、冰雹、风灾、冰冻、农业病虫害、森林火灾水土流失、地震等主要自然灾害的时空分布特征及其对国民经济的影响,并对主要灾害的发展作出了预测,最后提出了减灾策略。     

水旱灾害损失评估系统

从我国水旱灾害防治实际需求出发,提出研建水旱灾害损失评估系统的必要性,对系统的结构、功能和作用作了详细的分析和描述．     

Recovery following the Gediz earthquake: a study of four villages of western Turkey

This paper is the result of a social and economic survey of four villages in the Gediz region of South West Anatolia, Turkey, which was undertaken in two phases, October/November 1982 and March/April 1984. The specific aims of this survey were to define what was perceived as recovery in the local social, cultural and economic context and to measure recovery in communities which had suffered different degrees of distress and loss following the earthquake and, consequently, had received different amounts and kinds of assistance from the government. Essentially, therefore, the survey sought to answer the question – how far did the government programme of assistance promote recovery and over what period of time? The implications of such an inquiry concern what constitutes appropriate assistance following earthquake in rural communities. It is hoped that studies of this kind can help to guide decision making of both national governments and international humanitarian organizations on the role of material aid in the process of recovery. This is particularly urgent in view of the fact that preliminary investigations of other small rural and under-developed communities struck by earthquake suggest that material aid may actually preclude recovery in the longer term.     

灾害损失组合年景研究

根据陕西解放以来的灾害损失资料，将各种灾害造成的成灾面积、人口死亡、房屋倒塌和水、旱、风雹、病虫害、霜冻以及其它灾害造成的农田成灾面积分成４和５个档次，用人工神经网络方法进行聚类，可分成５个不同的灾害损失组合年，其代表了不同损失特点，有助于对各年定量评价灾害年景。分析这些不同损失组合类型的降水特征，可通过对降水的预报来预测可能出现的灾害组合，从而为重点防御某种或某几种灾害损失指明方向。     

中国南部沿海地区雨涝灾害时空特征及趋势预测

根据插补完整的近５００年旱涝等级序列和近４０年实测降水资料，分别制定了历史时期和观测时期雨涝分级标准。建立了五省一市１８个站的雨涝序列。在此基础上，探讨了中国南部沿海地区雨涝分布时空特征，并对典型雨涝年的成因及灾情进行了分析和评估，最后作出９０年代雨涝趋势预测，为沿海的减灾、防灾提供科学依据     

Responses to natural and man-made hazards in Borno, Northeast Nigeria

This is a study of the responses of the people of eastern Borno to the twin hazards of drought and of an irrigation project stranded by the recent low level of Lake Chad. The environmental awareness of the people has been much influenced by access to information, particularly radio. There was a perceptual dissonance; drought is discerned as a natural act of God, but lake recession is seen as man-made. There is also a gap between responses perceived as appropriate and actual responses consequent on the constraints imposed by the process of modernization, notably the introduction of the South Chad Irrigation Project (SOP). Traditional response mechanisms involving the norm of reciprocity, the use of community resources, agricultural adaptations and sharing have become relatively insignificant in Borno. These are being replaced by emigration, lake floor cultivation and household diversification     

宁夏自然灾害及灾情分析

本文概述了宁夏的干旱、洪涝、大风等十多种自然灾害的基本情况及典型灾例,进而分析了自然灾害的特点及对社会、经济发展的影响。     

Drought in Bangladesh: Lessons for planners and administrators

The 1978–1979 drought in Bangladesh affected three crop seasons, reducing rice production by an estimated two million tons. Rainfall deficiency varied regionally and locally, and drought effects varied with soils, crops and management. Farmers used new practices such as irrigation of crops normally grown rainfed, cultivation of famine millets, and – when rain eventually fell – transplanting crops that normally are direct seeded (including replanting to fill gaps in drought-affected fields). Crop rotations also were adjusted to compensate for crop losses or late planting and to take advantage of reduced flood-levels or changed market prices. The various and location-specific responses by farmers provide useful lessons for planners and administrators in a disaster-prone country: production plans and programmes must be flexible; relevant environmental factors, crop areas sown and crop condition must be closely monitored and the implications promptly assessed; and the farmers' repertoire of disaster-mitigating practices should be recorded so as to provide a basis for more pragmatic research, extension and development programmes. A method for monitoring and assessing rainfall is described.     

生物资源在农业减灾中的开发利用前景

论述了以水、旱为主的气象灾害和农作物病、虫、草、鼠所致的生物灾害对农业生产的灾害性影响, 同时阐述了有效开发利用生物资源是防止和减轻农业灾害的有效途径, 提出了加强生物资源的开发利用研究内容     

解放以来我国农业灾害综述

本文根据现有数据，浅析了解放以来我国农业灾害，特别是水、旱灾害的变化及其原因；分析了成灾比例与减灾工作状况之间存在着内在的联系，指出成灾比例可以在一定程度上反映减灾工作的好坏。旨在为客观评价我国农业减灾现状，合理配置减灾力量，提供信息和决策依据。     

Severe drought and the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children in India

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in six drought-affected areas of India in 2003 to assess the impact of drought on the vitamin A status of 3,657 rural pre-school children. The prevalence of Bitot's spots was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher (1.8 per cent) during drought (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0; 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.6 -2.7). The dietary intake of vitamin A was lower during drought and in 81 per cent of households it was less than 50 per cent of the recommended rate. Severe drought has an adverse impact on the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children, particularly those with illiterate mothers and belonging to an older age group (p < 0.01). Communities need to be sensitised, therefore, to vitamin A deficiency through health and nutrition education, and there needs to be wider coverage of vitamin A supplementation, particularly among children in drought-affected and drought-prone areas.     

The great Australian drought: 1982-1983*

The development of drought over eastern Australia from April 1982 to February 1983 is described. National wheat production for the 1982-1983 season was 63 per cent of the average for the previous five years, while for New South Wales and Victoria production was 29 and 16 per cent respectively. Production of other grains was similarly reduced. Net value of rural production was reduced from over $4,000 million to $2,300 million nationally, the percentage reduction being much larger in drought-affected States. Methods of assessing drought severity are discussed and it is concluded that the 1982-1983 drought must be regarded as one of the most severe in the last 100 years. Impact of drought is also discussed, including that on wheat production and sheep and cattle populations since 1885. It is suggested that the limits of grain growing areas, and of sheep and cattle populations, beyond which environmental degradation may occur, have been exceeded during that period. The view is expressed that more attention should be given to the development of strategies to ameliorate drought impacts.     

灾害地图与灾害研究

灾害地图，作为一种专题地图，是地图方法在灾害研究中运用的基础。本文就灾害地图的组成、分类、编制、应用等问题作了探讨。     

泥石流突变模型

本文在崔鹏的泥石流实验工作的基础上，用柘扑变换的方法建立了一个泥石流突变模型；并分析了泥石流的突变条件和机制；从理论上指出了防治泥石流发生和减轻泥石流灾害的措施，这在设计防治泥石流工程上将具有指导意义。     

陇东,陕北,晋西地区水平梯田的减灾作用

本文阐述了陇东、陕北、晋西地区坡耕地产生剧烈水土流失危害及其成因，提出了防治对策：把坡耕地修成水平梯田，可以有效地保水、保土、保肥，增强抗旱能力，对于改善当地生产条件和发展农村经济，具有战略意义。