关于赴省外学习火电水泥企业降氮脱硝技术的考察报告

氮氧化物是生成臭氧的重要前体物之一,也是形成区域细颗粒物污染和灰霾天气的重要因素。控制氮氧化物排放,有助于解决二氧化氮、臭氧、灰霾、水体富营养化和酸沉降等问题。实施火电、水泥企业脱硝工程是实现氮氧化物减排的重要途径,为加快推进青海省燃煤电厂、钢铁企业、水泥企业实施低氮燃烧技术改造和脱硝及烧结机脱硫工程建设,确保完成＂十二五＂氮氧化物减排任务,省环保厅2011年底组织相关人员赴省外就火电水泥企业降氮脱硝技术进行学习考察并形成报告。现予刊载,供参考。     

重庆市基于排放绩效的火电行业二氧化硫总量控制研究

本文介绍了排放绩效及排放绩效方法在火电行业二氧化硫总量控制方面的应用，并对重庆市火电机组及其二氧化硫排放状况进行了全面调查，根据重庆市二氧化硫污染防治的需要制定了各时段机组“十一五”期间的排放绩效控制标准，利用排放绩效方法测算了重庆市火电行业二氧化硫总量控制目标，提出了总量配额分配方法。     

排污总量控制指标分配方法的探讨

实施排污总量控制是我国一项重要的环境管理制度,总量分配是实施该项制度的关键环节,实现排污总量控制指标分配的法律有效性、可操作性和权威性需要遵循排污总量控制目标和分配范围的特定性原则、总量指标的无偿分配和限制性有偿使用原则和体现公开、公平、公正原则。     

我国火电行业NO_X总量控制潜力分析及政策展望

分析了我国火电行业NOX的排放控制情况及相关政策,表明我国火电行业NOX总量控制具有较大的潜力,通过对目前常用的几种NOX控制技术进行技术经济分析,为不同火电厂选择恰当的脱硝技术提供依据,并对我国目前火电行业NOX总量控制的政策进行了分析及展望。     

火电厂二氧化硫及氮氧化物的总量控制

总结了我国火电厂二氧化硫及氮氧化物总量控制的现状和问题，提出了改进总量控制的对策建议。     

环境影响评价工作中的总量控制方法

一、实施总量控制的内涵与原则传统意义上的总量控制可分为：容量总量控制、目标总量控制、行业总量控制。容量总量控制是以水质标准为控制基点,以污染源可控性、环境目标可达性两个方面进行总量控制负荷分配;目标总量控制是以排放限制为控制基点,从污染源可控性研究人手,进行总量控制负荷分配;行业总量控制是以能源、资源合理利用为控制基点,从最佳生产工艺和实用处理技术两个方面进行总量控制负荷分配。总量控制的核心是污染负荷的分配,根据污染源的特征,在控制区域内不均等地分配环境容量资源。在一个区拉内实行污染物排放总量控…     

建立常态化的雾霾治理机制

由重化工行业的落后产能和过剩产能导致的产业结构不合理是我国大气污染的根本原因。必须对电力、钢铁、水泥、化工产业等高污染的重化工业进行重点治理,通过严格的总量控制方法来实现二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放总量控制目标,从而实现产业结构的调整。在短期内,强制淘汰重化工业的落后产能是污染物减排的行之有效的方法。然而在长期内,单纯命令—控制的环境规制方式则会缺乏效率。为此,需要借鉴发达国家的经验,首先在电力行业的二氧化硫和氮氧化物的减排中引入市场机制,大力推进全国性的排放权交易市场建设。     

燃煤超临界发电机组氮氧化物优化工艺控制技术的应用研究

在我国现有的火电机组中,燃煤机组约占93%,燃煤造成的大气环境污染已成为制约我国国民经济和社会可持续发展的一个重要影响因素,氮氧化物作为燃煤发电机组排放的主要污染物之一,减少和控制其排放已刻不容缓。     

区域大气污染总量控制的渐进方法

对污染物实施总量控制是我国当前和今后污染控制和管理的方向。本文对区域大气污染总量控制的一般方法进行了讨论。考虑到污染控制成本和公平性要求 ,采用浓度控制与总量相结合的循序渐进方法 ,并提出了促进环境与经济协调发展的总量控制负荷优化分配模型 ,以期对各地总量控制的实施提供参考和借鉴     

超低排放背景下煤电机组氨管控存在的问题及对策探析

近年来,我国大气污染防治成效显著,煤电机组超低排放政策实施对此做出了突出贡献。氮氧化物是煤电机组超低排放中的重要控制指标之一。然而,受现有氮氧化物排放监测和喷氨控制技术的精度、反馈时效等因素的限制,为提高脱硝效率保证性,电厂在实际运行中存在过量喷氨现象,未完全反应的氨进入大气后可能造成二次颗粒物增加。针对这一现象,本文回顾了我国火电行业氮氧化物排放标准和治理措施的演化及实施效果,对煤电机组氨排放现状和存在的问题进行了深入分析,提出在推进氮氧化物超低排放过程中应开展脱硝过量喷氨现状调研,鼓励企业开展脱硝系统优化,加强复杂烟气环境下氨监测技术研发,完善脱硝氨逃逸日常环境监管,推动氨排放全生命周期转化规律基础研究和大气环境效应评估,进一步提升煤电机组超低排放政策实施的综合环境效益,也对其他行业超低排放政策推进起到示范作用。     

The Concepts of Energy,Environment, and Cost for Process Design

Abstract

The process industries (specifically, energy and chemicals) are characterized by a variety of reactors and reactions to bring about successful process operations. The design of energy-related and chemical processes and their evolution is a complex process that determines the competitiveness of these industries, as well as their environmental impact. Thus, we have developed an Enviro-Energy Concept designed to facilitate sustainable industrial development. The Complete Onion Model represents a complete methodology for chemical process design and illustrates all of the requirements to achieve the best possible design within the accepted environmental standards. Currently, NOx emissions from industrial processes continue to receive maximum attention, therefore the issue problem of NOx emissions from industrial sources such as power stations and nitric acid plants is considered. The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is one of the most promising and effective commercial technologies. It is considered the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) for NOx reduction. The solution of NOx Emissions problem is either through modifying the chemical process design and/or installing an end-of-pipe technology. The degree of integration between the process design and the installed technology plays a critical role in the capital cost evaluation. Therefore, integrating process units and then optimizing the design has a vital effect on the total cost. Both the environmental regulations and the cost evaluation are the boundary constraints of the optimum solution.     

A fresh look at the benefits and costs of the US acid rain program

The US Acid Rain Program (Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments) has achieved substantial reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from power plants in the United States. We compare new estimates of the benefits and costs of Title IV to those made in 1990. Important changes in our understanding of and ability to quantify the benefits of Title IV have occurred. Benefits to human health now take a much higher profile because the contribution of SO2 and NOx emissions to the formation of fine particulate (PM2.5) is substantial, and evidence of the harmful human health effects of PM2.5 has emerged in the last 15 years. New estimates of the health benefits of PM2.5 reductions are the largest category of quantified health and environmental benefits and total over 100 billion US dollars annually for 2010 when the program is expected to be fully implemented. Although important uncertainties exist in any specific estimate of the benefits, even if the estimates were calculated using more limiting assumptions and interpretations of the literature they would still substantially exceed the costs. Estimates of annualized costs for 2010 are about 3 billion US dollars, which is less than half of what was estimated in 1990. Research since 1990 also suggests that environmental problems associated with acid deposition and nitrogen deposition are more challenging to resolve than originally thought and will require larger reductions in emissions to reverse. The greater than expected benefits to human health, the greater vulnerability of natural resources and ecosystems, and the lower than expected costs all point to the conclusion that further reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions from power plants beyond those currently required by Title IV are warranted.     

