超声波/零价铁协同降解氯苯类化合物的QSPR研究

在同一反应条件下测得超声波/零价铁(US/Fe)协同降解五种氯苯类化合物符合准一级反应,降解速率常数(k)呈现一定的规律性:1,2,4-TCB>M-DCB>P-DCB>O-DCBCB>CB。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立氯苯类化合物定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)的数学模型,模型的主成分分析结果表明:在US/Fe体系中,影响氯苯类有机物降解的主要因素分别是物质的氯取代程度,分子极化率及亨利常数。     

超声波/零价铁协同降解三氯甲烷特性研究

研究三氯甲烷在单独超声(US)、单独零价铁(Fe0)及超声波/零价铁协同体系(US/Fe0)中的降解发现,拟一级动力学能很好地拟合降解过程,协同体系中三氯甲烷一级降解速率常数(K_US/Fe0)为0.010　3 min-1,约为同等条件下零价铁体系所得K_Fe0的3倍,且大于K_Fe0与K_US之和,说明二者之间存在协同效应.考察零价铁投加量〔ρ(Fe0)〕,初始pH,初始三氯甲烷浓度(c₀),超声功率,溶液离子强度等控制参数对三氯甲烷降解速率(K_US/Fe0)的影响,结果表明,其拟一级速率常数分别在ρ(Fe0)为6 g/L,初始pH为6.0,c0为5 mmol/L以及0.5 mol/L　Na₂SO₄当量离子强度下达最大值,并且随着超声功率的增大而增大.      

US/Fenton协同降解苯酚模拟废水

研究了US/Fenton协同作用对水中苯酚的降解效果,探讨了Fenton试剂浓度、H2O2/Fe2 配比、溶液pH值等对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:Fenton试剂投加量的增加对降解反应先促进后抑制;当H2O2/Fe2 配比为40∶1,H2O2投加量为40mmol/L,溶液pH值3.0～7.0时,US/Fenton对苯酚的降解速率最快,反应30min后的降解效率远大于单独US、Fenton试剂氧化处理下的降解效率总和,其表现一级动力学速率常数增强因子可达到2.45,表明US/Fenton联用存在明显的协同效应.     

VUV/US耦合深度处理印染废水尾水的研究

采用真空紫外(VUV)/高频超声(US)耦合深度处理印染废水尾水,以TOC和UV254为污染物指标,比较了不同功率下VUV、US和VUV/US降解印染废水尾水的效果,以确定VUV/US的最佳功率组合;通过批式实验,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、初始pH值对VUV/US降解印染废水尾水效能的影响规律,解释了VUV/US对TOC和UV254的降解动力学.通过分析降解产物,揭示了VUV/US对印染废水尾水中残余难降解有机物的去除机理.结果表明,VUV/US的最佳功率组合为VUV16W、US100W,VUV/US处理印染废水尾水的效果明显优于单独UV和US的情况,存在着协同增效作用,反应120 min后VUV/US对TOC及UV254的去除率分别达到27.68%和93.03%.反应温度、初值pH值对VUV/US处理效果的影响较小.VUV/US降解TOC和UV254的反应动力学分别符合表观二级动力学模型和表观一级动力学模型.VUV/US过程是VUV直接光解、超声空化气泡内的热裂解和羟基自由基的氧化等协同作用,印染废水尾水中以苯系物为代表的难降解物主要通过羟基自由基的氧化作用去除.     

负载型纳米Pd/Fe对氯代烃脱氯机理研究

采用实验室制备的负载型纳米Pd/Fe对几种常见的挥发性氯代烃:四氯乙烯(ICE)、三氯乙烯(TCE)、1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)、氯乙烯(VC)和林丹(γ-HCH)进行了还原脱氯研究.负载型纳米Pd/Fe对PCE、TCE、1,1-DCE、VC和γ-HCH的还原脱氯符合准一级反应动力学方程,其反应速率常数分别为2.79 h-1、2.35 h-1、1.12 h-1、2.14 h-1和4.02 h-1.氯代烃降解过程中几乎没有中间产物生成,终产物主要为C2 H6和C2 H4,如对TCE进行降解时,生成的C2H6和C2 H4分别占总碳质量比的70%和10%.采用暴露在空气中24 h的负载型纳米Pd/Fe对PCE进行脱氯,8次循环后仍能对PCE快速完全降解,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe的稳定性能良好.以γ-HCH为目标污染物对负载型纳米Pd/Fe的反应持久性进行了研究,200 h后负载型纳米Pd/Fe的反应性没有明显降低,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe反应持久性能良好.温度对负载型纳米Pd/Fe的脱氯反应影响较大,测得各氯代烃脱氯反应的活化能均高于29 kJ·mol-1.对PCE、TCE进行了脱氯动力学模拟,模拟结果与试验数据基本吻合,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe对氯代烃的脱氯,是连串、平行及多步骤反应的结合.     

