A numerical model of periodically forced circulation near the shore of a lake

Numerical calculations for a model of the near-shore circulation in a lake subject to two diurnal forcing mechanisms are presented. The first mechanism is a heating/cooling term in the heat equation representing the daytime heating and nighttime cooling of the diurnal cycle. The second is a periodic surface stress modelling a sea-breeze/gully wind system typical of some coastal regions. The two forcing mechanisms can either act together or against each other depending on their relative phase. The numerical solutions are compared with previously published analytical solutions and used to explore the extra dynamics associated with non-linear effects (specifically advection). The latter dynamics include the formation of gravity currents and unstable density profiles leading to secondary circulation.     

Helium isotopic constraints on simulated ocean circulations: implications for abyssal theories

There is ongoing controversy as to the dynamical significance of geothermal heat flow in shaping the abyssal circulation. In this paper, we gauge the impact of geothermal heating and vertical mixing parameterizations in the general circulation model OPA. The experiments are evaluated by comparing simulated mantle ³He with observations collected during the GEOSECS and WOCE programs. This tracer is particularly adapted to the validation of our numerical simulations because its injection into the ocean interior is tightly linked to geothermal processes. In agreement with previous studies, the model circulation is found very sensitive to the parameterization of the vertical mixing. The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is globally intensified when moving from a constant mixing to a version with enhanced mixing near the ocean bottom, with the most drastic variation observed for AABW (+ 50%). Adding the geothermal heat flux mainly affects AABW circulation in the model, enhancing it all the more as the meridional circulation is slow (low vertical mixing), but proportionally less so when it is more vigorous (enhanced vertical mixing). This can be understood from the requirement of the abyssal ocean to maintain heat balance. The evaluation with mantle ³He simulations reveals that the version with low vertical mixing, with its sluggish circulation, produces unrealistically high a ³He isotopic composition. However, with a vertical mixing that is enhanced at depth, the ³He distribution falls within an acceptable range of values in the deep ocean. Finally, adding the geothermal heating to this enhanced mixing case provides a substantial improvement of the simulation of AABW in all basins but the Indian Ocean. ³He isotopic composition is then in good agreement with the observations. Taken jointly with observational estimates of the MOC intensity, these independent isotopic constraints suggest that both geothermal heating and enhanced diapycnal mixing at depth are key ingredients in the realistic simulation of abyssal circulation.     

Periodically driven circulation near the shore of a lake

Solutions are found for a linear model of the circulation near the shore of a lake that is subject to two diurnal forcing mechanisms. The first is the day/night heating/cooling induced horizontal pressure gradient. The second is an unsteady surface stress modelling a sea breeze/gully wind pattern. The two forcing mechanisms can oppose or reinforce each other depending on their relative phase. The interplay of different dynamic balances at different times and locations in the domain lead to complex circulation patterns especially during the period of flow reversal.     

The role of rooted emergent vegetation on periodically thermal-driven flow over a sloping bottom

Thermal-driven flow is generated due to topographic or vegetation-shading effects. Asymptotic solutions by assuming a small bottom slope are derived to discuss effects of rooted emergent vegetation and interactions between emergent vegetation and sloping topography on thermal-driven flow during diurnal heating and cooling cycles. The results show that the zero-order horizontal velocity is significantly reduced by vegetative drag, and the time lag between the change of horizontal velocity and the reversal of pressure gradient is also shortened. The solutions reveal that the viscous effect is dominant in very shallow water, and the drag force becomes important as the water depth increases. The inertial term is only important at the very beginning stage of flow initiation. Different vegetation distributions can significantly change the temperature fields that then affect patterns of thermal-driven circulation and exchange flowrates. For the case of tall vegetation growth in shallow water, and when the deep water side is open, the effects of vegetation shading may interfere with the topographic effects and dramatically alter the flow patterns. The blockage of solar radiation due to vegetation shading can determine the patterns and magnitude of thermal-driven flow. By means of the derived asymptotic horizontal velocity, exchange flow rates can be estimated, which are in good agreement with previous studies. The limitation and valid ranges of asymptotic solutions are finally discussed.     

