Cd对不同形态漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

研究了重金属Cd对游离漆酶和同定化反胶团漆酶修复土壤有机氯农药DDT污染的影响.结果表明.游离漆酶对土壤中DDT各组分均有不同程度降解,且均随着cd浓度的增大而降低,含量越高的组分降解率越高.受到Cd污染的影响也越大(P,P'-DDT>P,P'-DDD>0.P'-DDT>P,P'-DDE);当Cd浓度分别为0、0.5、1和2 mg·kg-1时,游离漆酶对土壤中DDT总量的降解率分别为50.68%、32.50%、14.92%和13.40%.固定化反胶团漆酶比游离漆酶能更有效地降解DDT,DDT降解率在无Cd和有Cd存在时(Cd浓度为0.5 mg·kg-1)分别提高20%和30%左右.     

一株DDT降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

以DDT为目标污染物,通过筛选获得了一株效果稳定的DDT降解菌,并对其进行形态学观察,生理生化特性及16S rRNA测序鉴定.经鉴定,该菌株属于甲基菌属（Methylovorus）,命名为Methylovorus sp. XLL03.菌株在pH值为7,温度30℃,外加碳源浓度0.5%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时生长量最大.在pH值为6,温度30℃下,外加碳源（葡萄糖）浓度0.1%,初始DDT浓度20mg/L时对DDT的降解率最大.在优化条件下,4d后菌株XLL03对DDT最高降解率可达50.4%.利用GC-MS对DDT的降解中间产物进行定性分析,初步推断在菌株XLL03中,DDT最初分别通过脱氯和脱氯化氢生成DDD和DDE,随后DDD和DDE进一步脱氯得到DDMU,最终DDMU开环后又经过一系列反应被彻底矿化.在DDT的代谢过程中,未发现代谢中间产物的积累,表明菌株XLL03在修复受DDT污染的水或土壤中具有一定的应用前景.     

河北水库及湖泊沉积物中DDT农药的残留特征与风险评估

分析了河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中有机氯农药(DDT)的残留特征与生态风险.2004年秋季采集了河北12个水库和2个湖泊的表层沉积物样品,利用GC-ECD测定DDTs农药的含量,在此基础上分析了其残留与组成特征以及生态风险.结果表明:1)河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中DDTs的平均含量为3.328 ng·g-1,其含量范围为1.014～9.022 ng·g-1;并且,不同样品中DDTs的含量的差异较大,变异系数均超过65%.2)临城水库、陡河水库、龙门水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDT/(wDDD wDDE)＞1,表明有新的DDT输入;岗南水库、邱庄水库、黄壁庄水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDD/wDDE＞1,说明DDD降解环境为厌氧条件;其余8个样点wDDD/wDDE＜1,说明DDD降解环境为好氧条件.3)所有样点中DDT、DDD和DDE浓度均低于ERM,并且大部分小于ERL,表明其生态风险大多低于10%;但11个样点的DDTs含量介于ERL和ERM之间,表明其生态风险大多介于10%～50%.     

某林丹生产企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六的残留特征

为了解有机氯农药生产企业搬迁遗留场地土壤的污染状况,于2010年11月对原新乡市某林丹生产企业搬迁遗留场地进行了调研,采用索氏提取-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(SE-GC-ECD)法对其污染土壤中六六六(HCH)进行分析检测.结果表明,在所有采样点位中,六六六的4种异构体的检出率均为100%.0～20 cm表层土壤中六六六的浓度变化具有波动性,总残留量(ΣHCH)范围在0.034 3～19.560 8 mg·kg-1;前后院中心0～80 cm垂向土壤中六六六浓度随土壤深度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,总残留量(ΣHCH)范围在0.031 3～0.294 7 mg·kg-1.通过对污染物的组成分析发现,4种异构体的含量顺序符合β-HCH>δ-HCH>γ-HCH>α-HCH,β-HCH异构体的平均含量在50%左右,远远高于其它异构体的含量,表明该场地并没有新的六六六输入.采用《土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)》对污染场地土壤残留六六六进行风险评价,结果表明,经过十几年的降解,大部分采样点位六六六的污染浓度(67.9%)低于土壤环境质量二级标准0.5 mg·kg-1,处于安全级别,厂区后院西部及东部靠近生产车间的土壤污染仍较为严重,超出土壤环境质量三级标准(1.0 mg·kg-1)1.5～20倍,存在较大的安全隐患和风险.     