US/UV-Fenton体系处理高浓度罗丹明B特性研究

以罗丹明B为目标污染物,探索US/UV-Fenton体系对高浓度染料的降解规律.首先对比了Fenton、US-Fenton、UV-Fenton以及US/UV-Fenton体系降解RB的效果,通过建立反应动力学方程,发现各体系反应均符合伪一级动力学,进而分析US/UV-Fenton体系之间的协同因子.考察了初始溶液pH值、H₂O₂的投加量、H₂O₂与Fe²⁺摩尔比、反应时间和超声功率5个因素对US/UV-Fenton体系降解污染物的影响.结果表明,在最佳条件下罗丹明B溶液脱色率为99.9%,COD_Cr和TOC去除率分别为91.2%和61.85%,废水可生化性（BOD₅/COD值）由0.277提高至0.503.最后根据反应规律,分析了US/UV-Fenton体系的反应机制,深度探讨了体系之间的协同促进作用.     

超声波/H2O2/CuO协同氧化降解苯酚

以CuO为催化剂,利用超声波(US)、H2O2及US/H2O2降解苯酚模拟废水,考察了多种因素的影响,并对其降解动力学进行了分析.结果表明,CuO催化作用明显;H2O2投加量的增加对降解反应先促进后抑制;溶液pH值先升高后降低,当溶液初始pH值为5.50时,苯酚的降解效果最好.在溶液初始pH值为5.50,CuO加入量为1mg/mL,H2O2投加量为40mmol/L时,US/H2O2/CuO降解苯酚的速率常数(k)为3.04(10-2min-1,明显大于US、US/H2O2、H2O2/CuO处理下的k值(5.25(10-4,2.31(10-3,2.31(10-2min-1),降解过程均符合表观一级反应动力学.     

纳米四氧化三铁对2,4-D的脱氯降解

采用纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),考察了2,4-D初始浓度、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液pH和温度等因素对2,4-D降解率的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D有显著的降解效果,初始浓度为10 mg/L的2,4-D, 48 h内降解率可达48%.纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,反应体系中氯离子浓度随2,4-D浓度降低而升高.LC/MS分析表明,2,4-D降解的主要产物是苯酚,其他中间产物是2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和2-氯苯酚(2-CP).溶液中2,4-D的降解符合准一级反应动力学,产物4-CP、2,4-DCP和苯酚的反应速率常数K分别为0.0043、0.0026和0.0032 h -1.环境条件对降解效率有显著影响,2,4-D初始浓度在0～10 mg/L、纳米Fe3O4投加量0～300 mg/L的范围内,2,4-D降解率随初始浓度和纳米Fe3O4投加量的增加而增大;pH对2,4-D的脱氯降解有显著影响,在pH为3.0时,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的还原脱氯效果最好;温度升高,可以提高脱氯反应速率.     

Fe/Cu催化还原降解饮用水中溴氯乙腈的性能研究

为了降低饮用水在氯消毒过程中产生的消毒副产物(DBPs)溴氯乙腈(BCAN)对人体带来的健康危害,采用Fe/Cu催化还原的方法降解饮用水中低浓度的BCAN,考察了BCAN的降解效果和其影响因素,探讨了其降解机制及动力学规律.结果表明,Fe/Cu具有更强的还原降解BCAN的能力,与零价铁相比,Fe/Cu(质量比为10∶1)的降解效率是其1.5倍.随着Fe/Cu投加量的增加,BCAN的去除率有明显的提高,对于初始浓度为20μg·L-1的BCAN溶液,当Fe/Cu(质量比为10∶1)投加量由5g·L-1增加到10 g·L-1,反应150 min后,去除率由51.1%增加到89.5%.BCAN降解效率随着温度的升高逐渐提高,BCAN初始浓度的变化对Fe/Cu去除BCAN的去除效果影响不大,Fe/Cu降解BCAN符合一级反应动力学规律.     

超声波/Fenton联用对对硝基苯酚的处理

采用超声/Fenton联用技术对水中对硝基苯酚(P-NP)进行处理,探讨了单纯超声(US)、Fenton试剂法、US/Fenton试剂法联用对P-NP的处理效果和影响因素,结果表明,对于浓度为10mg/L的P-NP, 当pH=3、H2O2与Fe2 投加量之比为10:1、H2O2投加量为40mg/L时降解效果最好,通过动力学分析发现US/Fenton试剂法对P-NP的降解具有明显的协同效应.     

Catalytic dechlorination of o-cllorophenol by nanoscale Pd/Fe

Transformation of chlorophenols by nanoscale bimetallic particles represents one of the latest innovative technologies for environmental remediation. Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles were synthesized in the laboratory for treatment of o-chlorophenol. Most of the nanoscale particles are in the size range of 20-100 nm. BET specific surface area of the nanoscale Pd/Fe particles is 12.4 m2/g. In comparison, a commercially available Fe powder( ＜100 mesh) has a specific surface area of just 0.49 m2/g. Batch experiments demonstrated that the nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles can effectively dechlorinate o-chlorophenol. Dechlorination efficiency is affected by the mass fraction of Pd in the bimetal, nanoscale Pd/Fe mass concentration and mixing intensity.     

