五大连池火山活动区构造应力场

本文利用五大连池火山活动区地震台网观测的地震资料,研究火山区及附近地区地震活动的时空演变、震源机制特征及其与构造活动的关系。讨论了五大连池火山区构造应力环境下地震活动水平与火山活动的一些相关因素。     

五大连池火山构造环境与地震活动

基于五大连池火山地质、地震活动和大地电磁深部探测资料,讨论了火山构造环境与地震活动的关系,受构造环境的制约,地震活动水平和空间分布特征与火山区断裂活动的强度与方式有直接的关系。老黑山附近东西侧地下介质的电性结构变化速度较大,与地震活动集中的事实相符,是现今火山区地壳浅层活动强的部位。     

腾冲火山区地震的震源参数

火山区地震与非火山区或者说一般构造区地震的震源参数有何差异?本文使用2002-06-13～09-13腾冲火山区流动数字地震观测台网记录到的火山区地震资料,用波谱分析方法测算腾冲火山区地震的震源力学参数。对其中33个地震分析得出:腾冲火山区的地震震源浅,震级偏小;地震矩M0在8.32×1010～8.96×1012N·m之间;震级与地震矩之间的关系式为logM0=0.98ML+10.48,与姚安构造区得出的结果基本一致;震源位错半径在0.124～0.418km;地震应力降在(0.005～0.277)×105Pa,仅为姚安构造区地震应力降的1/5。这些结果表明腾冲火山区存在浅的岩浆体活动,在该区无大的应力积累。     

世界地质公园

目前，经联合国科教文组织世界地质公园专家评审，我国已有12个公园被列入世界地质公园。五大连池五大连池风景区位于黑龙江省西北部的五大连池市．小兴安岭西南侧山前台地上．距北安市60公里。四周分布着14座火山体和一系列火山矿泉，构成了独特而典型的火山景观。因而有“火山博物馆”之称。该照片是五大连池景区的石海。     

深部构造对吉林省东部火山与深震活动影响

通过岩石化学分析手段及地球物理数值模拟方法,分析深部构造对长白山火山岩浆起源和深源地震发震机制的影响,认为长白山火山岩浆起源于地幔源区,并与太平洋板块深部俯冲有关;西太平洋板块深部脱水,产生陆内火山岩浆;俯冲板块的深部脱水产生的裂隙(断裂)可能是长白山区深源地震发震原因,且深源地震与火山作用有一定关联性。     

长白山天池火山的研究现状与展望

较详细地介绍了近年来长白山天池火山喷发历史、火山形成机制、火山系统的探测和火山灾害的研究现状，指出了当前研究中存在的一些主要问题。建议今后应加强火山活动历史研究；探测岩浆作用及其动态变化，限定火山失稳条件；研究岩浆作用和火山触发机制；开展火山作用的试验模拟和火山灾害区划的定量模拟研究；建立火山灾害预警系统，制定火山灾害应急预案，以达到减轻火山灾害的目的。     

五大连池老黑山火山的两次喷发活动

老黑山是五大连池火山群中最年轻的火山.通过对老黑山火山锥体结构及其形态分析指出,老黑山火山并非单锥,而是由先、后不同时期形成的两个锥体叠加组成的复合锥,表明它有两次喷发活动.通过对新发掘出的史料的分析,进一步指出,老黑山火山的第一次喷发时间为1720(不是1719年)-1721年,第二次可能为1776年.两次喷发活动的确认为研究老黑山火山喷发历史、喷发过程、喷发危险性评价和灾害预测等提供了新依据.     

名山大川的形成(三)

除了构造运动外,岩浆活动也是造成名山的一个重要因素。当埋藏在地下深处的岩浆沿着断裂侵入到较浅的地壳中时,由于温度的下降和压力的减低,岩浆逐渐冷却结晶,形成侵入岩体;或者沿着裂隙喷溢到地表,即火山喷出的岩浆,冷凝成为熔岩,亦称喷出岩。     

什么是火山?