武汉某废弃农药厂土壤中DDT及其代谢产物的空间分布特征研究

以武汉某多年生产滴滴涕(DDT)的废弃农药厂为研究对象,通过采集不同深度的土壤样品进行分析,研究了污染场地土壤中DDT及其代谢产物(DDTs,包括p,p′-DDT、o,p-DDT、p,p-DDD、o,p-DDD、p,p′-DDE和o,pDDE)的空间分布特征。结果表明:污染场地不同深度土壤中DDTs的浓度范围为0.01~24 107.29mg/kg,平均值范围为0.93~1 404.97mg/kg;表层土壤DDTs污染相对严重,污染集中在生产车间和原料库;生产车间和原料库及周边区域DDTs浓度随着土壤深度的增加而急剧下降;DDTs污染物垂直下渗但迁移不显著,其中污水处理站区域DDTs存在显著垂向迁移,5m深度处仍能检测出DDTs浓度为7.81mg/kg,表明已造成深层土壤污染,但总体上DDTs在深层土壤中迁移能力较弱,其迁移方向与地下水流方向一致。     

典型化工废渣污染土壤中汞的空间分布规律研究

为阐明氯碱厂废渣堆积遗留场地中汞的空间分布规律,在某典型场地设置313个表层（0.5 m）、79个深层（0.5～13.5 m）土壤采样点位及6个地下水采样点位,分析所有土壤样品的总汞浓度、表层土壤的理化性质及地下水总汞浓度.结果显示：（1）该场地土壤汞污染严重,313个表层土壤样点汞检出浓度为0.002～579.14 mg·kg^-1,平均为8.43 mg·kg^-1,高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的风险管控值(6 mg·kg^-1).反距离权重法（IDW）及自然邻域法（NNI）对该场地的汞水平浓度分布的插值更为准确.（2）79个深层点位土壤垂向检测结果显示,土壤上层区域（0.5、1.5、2.5 m）汞污染浓度更高,3个深度层的汞浓度平均值分别为7.3、5.5、3.1 mg·kg^-1,2.5 m以下7个深度层的汞浓度平均值仅为（1.02±0.15）mg·kg^-1;汞垂向富集因子为0.4～32,大多数（66%）采样点位汞的富集因子（EF）随着土壤深度增加显著下...     

漓江桂林市区段表层沉积物有机氯农药分布特征

对漓江桂林市区段沉积物中有机氯农药分析结果表明,沉积物中总OCPs为0.94~56.68ng/g(平均值13.77ng/g),在国内处于中等水平.上游蚂蝗洲附近和下游瓦窑受有机氯农药污染最为严重,中游河段污染较轻.18种检出的有机氯农药中,六氯苯含量最高,其次为HCHs,这与当地使用历史有关.(DDE＋DDD)/DDT比值(平均值为2.79)表明DDT降解比较完全,DDE/DDD比值说明沉积物降解主要发生在厌氧条件下.同分异构体比例分析说明漓江市区河段HCH类农药以历史残留为主,而蚂蝗洲附近有大量林丹输入,需引起相关部门重视.     