Stratification and Circulation in a Shallow Turbid Waterbody

Shallow waterbodies are often assumed to be well mixed in the vertical. However, when they are characterised by high turbidity levels, absoption of solar heating within a relatively thin surface layer can produce thermal stratification. Results from an intensive monitoring program have been combined with three-dimensional circulation modelling to examine the diurnal stratification cycles in a small turbid waterbody. The waterbody, known as Rushy Billabong, is located in southeastern Australia and its high turbidity coupled with forcing by wind and solar radiation resulted in regular diurnal cycles of stratification and overturning. Under conditions of light wind and high solar radiation, the model results were generally consistent with the observed temperature field. However, under stronger winds, preferential cooling and sinking of shallow water around the edge of the lake began to contribute significantly to the interior stratification. Model estimates then became more sensitive to the detailed bathymetry and the choice of turbulence parameterisation. The level of stratification is also shown to influence the circulation in the billabong by trapping the wind-driven flow near the surface. Insights provided by the observations and modelling may have broader implications for the management of small turbid systems such as settling ponds, aquaculture ponds, and some natural wetlands.     

农业生态系统循环功能的综合评价(Ⅱ):实例研究

运用描述系统循环过程中动力与阻力相互关系的数学模型，对河北省曲周县、邯郸市、马头镇、北京郊区窦店村、湖南桃源县观山村５个不同类型的农业生态系统的循环功能分别进行了分析与计算，发现模型中的系数Ｋ适于用来综合评价系统的循环功能。Ｋ值的大小取决于其他相关的指标，这些处于不同层次上的指标构成了一个简单实用的综合评价农业生态系统的指标体系。     

草地枯落物分解研究进展及展望

草地枯落物是草地生态系统中生物组分枯死后所有有机物质的总称,是草地生态系统重要的组成部分,是除冠层外,大气与矿质土壤层、植物根系层进行物质与能量交换的另一介质,在生态学中起着不可替代的作用。随着西部大开发战略和退耕还林还草工程的实施,大型家畜等草食性动物退出草地生态系统后,枯落物成为草地生态系统物质和能量循环的重要调节枢纽。近年来,随着全球应对气候变化、节能减排和低碳经济所面临的压力,作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分,草地枯落物的研究被越来越多的学者所重视。文章在综述国内外大量文献的基础上,对草地枯落物的概念进行了比较分析,对其进行了准确定义;归纳出了尼龙网袋法、室内分解培养法、现量估算法和同位素法等多种草地枯落物分解方法,并就枯落物分解过程中经常采用的分解率概算模型、时间衰减模型、影响因子关系模型等进行了比较分析,总结出枯落物的分解是由淋溶、自然粉碎和代谢等3个主要作用,碎屑食物链、腐食食物链等2种不同的食物链共同组成的复杂过程。开展长期定位监测、形成统一的研究方法,探索枯落物分解过程中碳循环微观机理,以及影响因子之间的交互作用是未来草地枯落物研究工作的重点。     

Some effects of langmuir circulation on the quality of water resource systems

The quantitative extent to which the large-scale organized water motion in the surface waters of lakes and reservoirs, known as Langmuir circulation, affects the distribution and settling of algae and other suspended particles is not known and has thus been ignored in conventionally used water-quality models. Since the distribution and settling of these particles is important in determining water quality, this study set out to investigate these effects. Current literature which discusses this problem is reviewed and a mathematical model is developed based on the two-dimensional advection-diffusion mass transport describing the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended particles in a typical Langmuir cell; the Langmuir circulation flow field and turbulent diffusion coefficients are empirically modelled by relating them to environmental parameters.The results show that Langmuir circulation does affect particle distribution and settling. For particles with small sinking speeds, such as the lighter algae, the circulation causes intense mixing, resulting in essentially uniform distribution of particles over the cell (as assumed in the ‘well-mixed compartment model’). For particles with high sinking velocities, however, aggregation can occur, giving rise to significant reduction in sinking loss when compared with that predicted by conventional models. For diatoms, reductions of 6% and higher can occur depending on which conventionally used model is being considered, while for silt and sand particles in a cell of large width-to-depth ratio a reduction of more than 60% is possible.     

