环境质量评价与环境监测

环境质量分析与评价X82200703432岩溶含水系统抗污染性能评价方法研究/邢立亭(济南大学城市发展学院)…∥环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2007,27(3).-501~508环图X-9为评价岩溶含水系统抗污染性能,依据影响济南裂隙岩溶水系统抗污染性能众多因子的对比计算,提出在潜水区以地下水位埋深、富水性、土壤类型、地形、包气带介质、补给量为因子建立评价潜水区含水系统抗污染能力的DWSTIR指标体系,对于承压区以承压含水层埋深、隔水顶板岩性、隔水层厚度和水力传导系数为因子建立评价承压含水层系统抗污染能力的DCAT指标体系.依据各…     

滨海平原含水层顶板埋深对水质的影响研究——以盐城第Ⅲ承压含水层为例

基于盐城滨海平原水文地质分区内部水文地质钻孔数据及2005~2014年水质因子监测数据,综合运用GIS及ANOVA等方法,研究了实验样区第Ⅲ承压含水层孔隙地下水的水质在时空维度上对含水层顶板埋深变化的响应特征,分析了地下水质动态演变规律,并对研究区地下水管理与保护提出了建议.研究结果表明:该区第Ⅲ承压含水层顶板埋深大多位于-118.9m~-85.45m之间;由于不同埋深的地下水所处的水文地质条件及开采利用状态差异,地下水典型水质因子含量与含水层顶板埋深因素之间呈现出一定相关性:矿化度、总碱度和细菌总数3种因子与埋深的关联强度最高(相关度分别为69.67%、75.76%和58.09%),总硬度因子的关联强度处于中等水平(49.18%);高锰酸钾指数受埋深影响较小(35.27%);同时还发现,在不同埋深分级区间各因子与埋深的关联强度差异明显,表现出不同的动态演变特征.     

关于高矿化度矿井水对生态环境的影响及防治对策

1 矿区概况 永夏矿区属华北晚古生界聚煤区,含煤地层主要为石炭二迭系。 区内地下水发育,按其岩性、地质年代及富水性,可分为第四系孔隙潜水、第三系孔隙承压力、上二迭裂隙承压水、上石炭系岩溶高承压水及奥陶系岩溶高承压水等五个含水层。第四系浅层地下水分布广泛,沉积稳定,富水性较强,渗透性能好。水位埋     

深基坑降水对周边建筑环境影响的研究

使用传统模型研究深基坑降水对周边建筑环境影响时研究分析效果差。为此对深基坑降水对周边建筑环境的影响进行研究。引入持水重度、相关密度指标、给水度等概念,计算土层持水密度;采用分层总和法,将周边建筑环境土层分为潜水含水层、承压含水层、隔水层、半承压含水系统四部分,代入计算出的土层持水密度,分析土层应力增量;在土层应力增量分析的基础上,运用FLAC方法计算基坑降水引起的地面沉降程度,实现深基坑降水对周边建筑环境影响的研究,完成影响研究模型的设计。     

基于改进DRASTIC和AHP对尉氏县地下水防污性能评价

为了解尉氏县中心城区地下水防污性能,根据自然地理和地质条件,在DRASTIC模型的基础上,选取地下水埋深、渗流带介质类型、含水层介质类型、含水层富水性和土壤介质类型,并用层次分析法(AHP)确定权重,提出了一种改进的地下水防污性能评价模型——DASIY模型。借助于Mapgis技术的空间分析功能,对该地区浅层地下水系统防污性能进行了分区评价。结果表明,防污性能差及较差区主要分布于现代黄河冲积平原区,防污性好及中等区分布于古黄河冲积平原区。浅层地下水系统防污性能评价结果可为当地政府管理部门制定城市规划、地下水资源保护以及工业布局提供决策参考。     

基于DRASTIC的丽水市地下水防污性能评价

地下水防污性能反映地下水系统遭受污染的可能性,可以为土地利用规划、地下水资源保护规划、地下水水质监测等提供科学依据。此论文结合丽水市的水文地质条件,对DRASTIC评价模型进行了改善,建立了符合丽水市的DRAMTIC评价模型。该模型由大气降雨入渗补给量、地下水埋深、包气带介质、水力传导系数、含水层厚度、地下水开采强度、地形坡度等7个因子组成,以乡镇单元等为界线划分不规则评价单元,评分体系由单因子区域分布规律确定,采用主成分—因子分析法分析各因子的权重体系;利用差分法对各因子加权叠加的综合指数进行等级划分,应用GIS技术得到丽水市地下水防污性能评价图。该模型的评价结果客观科学,能有效的为规划部门及地下水资源管理部门服务。     

贵州地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价—以易家寨灰场为例

贵州地区岩溶发育强烈,地下水环境脆弱。实际工作中进行地下水污染风险评价是可持续发展的重要举措。从地下水保护的角度出发,以贵州西南部某煤电一体化电厂灰场的地下水污染风险评价为例,系统收集了该地区地下水位埋深、含水层介质类型、包气带介质类型、植被分布、污染途径和功能用途等资料。针对贵州特殊岩溶地下水特征及灰场灰渣对地下水环境的影响,建立岩溶地区灰场的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,经权重叠加运算得风险性评价结果,从而确定其风险性。实例结果表明该灰场的风险性评价结果为2.7295,风险性低。将层次分析法应用于灰场地下水风险评价为岩溶发育地区的灰场选址和地下水防渗提供参考。     

