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主要论述了环境中的SO2只在浓度足够大时才对人体、动植物及大自然产生危害,同时论述了在背景值不超过国家排放标准的情况下,微量SO2对自然生态环境及生物的益处,同时讨论了人为排放SO2的控制方法及措施。 相似文献
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我国SO2污染较严重,对SO2污染的控制是我国大气环境治理的重要部分,而SO2排放交易制度在控制SO2污染的过程中已引起越来越多的关注.介绍了我国SO2污染的严重危害及常见控制措施,回顾了SO2排污交易的发展历史和在我国的应用状况,同时为提高环境管理的水平,探讨了在实施SO2排放交易的实际工作中应注意的几个问题及相应的解决方案. 相似文献
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新疆火电行业SO2排放现状及控制对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
新疆火电行业是新疆SO2排放大户,其排放量占全疆工业SO2排放量的43.4%,且有逐年递增的趋势,而其去除率却一直处于较低水平.乌鲁木齐华电红雁池电厂等5家火电厂SO2的排放量排在新疆火电行业之首,应而需将这5家火电厂SO2排放作为重点监控对象,并提出了火电厂减排SO2的几点对策和建议. 相似文献
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本研究利用2010年污染源普查数据和MEIC排放清单建立全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单,在此基础上利用2012年环境统计数据对其进行修订建立2012年全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;结合《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《计划》)研究工作,测算了《计划》实施后在污染源综合治理、落后产能淘汰、能源结构调整方面对SO2、NOx、颗粒物、VOCs的减排量,同时对污染物新增量进行了预测,建立了《计划》实施后全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;利用CMAQ空气质量模型模拟分析了《计划》实施的空气质量改善效果。结果表明:《计划》实施后,将可以减少641万吨SO2、859万吨NOx、547万吨颗粒物(不含扬尘污染控制)、627万吨VOCs,全国、京津冀、长三角及珠三角区域PM2.5年均浓度将分别比2012年下降22.08%、33.99%、23.98%、24.04%。如果《计划》要求全部落实,可以实现空气质量改善目标。 相似文献
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佛山陶瓷业发达,但陶瓷企业排放的废气污染不容忽视。2013年在对佛山市内陶瓷企业排放废气中SO2、NOx、颗粒物的浓度排放情况进行监测及统计调研的基础上,分析了当地陶瓷企业存在的环保问题,并提出了相应的治理建议。 相似文献
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A. U. Mallik 《Environmental management》1995,19(5):675-684
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into
heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil
acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed
habitats.
If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged
unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest
vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation
shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation. 相似文献
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Pickett ST Cadenasso ML Grove JM Boone CG Groffman PM Irwin E Kaushal SS Marshall V McGrath BP Nilon CH Pouyat RV Szlavecz K Troy A Warren P 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(3):331-362
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs. 相似文献
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Justin D. Burdine 《Local Environment》2018,23(2):198-219
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered. 相似文献
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Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions. 相似文献
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Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source. 相似文献
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Darryl Macer 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(3):249-267
The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that
we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals,
and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships
between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy
and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia
and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan,
New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there
were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand.
Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness
to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream
in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the
city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic
response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows,
significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management
in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful
planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis
of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling
and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood
management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management
and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could
be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation
projects. 相似文献
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David Seckler R. K. Sampath S. K. Raheja 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(4):855-860
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness. 相似文献
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Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found. 相似文献
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Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida,
USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities
over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery
of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original
75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon
during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location,
mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes.
Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control
in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment
of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting
a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore
submergence for long periods of time.
University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521. 相似文献