公交柴油车道路排放特征的实测研究初探

利用GPS和SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪测量了上海市公交车行驶工况和公交柴油车在市区道路上的排放状况.该研究共获得193400组公交车行驶工况数据,累计测量里程820 km,排放数据75420个.测量结果显示,上海市公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速为60 km·h-1;市区公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速小于60 km·h-1,市区公交车的怠速时间比在25%以上.被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子为(3.41±0.86)、(1.95±0.47)和(4.56±0.99) g·km-1,与陈长虹等人2005年提供的卡车3和卡车5的排放状况相近.测量结果还显示,被测车辆进出站时单位里程排放量是正常行驶条件下的10倍.此外,在交通高峰期或拥堵期,车行速度降低至0～5 km·h-1时,被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子升高至17.49、6.68和15.85 g·km-1,是平均车速时候的5.13倍、3.4倍和3.48倍,车辆排放污染将明显加剧.测量结果说明,加强城市交通管理,减少车辆拥堵,不仅可以提高公交车运行效率,而且也是降低公交车污染的有效措施.     

轻型柴油车实际道路瞬时排放模拟研究

系统介绍了CMEM模型及其计算原理.以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型的主要输入参数,并计算了车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果,并根据实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证.测试车辆的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放因子为0.81、0.61、2.09和193 g·km-1,相同线路模拟所得的排放因子分别为0.75、0.47、2.47和212 g·km-1,相关系数分别达到0.69、0.69、0.75和0.72.通过模拟发现,轻型柴油车在实际道路微观区域内的排放水平随交通条件和行驶状态波动明显,采用CMEM模型能够较好地反映该车排放随行驶工况的瞬时变化趋势.应用CMEM模拟发现,改善典型交叉口区域的交通条件后,轻型柴油车在模拟区域内的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放量分别削减了50%、47%、45%和44%,排放改善效果显著.从研究结果来看,利用微观尺度模型来分析混合车流在一些典型交通区域的瞬时排放变化是必要的,也是可行的,对于评价道路交通规划的环境效果具有一定的指导意义.     

重型柴油车实际道路油耗与排放模拟及其应用研究

基于实际行驶状态下重型车动力需求和传动系统变化规律,建立了重型柴油车整车的瞬态油耗和排放模拟方法,可实现整车发动机工况及油耗与排放的实时模拟.为验证模型的有效性,利用重型车车载排放测试手段,以柴油公交车为研究案例,模拟并验证了车辆在实际运营线路上的油耗与排放水平.公交车综合线路实测百公里油耗为16.38L,NOx、CO和THC排放因子分别为4.44、3.35、1.96g·km-1,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,其油耗与排放因子与实测值之比均在1.06倍左右.模拟结果显示,实测公交车怠速、NOx控制区及其它区域工况点分别占32.6%、7.1%和60.4%,增加10t负载或提高1.5倍车速可使发动机负荷利用率上升,控制区比例上升至18.4%和18.8%,同时增加负载和提高车速,控制区工况可提高至33.9%.相应地,增加负载或提高车速情景分别使车辆油耗与排放上升至1.5～1.7倍和1.6～1.8倍,同时增加负载和提高车速,油耗与排放可增至2.5倍～3.0倍,控制区油耗与排放比例均有大幅度上升.总体上,该模型方法可以为评价和研究重型柴油车在实际道路上的能耗及其排放状况提供新的模拟方法和分析手段.     

重型柴油车污染物排放因子测量的影响因素

为了调查我国重型柴油车排放污染物的基本水平,确定CO、HC、NO_x和颗粒物等污染物的排放因子,利用满足国Ⅲ排放标准的重型柴油车,分别采用PEMS(portable emission measurement system,车载排放测试系统,由便携式SEMTECH-DS型气态污染物排放测量设备和DMM颗粒物排放测量设备组成)及满足法规排放测量要求的重型车整车底盘测功机方法,研究了不同负载(0%、50%、100%及120%)和2种测试工况对重型车排放因子测量的影响. 结果表明:过载(120%负载)下NO_x和颗粒物等排放因子均比零负载下高出近90%;在平均车速较低、怠速时间长的VECC工况下,气态污染物、颗粒物的排放因子比平均车速高、怠速时间短的C-WTVC工况高出30%左右;PEMS系统和重型车底盘测功机系统所测气态污染物排放因子的相关性较好,但DMM颗粒物排放测试设备与重型车整车底盘测功机所测的颗粒物排放因子相差可达50%左右.      