基于井口涌水量变化类型判断岩溶含水层厚度

针对含水相对均匀的溶洞-裂隙水含水岩组,为判断岩溶含水层厚度,通过对空气潜孔锤钻进工艺施工钻孔井口涌水量变化进行分析,结果发现:利用该工艺施工的钻孔井口涌水量一般会出现稳定型、降低型和增长型三种变化类型;井口涌水量变化类型反映了岩溶含水层是空间尺度上发育的垂向地下水系统,具有分层特征,其厚度与碳酸盐岩岩溶化程度的不均一性耦合,体现了碳酸盐岩岩体内不同空隙的发育规模、密度及其相互间的联系程度;明确了地下水埋深状况以及含水层的构成条件。故采用空气潜孔锤钻进工艺施工的钻孔,在非干孔情形下,可以利用井口涌水量的变化类型判断岩溶含水层厚度。     

郑州市中心城区浅层地下水脆弱性评价

为查明郑州市中心城区浅层地下水系统脆弱性,开展环境地质调查,分析研究区包气带介质类型、地下水位埋深和含水层渗透系数等影响地下水系统脆弱性的评价因子,采用DRASTIC模型与MapGIS软件的空间分析功能对研究区地下水系统脆弱性进行综合评价.结果显示,地下水脆弱性低区主要分布在西南及西北部黄土丘陵区;地下水脆弱性高及较高...     

滇东南岩溶山区地下水脆弱性评价模型DRIVALE及应用研究

以滇东南岩溶山区的砚山县为研究区,构建地下水脆弱性评价模型(DRIVALE),对研究区的地下水环境脆弱性进行评价。DRIVALE模型选用地下水位埋深、表层岩溶、渗透条件、植被覆盖、含水层介质、土地利用和地下水富水性7个因子作为评价指标,运用层次分析法计算各项因子的权重。研究模型使用矢量数据结合遥感影像,采用栅格数据的加权总和方法,运用Arc GIS软件叠加分析功能中的加权总和对各因子进行加权总和分析,评价出研究区的地下水脆弱性。对评价结果进行分级,将砚山县地下水脆弱性分为高度脆弱区、较高脆弱区、中等脆弱区、一般脆弱区和潜在脆弱区5个等级。研究结果表明:(1)砚山县地下水脆弱性普遍较高,受地下水本身的地质条件与自然环境属性的影响较大;(2)运用栅格数据评价地下水脆弱性,评价结果较为精准,但结果较为离散,不便于分区化管理;(3)DRIVALE模型充分考虑了影响地下水脆弱性的地质与自然环境条件等多方面因素,具有广泛适用于滇东南岩溶山区地下水脆弱性评价的潜在性。     

浅谈企业防污绿化

本世纪五十年代以来，对企业绿色赋有防污的要求，本文地防污绿化的概念及要求进行了论述，为工矿的绿化工作提供了科学依据。     

修造船企业防污染管理浅谈

随着我国修造船企业数量的增加,修造船企业排放的废水污染物、废气污染物和固体废物日益增多,给海洋与江河环境造成了不同程度的影响,对海洋生态环境产生威胁,也危害到人类健康,因此降低修造船企业污染物排放的环境影响,做好企业防污染管理工作的重要性日益凸显出来。就国内修造船企业防污染管理现状,对修造船企业的污染物排放情况进行了阐述,对污染隐患进行了分析,并就修造船企业防污染管理问题提出了几点建议。     

含铬废渣的综合利用途径研究

铬渣的综合治理对保护生态环境具有重要意义，本文从铬渣的污染方式和解毒机理出发，分析了铬渣的综合处理方法，并针对我国菱美矿资源丰富的特点，提出用铬渣与轻烧氧化镁合成有实用价值的高级镁质耐火材料，该工艺具有处理铬渣能力大，解毒效果好、工艺操作简单的特点。     

文南油田注水管线防污染清洗技术研究

针对文南油田注水管线内壁结垢对油田注水的危害,以及管线清洗过程中存在的环境污染和硫化氢中毒问题,分析消除硫化氢的反应机理,研究抑硫清洗剂,改进管线清洗工艺,开发注水管线防污染清洗技术,在推广应用中取得了较好的环保效果。     

基于Mapgis和AHP的DRASTIC模型在黄山市中心城区地下水防污性能评价中的应用

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,黄山市中心城区浅层地下水多数受到了不同程度的污染。本文选取了地下水位埋深、净补给量、含水层渗透系数、地形坡度、含水层介质、土壤介质及非饱和带介质7个指标,用层次分析法确定权重,建立了黄山市中心城区地下水易污性评价DRASTIC指标体系。借助于Mapgis技术的空间分析及制图功能,对该地区浅层地下水防污性能进行了评价和分区。评价结果与实测区域地下水质量较好的吻合,说明基于DRASTIC模型的浅层地下水防污性能相关成果在一定程度上可为该地区政府管理部门制定城市规划、工业布局和地下水资源保护提供决策参考。     

小清河底泥污染物释放对西水东调水质的影响研究

采用静态和动态试验方法研究了小清河底泥污染物释放对其水质的影响。研究结果表明：将小清河底泥置于清洁的自来水中，底泥与自来水之间存在着浓度不平衡，底泥污染物发生了静态、动态释放，造成清洁水体污染，使Ⅱ类水质变为劣Ⅴ类水质，不利于西水东调。底泥污染物的释放程度与底泥污染物含量、河水流速、污染物的种类有关。为此，我们提出了防止小清河底泥污染物释放污染水体水质的措施，以解决好底泥污染问题。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.