农业生态系统循环功能的综合评价(Ⅰ):方法

根据扩展的全息理论，从人体血液循环功能与农业生态系统循环功能的全息关系出发，确定了影响农业生态系统循环功能的５个基本要素：作物单产，复种指数，饲料的浪费度，畜禽转化率和循环总量，并将人体血液循环的计算公式应用于农业生态系统，建立了描述系统循环过程中动力与阻力相互关系的数学摸型。     

Wind- and tide-induced currents in the Stagnone lagoon (Sicily)

The hydrodynamic circulation is analyzed in the coastal lagoon of Stagnone di Marsala, a natural reserve located in the north-western part of Sicily, using both experimental measurements and numerical simulations. Field measurements of velocities and water levels, carried out using an ultrasound sensor (3D), are used to validate the numerical model. A 3D finite-volume model is used to solve the Reynolds-averaged momentum and mass balance differential equations on a curvilinear structured grid, employing the k–e{\varepsilon} turbulence model for the Reynolds stresses. The numerical analysis allows to identify the relative contribution of the forces affecting the hydrodynamic circulation inside the lagoon. In the simulations only wind and tide forces are considered, neglecting the effects of water density changes. Two different conditions are considered. In the first both the wind stress over the free-surface and the tidal motion are imposed. In the second the wind action is neglected, to separately analyze the tide-induced circulation. The comparison between the two test cases highlights the fundamental role of the wind on the hydrodynamics of the Stagnone lagoon, producing a strong vertical recirculation pattern that is not observed when the flow is driven by tides only.     

A coupled numerical model to investigate the air–sea interaction at the coastal upwelling area of Cabo Frio,Brazil

This work investigates the capability of an oceanic numerical model dynamic and thermodynamically coupled to a three-dimensional mesoscale atmospheric numerical model to simulate the basic features of the air–sea interaction in the coastal upwelling area of Cabo Frio (RJ, Brazil). The upwelling/downwelling regime is an important feature in the oceanic circulation of Cabo Frio and determines the sustainability of local ecosystems. This regime is predominantly driven by the atmospheric circulation and is well documented, being suitable to be used as test reference for atmospheric and oceanic coupled and uncoupled models. The oceanic boundary conditions, coastline shape and coupling effect have been tested. The uncoupled oceanic model forced by a NE (SW) wind field generates a realistic upwelling (downwelling) phenomenon regardless of the proximity of the lateral boundary and how realistic is the shape of the coastline. The atmospheric-oceanic coupled model generates an upwelling location and intensity similar to the uncoupled simulation, but the upwelling is gradually enhanced by the sea-breeze circulation. It also generates vertical profiles of mixing ratio that compare better to the observations than the uncoupled simulation and air potential temperature and wind vertical profiles that represent particular features of the atmospheric circulation at Cabo Frio.     

Modelling nutrient emissions from river systems and loads to the coastal zone: Po River case study,Italy

The nutrient emission model MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions into River Systems) is applied to the Po catchment, a large (>70,000 km²), densely populated, highly agriculturally exploited and industrialized landscape. The catchment is located in northern Italy. The Po River discharges into the northwestern Adriatic Sea. Model runs cover the period 1991–2000. The purpose is to model the catchment in 2001, estimating nutrient emissions and natural background in the basin and loads to the coastal area. The model was calibrated with data for the period 1990–1995. After validation with data for the period 1995–2000, the model is used to evaluate future catchment management scenarios.MONERIS is a spatially distributed parameters steady state model with a time scale of 5 years. The emissions considered are originated from diffuse and point sources and delivered trough various pathways (groundwater, erosion, overland flow, atmospheric deposition, urban systems and WWTPs). In order to estimate nutrient loads to the river system, MONERIS includes a retention model.An overview of model input requirements, data needs and related problems and solutions adopted is presented in the paper. Simulated and measured data of several sections along the river are compared for calibration and validation. The relative importance of different nutrient generation pathways are evaluated. Finally, forecasted yearly nutrient loads at the outlet of PO basin for the years 2001, 2008 and 2016, consequence of different basin management scenarios, are presented. The results are ready to be supplied to a water quality Coastal Zone Model, allowing us to evaluate significant switches in trophic state conditions of the coastal ecosystem [see Artioli, Y., Bendoricchio, G., Palmeri, L., this issue. Defining and modelling the coastal zone affected by the Po River (Italy). Ecol. Model.].     

