改进的稳健统计技术在排水检测人员技能评价中的应用

目前排水检测行业中仍缺乏对技术人员进行技能评价的方法,或虽有评价方法,但方法存在不尽规范、合理等问题。稳健统计技术作为能力验证试验中广泛使用的结果评价方法,可消除异常数据的影响,使评价结果准确可靠。将稳健统计技术改进,作为技能评价要素中的一个分量,按照操作的准确性、规范性与熟练性三个方面评价排水检测人员检测数据结果,可以较科学、合理地反映检测人员的技能水平,为提高检测工作质量和实验室管理起到一定的借鉴作用。     

基于磁异常检测的海底管道探测技术研究与应用

海底管道是海洋油气输运的重要命脉,需要定期进行检测探测以分析评估其安全稳定性。基于埋设海底管道及其磁异常特征,通过研究埋设海底管道磁异常的检测技术及其组成、应用方法,优化海底管道磁异常检测设备布设与检测测线方案,实现埋深大于5 m 的深埋海底管道磁异常特征的完全检测。通过海底管道磁异常数据反演可获取实测海底管道路由相比设计竣工路由的坐标偏距、管道埋深等数据,在某区域14.5 km 长的海底管道探测实际工程中应用良好,探测数据符合管道路由勘察评价标准规范,为管道埋藏状态分析提供了依据,形成了一种高效、精确的海底管道探测评价方法     

职业病危害因素的检测及评价质量控制

文章通过阐述质量控制工作在建设项目职业卫生技术服务过程中的必要性,探讨了在评价过程中评价方案、采样和检测过程、报告书编制的质量控制,以及建立职业病因素检测管理档案等内容,确保提供的数据、得出的结论科学、准确、可信、公正,以达到职业卫生技术服务行为的规范化、科学化,为卫生监督执法提供可靠依据。     

基于数据分析的打印设备能效评估

为了更有效地执行我国能效等级评价标准和降低办公能耗,着重讨论了打印设备的能源效率评价。通过收集的数据来分析打印机能效限定值及相应的能效等级标准的测试方法测试过程中的关键点。通过引入计算模型和介绍测量典型能耗分析法(TEC),操作模式功率法(OM)的步骤和检测方法。对检测需要注意的项目以及有效降低电力能源消耗提出对应的方案和建议。     

基于Top-down精密度法评定水质钒测定的不确定度

文章基于实验室内标准样品测试数据和实验室间能力验证分析数据,以Top-down技术评定电感耦合等离子体质谱测定水中钒含量的测量不确定度,建立了利用实验室质控数据评定测量不确定度的方法。通过实验室内标准物质重复测定结果计算实验室内期间标准差和重复性标准差,通过能力验证结果计算检测过程偏倚,并计算不确定度。该评定方法系统、完整地评价了检测结果的可靠性与分散程度。结果表明Topdown法相较于Bottom-up法避免了复杂的分量计算和模型建立过程,操作更为简便,具有较好的应用前景。     

环境监测数据综合分析与评价技术研究

文章介绍了环境监测数据的质量要求及特征。从数据的代表性、完整性和合理性三个方面论述环境监测数据的审核,重点探讨了环境监测数据综合分析与评价方法,包括综合分析与评价思路,常规环境质量评价方法、统计方法和统计软件在环境监测数据分析中的应用,并对环境监测数据综合分析与评价技术发展方向进行了展望。     

痕量分析中的分析空白

在痕量分析中，样品的玷污是极易发生的，通过对国内外文献调查，比较系统地阐述了由玷污而引起的正空白（分析空白）对分析结果准确度及检测下限的影响；指出了分析空白产生的原因主要由环境、试剂、器。及分析者对样品的玷污所引起；提出了检测和扣除空白值的正确方法及评价痕量分析数据的准则。     

西溪湿地水环境污染现状及生态治理对策

依据西溪湿地水质监测资料及水体检测数据,对其水质状况进行了评价,阐述了水体污染特征和程度,同时,根据西溪湿地的水质状况和城市湿地的功能要求,提出了人工湿地、健康养殖、生态浮岛等生物一生态治理对策,并在其区域内鱼塘进行了相应试验。从监测结果分析,处理水体各项指标均有不同程度的改善,净化效果明显。     

青海某水库底泥中重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

通过对青海某水库底泥进行取样检测,评价分析,研究重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险.铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、镍和锰7种元素采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,汞和砷采用原子荧光光度计测定;利用检测数据,参考《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(试行)(GB15618-2018)和土壤背景值,分别采用单元素污染指...     

