黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地土壤营养元素空间分布特征

根据植被分布状况,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区核心区新生湿地内由黄河岸边至海滩方向布设两条平行样带,研究土壤营养元素空间分布特征.结果表明,黄河三角洲新生滨海湿地表层土壤中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TOC、TS和TP平均含量分别为419.37mg·kg-1、3.27mg·kg-1、0.87mg·kg-1、3.43g·kg-1、381.27mg·kg-1和500.86mg·kg-1.从黄河岸边至近海光滩区,土壤中TN、NO3--N、TOC和TS含量逐渐升高.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量在剖面上均表现为由表向下逐渐降低的规律.相关分析表明,土壤中TS、NO3--N、TN含量与TOC含量之间存在着极显著的正相关,土壤含盐量和pH是影响土壤中TOC、TS、NO3--N、TN含量和碳氮比大小的主要指标.     

污泥堆肥过程中氮素形态的变化

以污水污泥(SS)为原料,小麦秸秆糠(WSB,粒径小于0.5cm)和小麦秸秆段(WSS,长度约3cm)为调理剂,采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥与自然通风好氧堆肥相结合的堆肥方法进行了为期120d的堆肥化处理,研究了堆肥化过程中各种氮素形态的变化特征.结果表明,在堆肥过程中,2次处理的堆温变化明显呈现出升温期、高温期和降温期3个阶段.在堆肥过程中,处理ss WSB比处理ss WSS的堆体升温快,高温期持续时间长,并且堆体的含水率也高.处理ss WSB和处理ss WSS的pH值分别从初始的8.74和8.06下降为6.69和6.18,TN含量分别从21.16g·kg-1和11.57g·kg-1增加到31.93g·kg-1和28.02g·kg-1,C/N比分别从23.39和22.90下降到15.31和13.75,水溶性总凯氏氮(TKN(w))含量降低幅度分别为70.43%和34.05%,NH -N含量分别从3.43g·kg-1和1.31 g·kgll下降到0.35g·kg-1和0.42g·kg-1并且在2次处理中NH1 ;-N与pH达到最大值的时间相一致.处理SS WSS比处理SS WSB的高温持续时间短,NO-3 -N含量高,含量高,说明控制堆体的高温期持续时间,有利于硝化反应的进行.处理SS WSB和处理SS WSS的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为115.8%和97.52%,说明处理SS WSB的腐熟情况明显优于处理SS WSS.统计分析结果表明,添加不同形态的小麦秸秆作为调理剂对污泥堆肥中pH、NO;.N、GI、含水率、TN、水溶性凯氏氮(TKN(W))和NH 4-N含量变化的影响显著(P<0.05);对C/N比变化的影响不显著(P=0.125);2次处理中NH 4-N的含量对pH的影响均显著(P均为0.027).     

底物含氮量对厨余堆肥氮素转化及其损失的影响研究

采用静态好氧工艺研究了含氮量分别为32.4 g·kg-1、45.3 g·kg-1和58.2g·kg-1的厨余垃圾(N0、N1、N2)与木屑混合堆制时,堆肥过程中不同形态氮的转化及其氮损失规律.结果表明,堆肥中堆体全氮含量呈先升后降趋势,部分有机氮转化为铵氮导致堆体pH升高,在通风和高温的联合作用下,NH3挥发出堆体造成一定的氮损失.随着底物含氮量的增加,NH3挥发速率和氮损失率均呈上升趋势.堆肥结束时N0、N1、N2的堆体全氮含量分别下降了16.4%、26.3%和21.7%,NH3累计挥发量分别为7.0 g·kg-1、9.8 g·kg-1和29.4 g·kg-1,堆肥氮损失率分别为35.0%、49.9%和53.0%.NH3挥发主要集中在高温阶段的中后期,是厨余堆肥氮损失的主要原因.     

镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响

考察了添加氯化镁对猪粪高温堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响.结果表明,高温堆肥结束后,同对照堆体相比(氨气形态的氮素损失量为56.60g),添加镁盐的堆体(氨气形态的氮素损失量为24.25 g)减少了58%的氯气排放量;并且添加镁盐的堆体比对照堆体的总氮(TN)含量高出18%.分级磷的研究结果显示,尽管添加镁盐的堆体与对照堆体的总磷(TP)浓度接近,其中镁盐堆体TP为14.2 g/kg,对照堆体TP为12.0 g/kg,但添加镁盐有助于保留猪粪堆肥中的磷素,其中对照堆体中易溶解态磷占总磷的比例从30%提高到65%,而添加镁盐的堆体易溶解态磷的比例变化不大,保持在30%.添加镁盐的堆体中生成了含有磷酸镁的混合晶体,这可能是易溶解态磷比例减少的主要原因.     

不同通风方式对添加镁盐后猪粪堆肥过程中氮磷保存的影响

考察和比较了2种通风方式对添加氯化镁后猪粪高温堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响.结果表明,高温堆肥阶段结束后,采用间歇通风方式堆体的氨气形态氮素损失量为23.56 g,采用连续通风方式堆体的氨气形态氮素损失量为56.98 g,前者氨气形态氮素损失量仅为后者的41.35%,这导致前者堆料中的总氮(TKN)含量比后者高出9.8％.通风方式对猪粪堆肥过程中的水溶态磷、总磷和分级磷没有显著影响,但间歇通风堆体中易溶解态磷占总磷的比例从27.6％提高到66.5％,连续通风堆体易溶解态磷的从27.3％增加到64.9％.高温堆肥阶段结束后,2个堆体的总磷含量均为17.2 g/kg.2个堆体中都生成了含有镁盐的混合晶体.     