九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿

1999-06,对九龙江口15个站位的表层水,13个站位的间隙水进行了18种有机氯农药的测定结果表明,有机氯农药总含量在表层水中的浓度范围为51.3～2479nng/L在间隙水中的浓度范围是266～33355ng/L.对不同有机氯的含量在各站位的分布特征进行了探讨,发现Methoxychlor(甲氧滴涕),Endosulfan Sulfate(硫酸硫丹),Endrinaldehyde(乙醛异狄氏剂)以及Endosulfan II(硫丹),Dieldrin(狄氏剂),Deta-HCH和Beta-HCH 7种有机氯农药在18种有机氯农药中都占主要部分;九龙江口的六六六的含量顺序:β＞δ>α＞γ;对于滴滴涕,表层水中的含量:DDE>>DDD＞DDT;间隙水中的含量:DDE>>DDT＞DDD,二者DDE的含量都在总DDTs的50%以上,说明环境中的DDTs主要降解为DDE;九龙江口有机氯农药随着盐度梯度,在河口中呈去除趋势;且间隙水中有机氯农药比表层水中的浓度高,说明其倾向于吸附在沉积物颗粒上,其浓度差使得有机污染物可能通过再悬浮等过程从底层向上层迁移.九龙江口的有机氯农药污染与其他港湾相比,污染水平相当,部分站位水质有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)超过国家一类水质的标准.     

旱地和淹水土壤中DDT的降解及DDMU和DDMS的形成趋势

在水稻和黑麦草2种栽培条件下,研究了新施入土壤中的工业DDT及微量老化残留DDT的降解,以及二级降解物DDMS和DDMU的形成动态.结果表明,DDT在旱地土壤中降解缓慢,其一级降解物DDE和DDD检出量略有增加,二级降解物DDMU和DDMS的形成极为有限,到试验终止时(黑麦草生长128 d)二者检出量仅为20 ng·g^-1.DDT在淹水土壤中可迅速降解,84 d后DDT残留量仅为施入量的2％左右,维持在70～80 ng·g^-1的水平;随DDT的降解,其一级降解物DDD检出量增加,在第84 d达峰值,DDD检出量的峰值与DDT的谷值时间基本吻合;同时DDMS和DDMU检出量也明显增加,在84 d时达到峰值,分别为28和115 ng·g^-1.未发现不同土壤条件对微量老化残留DDT降解动态或降解物形成产生影响.因此,淹水条件极利于新施入DDT在土壤中的降解并形成DDMS,但不能通过改变土壤水分条件来促进老化残留DDT降解.     

原位生物稳定固化技术在铬污染场地治理中的应用研究

原位生物稳定固化方法是控制铬污染场地地下水风险的有效方法,通过实地工程试验,初步验证了原位生物稳定固化法治理南方某铬污染场地的修复效果.实地工程试验的场地面积约600 m2,位于整个污染场地的上游,受高浓度铬污染,总铬含量高值为11 850 mg.kg-1,六价铬含量高值为349 mg.kg-1,污染最为严重的土层为-0.5～-2 m.通过对在试验场地范围内设置注射井注射还原剂和微生物调节剂等,并通过监测井监测分析不同时间不同深度范围内在药剂注射的作用下地下水中六价铬和总铬的浓度变化.工程试验结果表明,原位生物稳定固化技术显著改变了土壤中铬的形态,进而降低了铬的迁移性,消减了地下水污染风险.注入的药剂对注入井(有效范围)内的地下水六铬污染治理效果很好,六价铬转成三价铬并固定稳定率达到94%～99.9%,总铬固定稳定率达到83.9%～99.8%.试验结果对于浅层地下水深度较浅、土壤以粉质黏土和砂质黏土为主的污染场地修复具有重要的参考价值.     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.     

溴化十四烷基吡啶对黑麦草吸收土壤中菲的影响

研究了澳化十四烷基吡啶(Myrlstylpyridinium bromide,MPB)对黑麦草吸收土壤中菲的影响.结果表明.由于MPB能显著增强吸附固定土壤中的菲,限制其从土壤固相向土壤水相迁移,从而可降低土壤水相中菲浓度,导致黑麦草吸收积累菲的程度降低.在两种不同菲污染水平的土壤中,MPB添加浓度为0～600 mg·kg-1时,黑麦草根系和茎叶中菲含量均随MPB添加量的增加而降低.当MPB添加浓度为600 mg·kg-1时.黑麦草根系菲含量分别为0.12 mg·kg-1和0.35 mg·kg-1,分别比对照低了77.0%和53.3%;茎叶中菲含量为0.12 mg·kg-1和0.26 mg·kg-1,分别比对照低了64.7%和50.9%.     