Catalytic dechlorinafion of o-chlorophenol by nanoscale Pd／Fe

Transformation of chlorophenols by nanoscale bimetallic particles represents one of the latest innovative technologies for environmental remediation. Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles were synthesized in the laboratory for treatment of o-chlorophenol. Most of the nanoscale particles are in the size range of 20-100 nm. BET specific surface area of the nanoscale Pd/Fe particles is 12.4 m2/g. In comparison, a commercially available Fe powder( < 100 mesh) has a specific surface area of just 0.49 m2/g. Batch experiments demonstrated that the nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles can effectively dechlorinate o-chlorophenol. Dechlorination efficiency is affected by the mass fraction of Pd in the bimetal, nanoscale Pd/Fe mass concentration and mixing intensity.     

苯酚类化合物光解量子产率与结构性质的定量关系

采用量子化学PM3算法计算得到的苯酚类化合物的量子化学参数,应用偏最小二乘(PLS)算法,建立了能预测苯酚类化合物光解量子产率(Y)的定量结构-性质关系(QSPR)模型.影响苯酚类化合物光解量子产率的主要因素是分子最高占据轨道能(Ehomo)和分子生成热(HOF),logY值随着Ehomo的增大而增大,随着HOF的增大而减小.分子的电负性和(Ehomo-Ehomo)2对logY值也有一定的影响,电负性和(Ehomo-Ehomo)²较小的分子,其logY值也较大.     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

氯酚类化合物对金鱼的急性和亚急性毒性研究

研究了2-氯酚、2,6-二氯酚,2,3,4-三氯酚、2,3,5,6-四氯酚、五氯酚5种氯酚类化合物对鲤科金鱼(Carassiasauratus)的急性毒性和这5种化合物在1/2LC₅₀,1/4LC₅₀,1/6LC₅₀浓度下对金鱼肝脏中Na₊-K₊-ATP酶的影响变化。结果显示:①氯酚类化合物随氯原子数目在苯环上的增加,其急性毒性增加;②亚急性毒性指标Na₊-K₊-ATP酶对氯酚类化合物比较敏感,是一种较好的生物指示物。并讨论了氯酚类化合物对Na₊-K₊-ATP酶活性产生影响的机制。      

杭州湾南岸海水中的氯酚类化合物的污染特征及生态风险评价

应用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了杭州湾南岸18个站位海水中的19种氯酚(CPs),氯酚总量范围是16.71~2.181104ng/L。从结构上看,杭州湾南岸海水中以低氯代的氯酚为主。运用主成分分析法确定其分布特征和污染情况,可以将氯酚分为高、低含量2组,2-氯酚、4-氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚是主要氯酚污染物。污染程度从高到低依次为镇海余姚慈溪,其中镇海泥螺山、新泓闸海区、慈溪淡水泓近岸和余姚黄家埠的污染较为严重。采用风险商进行生态风险分析,发现杭州湾南岸海水中的氯酚已具有一定程度的环境风险,需要进一步的监测并采取相应措施减少污染。     

厌氧污泥降解氯酚的驯化及其在驯化过程中的降解动力学

以２种厌氧污泥经４种氯酚的实验室半连续投料驯化试验的结果表明，通过氯酚的驯化可以明显地提高厌氧污泥对氯酚的降解活性和降解速率，消除利用氯酚的滞后期；驯化污泥降解活性的高低与原污泥的活性、菌群类型及氯酚的种类等因素有关；添加微生物易利用有机物，有利于获得高效降解氯酚的驯化污泥；并提出了氯酚在厌氧污泥驯化过程中的降解动力学方程。     

氯酚与乙酰胆碱酯酶相互作用的光谱研究

采用荧光光谱法和紫外-可见光谱法研究了2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)及五氯酚(PCP)与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的相互作用,获得了相互作用的Stern-Volmer猝灭常数、结合常数、热力学参数和作用距离.结果表明, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP均可以使AChE内源荧光有规律地猝灭,温度小于303K时,其猝灭机制为静态猝灭. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE的结合过程是受熵驱动的自发过程,作用力为典型的疏水作用力. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子中酪氨酸残基的作用距离分别为1.91,2.00nm, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子的结合常数为104~105L/mol,表明2种氯酚与AChE之间发生了非辐射能量转移,两者形成了稳定的复合物.2,4,6-TCP与AChE的结合作用比PCP与AChE的结合作用强,氯酚分子向AChE分子疏水空腔的结合过程是疏水性效应和空间位阻效应彼此竞争的结果.     

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the degradation of monochlorophenols in aqueous solution

Electron beam was successfully used for the degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous solutions in this research. The effect of radiation dose on substrate degradation and dechlorination of solutions with concentration of 50mg/L was investigated. The effect of initial concentration, pH and presence of oxygen was also investigated. The concentration of 2-CP and 4-CP remaining in solution after irradiation were measured by HPLC. The results showed that increased radiation dose led to increased degradation of the chlorophenols and increased CI^- yield. Deaeration was also found to significantly increase the rate of degradation of chlorphenols in water while degradation and dechlodnation under alkaline condition was lower than at low to neutral pH.