多污染物分析与评价方法在地表水评价中的应用

参照美国EPA的水中优先检测污染物以及我国优先检测污染物的名单,重点检测了有机污染物在地表水中的分布;采用多污染物分析与评价对地表水分别从人体健康影响度(AS1)和生态环境影响度(AS2)两项指标进行了评价。     

内外场综合可靠性试验方法分析与探讨

介绍了常规内场试验采用的一些可靠性评价标准,概括总结了内场与外场可靠性分析与评价中运用的数据处理方法,提出了利用内场数据,收集和分析外场数据的信息融合技术,即内外场可靠性综合分析法,阐述了该技术方法的相关研究内容,最后通过实际应用指出了计算的有关方法和步骤.     

一种环境试验箱期间核查方案设计及不确定度分析

介绍一种环境试验箱的期间核查方案:包括核查计划的制定、核查的方法、核查数据处理和核查结果的评价,并对其中的测试系统进行不确定度评估。评估结果表明,这种方案满足相关标准要求。     

外场可靠性试验技术方法研究

介绍了外场可靠性试验的特点,概括总结了进行外场装备可靠性评价时应注意的几个方面。针对外场任务和系统级可靠性试验都属于可修复系统,重点分析了设备级以上可靠性数据处理方法,提出建立R.M.S数据库时应考虑的两个因素,即与寿命有关的可靠性增长分析以及DT和OT数据的合并,指出今后应建立适合外场数据特点的实用模型和方法,从而获得更准确的可靠性数据。     

Using Satellite Imagery to Assess Large-Scale Habitat Characteristics of Adirondack Park, New York, USA

Satellite imagery is a useful tool for large-scale habitat analysis; however, its limitations need to be tested. We tested these limitations by varying the methods of a habitat evaluation for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA, utilizing harvest data to create and validate the assessment models. We used two classified images, one with a large minimum mapping unit but high accuracy and one with no minimum mapping unit but slightly lower accuracy, to test the sensitivity of the evaluation to these differences. We tested the utility of two methods of assessment, habitat suitability index modeling, and pattern recognition modeling. We varied the scale at which the models were applied by using five separate sizes of analysis windows. Results showed that the presence of a large minimum mapping unit eliminates important details of the habitat. Window size is relatively unimportant if the data are averaged to a large resolution (i.e., township), but if the data are used at the smaller resolution, then the window size is an important consideration. In the Adirondacks, the proportion of hardwood and softwood in an area is most important to the spatial dynamics of deer populations. The low occurrence of open area in all parts of the park either limits the effect of this cover type on the population or limits our ability to detect the effect. The arrangement and interspersion of cover types were not significant to deer populations.     

Evaluation of a Watershed Model for Estimating Daily Flow Using Limited Flow Measurements1

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for estimation of continuous daily flow based on limited flow measurements in the Upper Oyster Creek (UOC) watershed. SWAT was calibrated against limited measured flow data and then validated. The Nash‐Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE) and mean relative error values of daily flow estimations were 0.66 and 15% for calibration, and 0.56 and 4% for validation, respectively. Also, further evaluation of the model’s estimation of flow at multiple locations was conducted with parametric paired t‐test and nonparametric sign test at a 95% confidence level. Among the five main stem stations, four stations were statistically shown to have good agreement between predicted and measured flows. SWAT underestimated the flow of the fifth main stem station possibly because of the existence of complex flood control measures near to the station. SWAT estimated the daily flow at one tributary station well, but with relatively large errors for the other two tributaries. The spatial pattern of predicted flows matched the measured ones well. Overall, it was concluded from the graphical comparisons and statistical analyses of the model results that SWAT was capable of reproducing continuous daily flows based on limited flow data as is the case in the UOC watershed.     