Analytical evaluation of mesoscale fluxes and pressure field

Terrain in natural areas is never homogeneous: there may be a variety of vegetation types and patches of vegetated and unvegetated areas which can modify the mesoscale atmospheric flow. Moreover, horizontal thermal inhomogeneities in the planetary boundary layer are a well known source of mesoscale circulation systems such as land and sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and urban heat island circulations. Since those phenomena are not resolved in regional scale numerical models, therefore an analytic procedure able to evaluate the relative importance of mesoscale and turbulent heat fluxes associated with surface thermal heterogeneities is of crucial importance in the optic of developing a parameterization of mesoscale effects generated by these heterogeneities for use in larger scale models. In the present paper we analyze how small a horizontal variation in surface heating can be and still produce a significant mesoscale circulation, how the heat and momentum fluxes associated to mesoscale flows can penetrate deeply into the mid-troposphere, and how they modify tropospheric relevant climate parameters, such as the atmospheric static stability. In addition, we evaluate the terms of the pressure gradient force, nonlinear and linear, non-hydrostatic and hydrostatic, as function of time and space scales of the mesoscale flow. The present paper is mainly a review of analytical results, the numerical comparison and verification using RAMS is in progress.     

Prediction of the Transport and Dispersal of Oil in the South Caspian Sea Resulting from Blowouts

A 3-D hybrid flow/transport model is developed to predict the dispersal of oil pollution in coastal waters. The transport module of the model takes predetermined current and turbulent diffusivities and uses Lagrangian tracking to predict the motion of individual particles (droplets), the sum of which constitutes a hypothetical oil spill. Currents and turbulent diffusivities used in the model are generated by a numerical ocean circulation model (POM) implemented for the Caspian Sea. The basic processes affecting the fate of the oil spill are taken into account and parameterised in the transport model. The process of evaporation is modeled with the pseudo-component approach. The model is implemented for a simulated continuous release in the coastal waters of the south part of the Caspian Sea. Numerical experiments simulate 5- and 10-day blowout scenarios resulting from sources situated in areas were intensive and extensive development of oil deposits is expected soon. Oil slick movement and risk of coastline contamination by beaching of offshore oil spills are illustrated for different wind conditions.     

Growth, environment and innovation—a model with production vintages and environmentally oriented research

I develop an innovative environmental new growth model driven by researchers striving for monopoly profits. Skilled labour is allocated between production vintages and two forms of research, ordinary and environmentally oriented. The intermediate sector includes fixed costs and decreasing returns, limiting the number of vintages used. I solve for planner's, laissez-faire, and regulator's solutions, and examine welfare implications and the various distortions in the model (monopoly power, knowledge spillovers, business stealing, environmental externalities). A regulator may wish: (i) to encourage environmentally oriented research; (ii) to concentrate production labour on recent (cleaner) vintages; (iii) to switch labour from production to research. An environmental sales tax may under some circumstances achieve all three—such taxes not only give incentives to reduce pollution, but also shift profits from old vintages to new, thus raising incentives to come up with newer (cleaner) vintages. An environmental tax may even lead to an increase in the rate of production growth.     

Models for the physiological effects of short O3 exposures on plants

Some published effects of ozone on plant photosynthesis and evaporation are detailed, and attempts were made to develop explanatory models of increasing complexity. Stomatal regulation, which keeps the CO₂ concentration inside the lead constant, is assumed. The O₃ concentration inside the leaf is assumed to be neglible, so O₃ uptake, CO₂ uptake and stomatal conductance must be proportional. The suppression of photosynthesis is assumed to be proportional to the integrated effective O₃ uptake. For a first model, a differential equation is derived from these assumptions and a simple analytical solution is found. A second model includes a threshold O₃ flux. The repair process is discussed and three models are investigated with a constant repair rate, a repair rate dependent on the stage of injury, and with a repair rate dependent on the photosynthetic rate. A comparison of the analytical solutions of the appropriate differential equations with literature data shows that the model with repair dependent on photosytheesis is the most successful one, but a constant repair rate also gives a fair approximation. The model with repair dependent on photosynthesis implies the existence of a threshold level for the suppression of photosynthesis which separates reversible and irreversible O₃ effects. With the assumption of an inhomogeneous leaf a model to predict visible leaf injury is derived. The possible existence of a maximum leaf injury index for one exposure concentration is explained from the properties of the models. The restrictions and possible extensions of the models are discussed. The concept of a threshold O₃ flux and of a critical suppression of photosynthesis are shown to give possible explanations of antagonistic and synergistic effects of O₃, SO₂ and NO₂.     