土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对相关参数的影响

为了探明四环素类抗生素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程参数的影响,采用室内好氧堆肥法,以土霉素为四环素类抗生素模式化合物,研究了鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中,不同起始浓度土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对堆体温度、pH、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明:①土霉素在鸡粪堆肥初期(0～10 d)降解较快,随后逐渐减缓.在堆肥开始0～10 d内,添加浓度为25 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最快,去除率达67.43%;添加浓度为75 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最慢,去除率仅为45.91%.土霉素在各堆肥处理中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,其相关系数介于0.911 1～0.991 3.②土霉素对鸡粪堆肥过程具有一定的影响.土霉素处理在一定程度上降低了鸡粪堆肥堆体温度升高的速率,缩短了堆肥高温期的时间.③高浓度(100 mg·kg-1)土霉素处理对鸡粪堆肥过程中pH等指标是有影响的,堆肥第42 d时,堆体pH较对照增加4.58%;堆体TN、WSC分别较对照增加12.62%和49.06%;堆体NH4+-N较对照增加35.30%.④土霉素能够在一定程度上降低鸡粪堆肥堆体的腐熟度.当土霉素初始添加浓度低于50 mg·kg-1时,对腐熟度没有太大影响,而当土霉素初始浓度>50mg·kg-1可以显著降低鸡粪堆肥产品的腐熟度,主要表现为NH4+-N/NO3--N>0.5,GI<80%.结果表明,尽管土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥中可以快速降解,半衰期仅为1.79～4.88 d,但当鸡粪中土霉素浓度高于50 mg·kg-1即会抑制堆肥过程的顺利进行.     

不同通风速率对厌氧残余物沼渣堆肥的影响

以牛粪发酵残余物沼渣为原料,设置不同的通风速率进行堆肥,堆体的通风速率分别是0.2,0.5,0.8L/(min·kg OM),分析堆肥20d过程中物理、化学和腐熟变化的特征,探讨不同通风速率对堆肥特性的影响.结果表明,通风速率为0.2,0.5L/(min·kg OM)的堆体维持高温阶段的时间为5d,而通风速率为0.8L/(min·kg OM)堆体维持高温阶段时间为4d;各堆体OM分解率分别是28.2%,32.9%,30.5%;通风速率对终产品p H值、电导率(EC)影响不大,p H值均能满足堆肥最优p H值,EC均未超过4m S/cm;通风速率为0.2L/(min·kg OM)的堆体终产品的NH4+-N含量超过400mg/kg,各堆体终产品NO_3~--N的含量分别是2545,3146,2735mg/kg;各堆体终产品C/N分别是16.5,14.1,15.6;各堆体终产品GI值分别是92.2%,96.6%,82.7%.通风速率为0.5L/(min·kg OM)堆体E465/E665(E4/E6)最小,其腐殖化程度最高.综合分析,0.5L/(min·kg OM)是沼渣堆肥最为合适的通风速率.     

堆肥通风技术及进展

基于堆肥通风技术在堆肥过程中的重要性,文章系统综述了堆肥的通风方式、通风控制方式、通风速率等方面的国内外研究进展。被动通风方式适于我国农业废弃物的堆肥处理,城市有机垃圾堆肥选择强制通风反应器堆肥系统较为适合。通风控制方式的目的是优化堆肥过程,提高堆肥质量。时间通风控制方式和时间-温度联合通风控制方式得到了最为广泛的应用。通风速率直接关系到堆肥的运行能耗,但由于堆料成分不同和通风设计方法不同,堆肥系统所需的通风量或通风速率差异很大,这造成实践中堆肥系统的能耗差异较大。此外,论述了通风对堆体温度和堆肥中氮磷变化的影响。不同通风方式的堆体温度差异较大,通风会影响堆肥过程的氮、磷转化。     

黄河沉积物磷形态沿程分布特征

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT),分析了黄河干流从源头到渤海整个沿程中21个表层沉积物样品的磷形态沿程变化规律和分布特征,并分析了沉积物中磷的来源和释放潜力.研究结果表明,沉积物中总磷(TP)含量范围在594.4～956.9mg·kg-1,最小值和最大值分别出现在三门峡和兴县.无机磷(IP)含量范围在475.2～944.2mg·kg-1,占TP的81.17%～96.74%.有机磷(OP)含量范围在27.3～108.0mg·kg-1,占TP的3.26%～18.83%.TP分布主要受IP控制.在IP中,钙结合态磷(HCI-P)是主要部分,含量范围在445.6～891.7mg·kg-1,占IP的94.16%～98.81%;铁/铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)含量范围在10.1～37.2 mg·kg-1,仅占IP的1.19%～5.84%.黄河沉积物向上覆水体释放磷的潜力不大.黄河沉积物中NaOH-P含量与活性态(Fe+Al)含量有显著的正相关关系,但玛多和兴海的沉积物具有特殊性.不同地点黄河沉积物的磷形态分布情况与区域磷污染状况及其地质环境条件有关.     

7条环太湖河流沉积物氮含量沿程分布规律

2009年9月采集7条主要环太湖河流沿程37个断面的沉积物样,测定了表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和有机氮(ON)含量,揭示分布特征,旨在为太湖水体富营养化防治提供基础数据.结果表明,这些表层沉积物TN平均1 303.49 mg.kg-1,最大和最小值分别在社渎港和长兜港;NH4+-N和ON的空间分布与TN基本一致,其平均含量分别为221.57 mg.kg-1和1 095.71 mg.kg-1,各沉积物中NO3--N含量较低,均不足TN的1%,平均含量0.79 mg.kg-1.7条河流沉积物整体上以ON为主,NH4+-N为无机氮主要存在形式,多数河流表层沉积物氮含量沿程变化明显.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.