汽车整车腐蚀试验主观评价方法的探讨

本本文介绍汽车整车道路腐蚀试验、整车腐蚀试验中评价方法的选择,主要探讨整车腐蚀评价体系中主观评价的几大要素。     

自然通风热老化试验箱换气量不确定度评定

自然通风热老化试验箱(以下简称老化试验箱)主要用于电线电缆的热老化性能测试试验。而需要对箱体性能进行评估的多为老化试验箱的生产厂、电线电缆生产厂的产品检验实验室和开展相关项目的检测机构等公司和部门。温度参数和换气量参数是老化试验箱计量的主要项目,其测量结果的准确程度将直接影响对箱体性能的评估,分析并计算出了换气量测量结果扩展不确定度,对换气量参数的测量结果的可信赖程度具有参考意义。     

基于腐蚀损伤表征参数的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展修正模型

服役环境中的腐蚀介质会在铝合金表面形成以腐蚀坑为代表的典型点蚀形貌。在疲劳载荷作用下,这些腐蚀坑会有助于裂纹的萌生,加速并影响其扩展行为,威胁结构安全。考虑腐蚀坑的影响,建立了一个基于腐蚀损伤表征参数的线弹性裂纹扩展表征模型。利用航空结构中常见承力构件所采用的LD2铝合金进行验证性实验。结果表明,所建立的模型能够反映出腐蚀损伤对于裂纹扩展行为的影响,对于铝合金构件的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测和损伤容限评估具有参考价值。     

INNOVATING ‘DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION’ THEORY: INNOVATION CHARACTERISTICS AND THE INTENTION OF UTILITY COMPANIES TO ADOPT ENERGY CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS

The main purpose of the study presented here was to assess the capacity of the innovation attributes proposed in Rogers' diffusion theory (1995) to predict the intention to adopt energy conservation interventions. It also provided a first test of some refinements to Rogers' theory, proposed by Darley and Beniger (1981). Furthermore, as an elaboration of diffusion theory, this study examined whether the assessment of innovation attributes is a stepwise process. Questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. Results indicate that perceived compatibility is a general and important predictor of the intention to adopt energy conservation interventions. Support was found for some of the refinements to diffusion theory proposed by Darley and Beniger (1981). Moreover, the study partly confirmed the idea that the evaluation of an innovation on its attributes is a stepwise process. For two of the four energy conservation interventions it was found that the intervention was first of all judged on its advantage. If the perceived advantage was minor, a potential adopter often decided to reject an innovation solely on the basis of this assessment. If the perceived advantage was high, the evaluation process usually continued; perceived compatibility then became the second evaluation criterion. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Growth of the Decision Tree: Advances in Bottom‐Up Climate Change Risk Management

There has recently been a return in climate change risk management practice to bottom‐up, robustness‐based planning paradigms introduced 40 years ago. The World Bank's decision tree framework (DTF) for “confronting climate uncertainty” is one incarnation of those paradigms. In order to better represent the state of the art in climate change risk assessment and evaluation techniques, this paper proposes: (1) an update to the DTF, replacing its “climate change stress test” with a multidimensional stress test; and (2) the addition of a Bayesian network framework that represents joint probabilistic behavior of uncertain parameters as sensitivity factors to aid in the weighting of scenarios of concern (the combination of conditions under which a water system fails to meet its performance targets). Using the updated DTF, water system planners and project managers would be better able to understand the relative magnitudes of the varied risks they face, and target investments in adaptation measures to best reduce their vulnerabilities to change. Next steps for the DTF include enhancements in: modeling of extreme event risks; coupling of human‐hydrologic systems; integration of surface water and groundwater systems; the generation of tradeoffs between economic, social, and ecological factors; incorporation of water quality considerations; and interactive data visualization.