中国北方燃煤型和工业复合型城市汞污染对比研究

文章研究了中国北方燃煤型城市长春市和工业复合型城市葫芦岛市汞污染状况。长春市表层土壤汞含量为0.030~0.272 mg.kg-1,土壤汞具有从市中心向城市外围递减的趋势;葫芦岛市土壤汞污染严重,表层土壤汞含量为0.055~14.575mg.kg-1,土壤表层汞含量以锌冶炼厂和氯碱厂及其附近为中心,向外围辐散降低,呈双中心分布;燃煤型城市长春市水中汞含量为0.089~0.567μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.042~3.183 mg.kg-1;葫芦岛市历史上受纳氯碱厂污水的五里河水中汞含量0.102~0.716μg.L-1,沉积物汞含量0.254~52.510 mg.kg-1。工业城市汞污染是我国汞污染最重的地区之一,其生态风险应引起重视。     

湖南省土壤中有机氯农药的残留规律研究

2004年5月采集了湖南省120个土壤样品,采用AES萃取技术,用GC-MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、滴滴涕（DDTs）、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵.结果显示:六氯苯和DDTs的检出率为100%,氯丹和灭蚁灵的检出率较低,艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯均未检出,说明六氯苯和DDTs曾在湖南省广泛施用.w（有机氯农药）平均值为115.3 μg/kg,其中w（DDTs）占w（有机氯农药）的96.44%,在全部120个样点中有21.67%的土壤样品的w（DDT）/w（DDE+DDD）大于1,表明DDTs曾是湖南省用于农作物的主要杀虫剂,并且近期仍然有输入.不同使用功能的土壤中有机氯农药的残留量也不同,表现为旱地中的残留量高于水稻田,菜地中以辣椒地的残留量最高,茶场土壤中的残留量最低.      

Evaluation of biostimulation and Tween 80 addition for the bioremediation of long-term DDT-contaminated soil

The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane(DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane(DDD) and1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene(DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and p H and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition(B + S) and 94.3%via biostimulation alone(B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp.,Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy(SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC50 to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5%by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment.     

亚硒酸盐对四种蔬菜生长、吸收及转运硒的影响

采用土培盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了添加不同含量外源亚硒酸盐对小白菜、芥菜、生菜和菠菜的生长、吸收及转运硒的影响.结果表明,低含量硒(＜3.81 mg·kg-1)对供试的4种蔬菜的生长均有促进作用,而高含量硒(＞29.91 mg·kg-1)却显著抑制蔬菜的生长,并对供试蔬菜的茎、根产生明显的毒害作用.同等硒添...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

模拟酸雨和Pb复合污染对芥菜型油菜的生理特性和Pb富集的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨（pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6）和Pb(0~2000 mg·kg-1）复合污染对芥菜型油菜紫叶芥的生理特性和Pb富集的影响.结果表明,在酸雨和Pb复合污染下,紫叶芥生物量和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶和根中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加是先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加而升高.芥菜型油菜以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和提高脯氨酸含量来应对酸雨和重金属胁迫,芥菜型油菜对酸雨和Pb的复合污染有很强的耐受能力.芥菜型油菜根和地上部分Pb含量随Pb处理含量水平的增大而增加,其中,根对Pb的富集能力大于地上部分,酸雨能够促进芥菜型油菜对Pb的吸收.因此,在酸雨地区可以选用芥菜型油菜作为Pb污染土壤的修复植物.     

Evaluation of biostimulation and Tween 80 addition for the bioremediation of long-term DDT-contaminated soil

The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and pH and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition (B + S) and 94.3% via biostimulation alone (B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp., Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC₅₀ to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5% by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment.