环境有效微生物菌剂治理蓝藻水华研究

在北京市延庆县妫水现场围隔水体中,通过投加由芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和沼泽红假单胞菌组成的环境有效微生物菌剂(EM菌剂)治理蓝藻水华污染的效果进行了研究。实验结果表明:与对照相比,投加EM菌剂不仅可以快速降低蓝藻数量,使蓝藻生物量减少55%以上,而且能够迅速降低水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、总氮和磷酸盐浓度并维持在较低水平波动,从而降低了形成蓝藻水华所需要的氮和磷营养元素,因此控制了蓝藻水华的发展,具有重要的应用价值。     

新型除磷剂应用于滇池富营养化水体的试验研究

对新型除磷剂应用于滇池富营养化水体的污染治理进行了相关的试验研究。小试及现场扩大试验表明:新型除磷剂能有效去除滇池水体中的磷,对磷酸盐的去除率可达94.7%,对总磷的去除率可达85%,同时对水体中的其他污染物也具有一定的去处效果。经新型除磷剂处理后的富营养化水体的透明度有明显上升,水体中的藻类降低明显。同时,新型除磷剂的底泥覆盖作用有效地防止了底泥中的污染物重新释放到水体中造成二次污染问题。     

磷营养控制与藻存量削减对蓝藻水华的阻遏

通过原位实验比较了磷营养控制和藻存量削减2种方法对小型富营养化水体蓝藻水华形成早期的影响,测定了水体藻类群落结构、光合系统活性、水温、氮磷等参数的变化。结果显示:对照组水体藻类生物量从7.87 mg/L上升至14.25 mg/L,蓝藻在藻类生物量中所占比例由20%升高至40.8%,实验后期水体表面出现蓝藻局部堆积;磷营养控制组(添加钙盐)藻类生物量保持在7.53⁹.18 mg/L范围,蓝藻所占比例低于30%,后期水华控制效果明显;施用除藻剂(铜盐)可使藻类生物量迅速下降到1.88 mg/L,同时蓝藻所占比例降低至10%以下,但绿藻在后期形成优势,藻类生物量回升并超过对照组。相关性分析表明各组藻类生物量的主要限制因子分别为水温(对照)、总磷浓度(磷营养控制)和铜离子浓度(藻存量削减)。总体而言,2种方法均在水华形成早期对小型富营养化水体的蓝藻水华起到了阻遏作用。     

鱼类养殖对水体磷酸盐的影响：源、汇的半现场实验例证

设置4个温度水平（16℃,20℃,23℃和26℃）和3个投喂水平（1%,2%和饱食水平）,在类养殖场条件下饲喂许氏平鲉,研究其对水体磷酸盐浓度的影响.结果表明,在所有温度、投喂水平下,水体的磷酸盐浓度均有升、降.从物质平衡角度看,养殖鱼类是水体磷酸盐的源,但又不是单纯的源,因鱼粪和残饵等微粒的吸附作用,养殖鱼类有可能成为水体磷酸盐的汇。因此在评价鱼类养殖的环境容量时,慎用活性磷酸盐磷这个指标。此外,进行鱼类养殖环境影响评价时,应加强颗粒物的监测;为降低水体的磷负荷,磷酸盐和水体颗粒物质均应是生态调控的对象。     

城市内河蓝藻复苏和生长规律研究

主要探讨城市化对城市内河蓝藻复苏和生长的影响。这些影响包括河流中营养物的升高、高等水生植物的灭绝、河水所受光照强度的变化以及由河水滞流带来的水体复氧效率降低对内河中蓝藻爆发条件的影响。通过实验我们发现金鱼藻与水网藻的存在可以在一定程度上抑制蓝藻的生长,金鱼藻的效果比水网藻更明显。适宜的光照是蓝藻大量生长的条件。对水体进行曝气复氧可以抑制蓝藻的生长。     