全球陆地上已知的活火山超过1500座,海底火山更多,但目前还不能对其进行安全统计。火山大多呈现孤立的圆锥形,它由火山喷发时喷出的熔岩、火山灰和碎石落下后规程而成,地球内部有许多炙热的岩浆,     

饱和‑非饱和土一维大变形固结模型∗

基于分段线性差分法,建立了一种饱和?非饱和土一维非线性大变形固结模型 UCS2。该模型可考虑土体初始饱和度随深度变化,可分析不同地下水位深度的土体大变形固结问题,并编制了 Fortran 计算程序。采用现有数值解对该模型进行了验证,UCS2 模型分别在饱和与非饱和情况下与现有数值解吻合。开展了大变形算例分析,对比了固结前后孔隙比、饱和度、孔隙水压的变化规律,探讨了地下水位深度及非饱和参数对土体固结沉降的影响。     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

板内火山喷发机制的研究

本文从地幔对流的观点出发，结合物理学中的涡旋定律及热爆炸理论，指出地幔对流涡旋中心摩擦生热导致的热爆炸导致氚，氚的热核反应炸裂涡旋中心上部地壳形成板内火山喷发，并利用美国Ｇｏｄｄａｒｄ宇航中心的卫星重力扰动位系数，反演了五大连火山地区的地幔对流图像，指出五大连池火山地区存在－地幔涡旋。     

The global distribution of human population and recent volcanism

Abstract

This study quantifies the spatial relationship between the global distribution of human population and recent volcanism. Using recently compiled databases of population and Holocene volcanoes, we estimate that almost 9% (455 × 10⁶ people) of the world's 1990 population lived within 100km of an historically active volcano and 12% within 100km of a volcano believed to have been active during the last 10,000 years. The analysis also indicates that average population density generally decreases with distance from these volcanoes (within 200 km). In tropical areas, the elevation and fertile soils associated with volcanic regions can provide incentives for agrarian populations to settle close to potentially active volcanoes. In Southeast Asia and Central America higher population densities lie in closer proximity to volcanoes than in other volcanic regions. In Japan and Chile, population density tends to increase with distance from volcanoes. The current trends of rapid urbanization and sustained population growth in tropical developing countries, combined with agricultural intensification of fertile volcanic terrains could alter the relationship between humans and volcanoes so as to increase both local and global consequences of volcanic eruptions in the future.     

Satellite Observations of Lava Lake Activity at Nyiragongo Volvano, Ex-Zaire, during the Rwandan Refugee Crisis

In June 1994 the summit crater of Nyiragongo volcano, located in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, began to fill with new lava, ending nearly 12 years of quiescence. An earlier eruption of the volcano in 1977 had culminated in the catastrophic draining of a lava lake through fissures in the crater wall, feeding highly mobile lava flows which reached the outskirts of Goma and killed more than 70 people. By July 1994, as many as 20,000 Hutu refugees were arriving in Goma every hour, only 18km south from the summit of Nyiragongo. The exodus brought more than one million people to the camps near the town raising fears of a repeat of the 1977 eruption. This paper examines the role that satellite remote sensing could have played in surveillance of the volcano during this time, and demonstrates the potential for monitoring this and other volcanoes in the future. Images recorded by the spaceborne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) – freely available over the Internet – provide semi-quantitative information on the activity of the volcano. The aim of this paper is to promote the wider use of readily available technologies.     

Volcanic disasters in Latin America and the 13th November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia

Volcanic eruptions in Latin America have claimed about 61,000 lives since 1600 A.D. and the region's volcanoes are responsible for about a quarter of the world's fatalities from this type of hazard. Nearly all loss of life from volcanism in Latin America is due to pyroclastic surges, pyroclastic flows and lahars or volcanic mudflows. Lahars generated during the 13th November, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia claimed 25,000 lives, underscoring the great hazard from lahars, which can be generated from the fifty-six, active, ice-capped Central and South American volcanoes during even very small eruptions. The probability of specific prediction of the timing of such events is currently low, whereas the probability of a general prediction of volcanic eruption is high, giving sufficient time to install telemetered lahar alarm systems, which could largely avoid the loss of life.     

努力创建地震预报的应用基础学科——兼论板内现今地壳运动动力学

分析地震预报已取得的成就和面临的困境,根据国内外各相关学科的新进展,作者认为创建地震预报的应用基础学科是当务之急。一种可能的选择是,在现今地球动力学、动力大地测量学(地壳形变学)、实时大地构造学及系统科学、非线性动力学等前沿学科的交叉部位上,逐步建立板内现今地壳运动动力学(或板内现今构造微动态动力学、或板内地壳形变系统动力学)。它既是地震、火山、滑坡、泥石流等灾害预测的应用基础,又是立脚于中国的全球变化研究。对它的意义、研究对象、内容与方法作了探讨,最后提出了一批建议着手开展的应用基础研究课题。     

云南大理地区地震中长期前兆现象分析

通过对大理地区多年来地磁场、重力场、地壳形变和地下水等地震前兆因素变化趋势的分析，指出大理地区是云南省未来１０年内发生强震危险性最大的区域之一。