重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

不同行驶工况下轻型柴油车瞬时排放的CMEM模拟对比研究

近年来,我国机动车保有量迅猛增加,标准的行驶工况已难以准确反映机动车在实际道路上的行驶状况。采用CMEM模型研究不同标准工况下车辆排放的差异,旨在为城市交通环境管理与规划提供技术支持。以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型关于柴油机的结构和主要输入参数,并将模拟得到的车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果与实测数据进行了验证。检验结果表明,THC、CO、NOx排放量的相对误差分别为14.2%、3.7%、32.7%,其相关系数分别达到0.73、0.72、0.87,表明CMEM模型能够较好地反映车辆在实际道路上排放的瞬时变化。对车辆在日本10-15工况、欧洲ECE工况、美国FTP城区工况及中国上海城市主干道路况上的排放和燃油经济性进行了计算。CMEM模拟结果发现,污染物排放水平随着车速的提高而下降,特别是超低速段（0～10 km/h）向低速段（10～20 km/h）过渡时,污染物排放水平的变化显著。车辆的加速过程在污染物排放过程中起主导性作用,其对污染物排放的贡献率在30%以上,个别甚至超过了70%。中国上海城市主干道工况的怠速过程对THC和CO的贡献率分别接近40%和30%,其CO排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.3、1.5、1.4倍;THC排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.5、2.1、1.9倍;NOx排放因子分别是欧、美、日的1.2、1.3、1.3倍。模拟车辆在中国上海城市主干道上的燃油经济性最差,仅为9.56 km/L。国外行驶工况不能真实地反映我国机动车在实际道路上的行驶状况。     

重型柴油车道路循环工况下排放特性的仿真分析

柴油车道路工况下NO_x排放和排温的动态特性对柴油机排气后处理系统的工作以及后处理系统控制策略的确定具有重要的影响.根据6114涡轮增压柴油机的万有特性及NO_x和排温的MAP图,仿真分析了道路循环工况下配有6114柴油机的重型柴油车的NO_x排放和排温的动态变化;研究了道路工况、行驶特征、驾驶行为以及柴油车载荷等对柴油车排放的影响规律.研究结果表明,城市道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放的整体水平不高,但变化频繁、剧烈;高速公路道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放整体水平较高,但变化平缓;加速过程,尤其是在高速区对柴油车排放的影响显著;冲动的驾驶方式会显著提高柴油车的排放水平;满载时,柴油车的高排放区将由半载时的高速高加速区向外扩展至其他工况点,高排放区显著增大.     

基于功基窗口法的国六重型柴油车实际道路排放研究

利用便携式排放测试系统(PEMS)对6辆典型国六重型柴油车开展了实际道路排放试验,并利用功基窗口法分析了重型车实际道路CO、NOx和PN排放特性,结果表明:实际行驶过程中重型柴油车排放后处理装置能有效控制CO和PN排放,但NOx排放存在显著不确定性.现行重型国六排放标准规定的功基窗口法在排放评估过程中最高可剔除46.6...     

柴油车加载减速工况烟度排放测试软件开发

依据《柴油车加载减速烟度排放标准》和《柴油车加载减速工况烟度检测计算机控制试验规程》的要求,开发了柴油车加载减速工况烟度排放测试软件。详细介绍了该测试软件的功能和特点。     

重型柴油车PM2.5和碳氢化合物的排放特征

采用车载排放试验对国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ重型柴油车尾气在实际道路排放的PM2.5和碳氢化合物进行样品采集,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术、离子色谱仪和碳质分析仪对PM2.5各组分进行测试分析,采用五气分析仪对HC进行在线分析.结果表明,重型柴油车PM2.5和HC的排放因子分别为(0.22±0.12) g/km和(0.57±0.45) g/km,且排放因子随机动车排放标准的提高呈明显下降趋势.EC和OC是机动车尾气PM2.5的主要组分,分别占总质量百分比的38.87%~42.87%和16.22%~19.96%;水溶性离子中含量较为丰富的组分主要是SO42-、NH4+和NO3-,分别占总PM2.5质量百分比的7.64%~8.85%、2.22%~3.97%、1.91%~2.73%;元素中含量较高的组分为S、Na、Ca、Fe、和Al;PM2.5和HC的排放因子随车速的增加均呈下降趋势.     

DOC+CDPF对国III重型柴油货车实际道路排放的影响

利用便携式车载排放测试系统（PEMS）对2辆加装氧化催化转化器（DOC）和催化型柴油颗粒捕集器（CDPF）与否的国III重型柴油货车进行实际道路排放测试.结果表明,2辆改造重型柴油车的CO、THC、固态颗粒物粒数（SPN）和黑碳（BC）实际道路排放因子分别为（1.31±0.37）g/（kW×h）、（0.20±0.03） g/（kW×h）、（7.13×10¹⁰±5.27×10¹⁰）个/（kW×h）和（0.69±0.06）mg/（kW×h）,相对于原始排放（拆除DOC+CDPF）分别降低52.48%、55.69%、99.91%和99.22%.从低速、中速到高速,CO和THC减排比例呈现上升趋势,然而运行工况对SPN和BC减排比例则无显著影响.加装DOC+CDPF会导致NO₂在NO_x中的占比升高,且从低速、中速到高速涨幅依次增大,但对NO_x无明显减排效益,其排放因子为9.53~9.83g/（kW×h）,远高于实验室排放限值.     

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),gasoline,and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned,due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics.However,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.     

重型车低负荷运行特征及NOx排放特性

利用远程监控数据分析了北京国六重型柴油城市用车在低负荷运行特征和排放特征,并选取了一台满足国六排放标准的6L柴油机,结合发动机在环方法在发动机台架上开展了国六法规循环(WHTC)和加州低负荷循环(LLC)的排放试验,对比分析了低负荷循环下的氮氧化物(NO_x)排放特性。结果表明:国六城市柴油车的低负荷运行时间长,并且低负荷运行阶段NO_x排放占比高。加州构建的LLC循环能够能反映长时间运行在低负荷以及长时间怠速造成排温降低导致NO_x转化效率降低的实际情况。LLC循环下的NO_x排放很高,主要原因是由于排温较低所致。中国也应该根据商用车实际行驶特征,开发低负荷工况来控制低负荷条件下的NO_x排放。但由于车辆载荷对NO_x转化效率和NO_x排放有较大影响,因此开发低负荷工况时,需要考虑载荷设置。     

On-board measurement of particle numbers and their size distribution from a light-duty diesel vehicle: Influences of VSP and altitude

In this study, the particle size-resolved distribution from a China-3 certificated light-duty diesel vehicle was measured by using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). In order to examine the influences of vehicle specific power (VSP) and high-altitude operation, measurements were conducted at 8 constant speeds, which ranged from 10 to 80 km/hr at 10 km/hr intervals, and two different high altitudes, namely 2200 and 3200 m. The results demonstrated that the numbers of particles in all size ranges decreased significantly as VSP increased when the test vehicle was running at lower speeds (< 20 km/hr), while at a moderate speed (between 30 and 60 km/hr), the particle number was statistically insensitive to increase VSP. Under high-speed cruising conditions, the numbers of ultrafine particles and PM_2.5 were insensitive to changes in VSP, but the numbers of nanoparticles and PM₁₀ surged considerably. An increase in the operational altitude of the test vehicle resulted in increased particle number emissions at low and high driving speeds; however, particle numbers obtained at moderate speeds decreased as altitude rose. When the test vehicle was running at moderate speeds, particle numbers measured at the two altitudes were very close, except for comparatively higher number concentrations of nanoparticles measured at 2200 m.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.