低温下不同钝化剂抑制底泥磷释放的性能研究

对比研究了5℃水温条件下,3种钝化剂(锁磷剂、硫酸铝和聚铝)抑制滇池重污染底泥磷释放效果的影响。滇池冬季水温在5℃上下浮动,因此5℃部分代表滇池冬季水温条件。结果表明,随着时间的推移,上覆水磷浓度增加,底泥磷释放速度减缓。3种钝化剂中,锁磷剂在抑制沉积物磷释放,及捕捉上覆水中含磷颗粒方面,较硫酸铝、聚铝表现出更优的效果:锁磷剂对TP/DTP释放抑制率比硫酸铝高16.74%,16.93%,比聚铝高9.17%,6.43%。主要原因是:锁磷剂中含有镧化物,可与磷酸根生成溶解度极低的磷酸镧沉淀;且其十分稳定,可使磷长期被钝化于沉淀底泥中,不产生二次释放。差异性分析表明,硫酸铝、聚铝和锁磷剂对TP及DTP释放抑制效果没有差异(P0.05)。经济比较分析:在同等工程量的前提下,达到相同的沉积物磷释放抑制效果锁磷剂经济效益最佳,锁磷剂所需费用为硫酸铝的71.74%,为聚铝的44.44%。     

洱海植物絮凝剂除藻试验初探

从仙人掌、芦荟、砂蒿子等不同植物中筛选出对蓝藻絮凝效果较好、无毒的辣木种子作为蓝藻絮凝剂。实验研究表明Na Cl水溶液浸泡的辣木种子水溶液和PAM(高分子)溶液以1∶2配比时,蓝藻絮凝效果最佳、浊度降低最为明显;对水体pH基本无影响;对水体COD、TN、TP均无明显影响。该技术与人工打捞技术结合起来,可以更有效地去除蓝藻,最大限度地抑制蓝藻的暴发,如要在洱海水域试验,需有围堰拦截措施阻止水体交换。     

化学法抑制内源磷释放工程应用及研究进展

水体富营养化导致的蓝藻暴发、水体浑浊、水质变差已成为一个全球性的问题。在切断外源负荷的情况下,抑制内源磷释放成为降低水体磷负荷和抑制水体富营养化的关键。与异位处理技术相比,原位化学钝化由于操作简便、成本低、对生态影响小而备受关注。常用的化学试剂大致可以分为4类:钙盐、铁盐、铝盐和镧修饰膨润土,文章综述了各类化学试剂在国内外工程化应用和研究进展,并对未来发展提出展望,以期为湖泊修复工程实施提供科学依据和技术指导。     

氢氧化镁对水体内源磷释放的控制作用

本研究首先通过批量实验考察了氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,再通过底泥模拟释放实验考察了氢氧化镁覆盖和添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体释放的效果及机制.结果表明,氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐具有良好的吸附能力,其投加量的增加有利于水中磷酸盐被其所吸附去除,与Langmuir模型相比,其对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为更适合采用Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevitch(D-R)模型加以描述.氢氧化镁覆盖可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,使得上覆水中SRP浓度处于较低的水平,即使覆盖层的结构完整性受到扰动破坏而导致覆盖材料与表层底泥的混合,氢氧化镁仍然可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放.氢氧化镁覆盖和添加均可以有效地降低最上层(0～10 mm)底泥间隙水中SRP的浓度,这对于其覆盖和添加有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放是至关重要的.人工合成的氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能优于商业购买的氢氧化镁,前者控制水体内源磷向上覆水体释放的效果也优于后者.以上结果显示,氢氧化镁是一种有希望用于控制水体底泥内源磷释放的活性覆盖和改良材料.     

碳素纤维对富营养化水体的水质改善与对藻类群落结构的影响

以北京朝阳区清河水为原水,开展碳素纤维生物修复试验,考察生物膜从形成到成熟及处理过程中碳素纤维外观、生物相结构、氮磷浓度及藻类群落结构的变化. 结果表明,碳素纤维在3 d内挂膜成功且生物相丰富,说明其生物亲和性强,吸附性能好. 碳素纤维生物膜对氮、磷具有较好的去除效果,TN、TP、NH₄+-N去除率分别达40%、60%、98%,其中对氮、磷的去除以吸附水体中颗粒态污染物为主. 碳素纤维生物膜对富营养化水体藻类的增殖有明显的抑制作用,尤其对蓝藻的抑制作用显著,藻类总密度和蓝藻密度达到最大值的时间与对照组相比延迟6 d,且藻类总密度及蓝藻密度都低于对照组. 碳素纤维生物膜还影响水体中的藻类群落结构,试验期间水体中以硅藻为主,蓝藻所占比例平均为22.4%,而对照组中以蓝绿藻占优,蓝藻平均所占比例高达47.2%.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.