Estimation of the shadow prices of pollutants with production/environment inefficiency taken into account: a nonparametric directional distance function approach

This paper deals with the estimation of the shadow prices of pollutants with a nonparametric directional distance function approach, where the inefficiency involved in the production process is taken into account unlike the previous studies. The directional vector, which is critical to the estimation and subject to the criterion for an appropriate efficiency rule proposed here, is calculated by using the annual plans of power plants in terms of production and environment. In the empirical study for Korea's electric power industry during the period of 1990-1995, we find that the average shadow prices of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and total suspended particulates (TSP) are approximately 10% lower than those calculated under the assumption of full efficiency. The methodology we propose and the findings obtained in the empirical study allow us to undertake better decision-making over a broad range of environmental policy issues.     

分段控制江水污染治理系数的最优解

本文根据（环境科学概论）的水质基本方程，对江水分段水质管理提出数学模型，用线性规划和最优化方法提出控制江水污染的决策措施，我们可以根据这些数据有计划地提出治理方案，使江水水质符合国家标准，同时使资金投入最省。     

重碳酸型地下水矿化度测定方法的探讨——以洛阳市浅层地下水为例

矿化度是地下水化学成份测定的重要指标，在环境监测中，用重量法测定矿化度是目前普遍采用的方法。其缺点主要为费时，繁琐，耗电。本文通过测定洛阳市地下水的电导率，分析对比电导率与矿化度的关联，并进一步用回归方程确定电导率与矿化度之间的数量关系，探索出用电导率法间接测定地下水矿化度，具有快速，经济，准确的优点。     

固定源NO_x排放控制技术研究进展

有效控制固定源NOx排放是解决我国NOx污染的关键之一。本文论述了各种烟气脱硝技术的特点,主要讨论了其中应用最为广泛的NH3-SCR技术的研究进展,包括反应动力学、反应机理以及NH3-SCR的金属氧化物催化剂、分子筛类催化剂和碳基催化剂的研究现状。     

水泥脱硝综合评估分析——以四川省某水泥企业为例

在分析四川省某水泥企业两条新型干法生产线分别采用低氮燃烧技术、SNCR烟气脱硝工程技术特点的基础上,评估了综合采用控制NO X措施后的运行效果,脱硝的经济技术可行性,并从NO X控制技术、环境管理、环境标准以及环境经济等方面提出相关的配套政策建议。     

浅论新疆开发区的管理状况及其保护对策

文章主要对新疆各类开发区目前的环境管理状况及存在的问题作了分析,提出推动开发区区域环境规划或加强环境影响评价的对策.明确开发区环境保护的总体要求,合理规划开发区内外的总体布局,加强开发区的环境监督管理,建立跟踪监测制度,采取有效手段推进环保设施建设.控制开发区污染物总量的排放和加强开发区的生态环境建设,落实事故风险防范和应急措施,从而更有效地为开发区的企业提供服务.     

土地利用总体规划的环境影响评价指标体系研究

科学合理的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价指标体系既可提高规划的科学性,又可为新一轮规划的修编提供科学依据。运用系统分析法、归纳演绎法、专家咨询法等方法研究建立土地利用总体规划的环境影响评价指标体系,初步将其构建为目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次,包括社会指标、环境指标及资源指标。     

基于杂多酸修饰电极NOx传感器的制备与应用

氮氧化物NOx是一类重要的环境污染物,对其进行监测十分必要。通过电化学方法制备了金钼杂多酸薄膜修饰电极,研究了该电极的电化学行为及其对酸性水溶液中NOx的电催化作用。结果表明,在5．0×10^-4-1．6×10^-2moL／L范围内NOx浓度与其氧化峰电流之间呈线性关系,检出限可达8．0×10^-5mol／L,满足环境水样中NOx的检测要求。