土壤原位修复技术研究与应用进展

土壤原位修复技术是指不经挖掘,直接在污染场地就地修复污染土壤的土壤修复技术,具有投资低,对周边环境影响小的特点,是土壤修复的研究热点。土壤原位修复技术主要有淋洗,气相抽提（SVE）,多相抽提（MPVE）,气相喷射（IAS）,生物降解,原位化学氧化（ISCO）,原位化学还原,污染物固定,植物修复等。淋洗法主要用于治理高渗透性土壤中的重金属和难挥发降解的有机物。土壤气相抽提和喷射技术适用于处理土壤中的易挥发污染物,并有常与加热技术,生物处理技术等联用,可以起到促进污染物挥发,增氧促分解的作用。多相抽提法主要用于治理存在大量非水相流体的污染场地,可将土壤中有机相污染物直接抽出。生物降解有生物好氧降解、生物厌氧降解、生物还原降解多种,降解方式由污染物种类和地质条件决定。化学方法可将污染物氧化或还原为低毒无毒物质,周期一般较短。固定污染物可以直接加入药剂反应生成沉淀,也可制造合适条件使微生物生成可沉淀重金属的离子。植物修复主要用于富集重金属,成本低廉,但富集了重金属的植物体的有效利用尚待进一步研究。土壤原位修复需要因地制宜,灵活结合工期、污染情况、地质条件、地面设施等,得出最经济实用的修复方法,并在辅助提高技术上展开更多研究,使原位修复技术更经济有效。     

Brood temperature, task division and colony survival in honeybees: A model

One of the mechanisms by which honeybees regulate division of labour among their colony members is age polyethism. Here the younger bees perform in-hive tasks such as heating and the older ones carry out tasks outside the hive such as foraging. Recently it has been shown that the higher developmental temperatures of the brood, which occur in the centre of the brood nest, reduce the age at which individuals start to forage once they are adult. It is unknown whether this effect has an impact on the survival of the colony. The aim of this paper is to study the consequences of the temperature gradient on the colony survival in a model on the basis of empirical data.We created a deterministic simulation of a honeybee colony (Apis mellifera) which we tuned to our empirical data. In the model in-hive bees regulate the temperature of the brood nest by their heating activities. These temperatures determine the age of first foraging in the newly emerging bees and thus the number of in-hive bees present in the colony. The results of the model show that variation in the onset of foraging due to the different developmental temperatures has little impact on the population dynamics and on the absolute number of bees heating the nest unless we increase this effect by several times to unrealistic values, where individuals start foraging up to 10 days earlier or later. Rather than on variation in the onset of foraging due to the temperature gradient it appears that the survival of the colony depends on a minimal number of bees available for heating at the beginning of the simulation.     

Systems analysis and simulation of the NW African marine upwelling region

A temporal and spatial marine upwelling system model is developed for analysis of prominent biological and physical system interactions which result in obserbed nutrient distribution patterns in the northwest African coastal upwelling system near 21° N. The model is composed of a physical submodel describing a two-dimensional circulation pattern, and a series of biological submodels describing nutrient regeneration.Model results were qualitatively consistent with nutrient distributions observed during an upwelling event in the 1974 JOINT-I study area. Simulated silicate distribution patterns suggest that silica dissolution parameter estimates reported for the northwest African region may represent local conditions, but are likely overestimates at a system level of resolution. Sensitivity analysis results identify grazing threshold level as the primary regulator of model grazing stress. Paucity of herbivorous nekton grazing suggests that primarily phytophagous grazing habit for clupeoid fishes is unlikely in the northwest African upwelling area.