Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

To enhance the reproduction of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by adding natural lixiviums in liquid medium

Great promotion to the reproduction of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporlum by adding natural lixiviums such as from wood, maize core and potato in liquid medium was found in this research. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 10 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet reaches more than 80 g/L, which is 5 times more than that of without natural lixiviums. Incubated in the liquid medium contained 5 mg/L glucose as carbon source with natural lixiviums for three days, the production of myeelium pellet can reach 69.5 g/L, while the production in the medium without natural lixiviums is very low. When the liquid medium contained 1-20 g/L glucose as carbon source, the production of myeelium pellet in 3 d can only reach 12.5 g/L to 14.5 g/L. The fungus in the medium with potato lixiviums are easily contaminated by other microorganisms and in the medium with maize core lixiviums are easily bulking, while in the medium with wood lixiviums are neither easily contaminated nor bulking. Medium with wood lixiviums can produce more pellet than other medium, endure contamination and keep better sedimentation capacity. So that, wood lixivium is borer additive to the culture of white rot fungi in liquid medium. Addition of the mixture of wood, maize core and potato lixiviums is of advantage to the productian of mycelium pellet. The difference of the production in the medium with different amount of wood lixiviums showed little in the first 3 d, while it esnanded after 3 d. Wood lixiviums stimulate the growth of P. chrysosporium instead of supply organies which fungi need.     

液体培养基中添加天然成分对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium生长的促进作用

通过试验发现,在液体培养基中添加木材、玉米芯、土豆浸出液,对于白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的产量提高有极大的促进作用.在外加碳源为10g/L葡萄糖的条件下,经过3d培养,添加浸出液的培养基的小球产量均能够达到80g/L以上,是未添加浸出液的基础培养基的小球产量的5倍.在外加碳源为5g/L葡萄糖时,添加了外源天然浸出液后,3d后小球产量均能达到69.5g/L以上,在未添加任何浸出液的基础培养基中,小球产量很低,并且在葡萄糖浓度1g/L～20g/L时,3d产量在12.5g/L～14.5g/L范围内.添加土豆浸出液的样品容易染菌,添加玉米芯浸出液的样品培养较长时间后容易发生小球膨胀,添加木材浸出液的培养基用于培养白腐真菌小球,产量高、耐其它微生物污染能力强,能在较长时期内保持良好的泥水分离能力,是较好的液体培养生长促进添加剂.木材、玉米芯、土豆浸出液相互混合有利于白腐真菌的生长.用添加木材浸出液的培养基培养白腐真菌,在不同浓度葡萄糖条件下,小球产量的差别在初期并不明显,随着培养时间增加,小球产量差别逐渐增大.木材浸出液对采用培养基培养菌丝小球的作用是刺激生长,并不是提供生长所需要的有机物.     

含盐农村生活污水灌溉对土壤微生物的影响

为探究农村生活污水中盐分对土壤养分及细菌、真菌的影响,以《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084—2021)中含盐浓度标准限值1 g/L为中位数,设置ZCK (0 g/L)、ZRW(raw water) (0.2 g/L)、ZW1 (0.5 g/L)、ZW2 (0.8 g/L)、ZW3 (1.2 g/L)、ZW4 (1.6 g/L)、ZW5 (2.0 g/L)共7个不同盐分梯度处理试验,并采用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌及真菌群落微生物组成等. 结果表明:①土壤全盐量与土壤总氮、总磷、有机质含量均呈极显著负相关. ②灌溉盐度在0~2 g/L内,其中Na+含量与细菌Chao1指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),全盐量、Ca2+含量均与真菌Shannon-Wiener指数、Chao1指数、ACE指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05). ③整体来看,土壤细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为优势菌门,以Arthrobacter、RB41、Gaiella、Rubrobacter、Sphingomonas为优势属. 土壤真菌以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势菌门,以Mortierella、Neocosmospora、Metarhizium、Chaetomium为优势属. ④ Mg2+、Cl?为影响土壤40 cm深度处细菌优势菌门的主要盐基离子,其贡献率表现为Mg2+>Cl?,真菌优势菌门无显著影响因子. 研究显示:高含盐(>1 g/L)会显著降低土壤细菌的Shannon-Wiener指数,显著增加土壤真菌的Shannon-Wiener指数与Chao1指数,并且显著影响土壤细菌群落的相对丰度;含盐生活污水灌溉下土壤细菌功能预测代谢通路多为膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢;真菌功能预测多以腐生营养型与病例营养型为主.      

Isolation of a salt tolerant laccase secreting strain of Trichoderma sp. NFCCI-2745 and optimization of culture conditions and assessing its effectiveness in treating saline phenolic effluents

Most of the hazardous pollutants are phenolic in nature and persists in the environment. The ability of laccases to oxidize phenolic compounds and reduce molecular oxygen to water has led to intensive studies of these enzymes. Therefore the fungal strains with high laccase activity and substrate affinity that can tolerate harsh environmental conditions have a potential for biotechnological applications. Salt tolerant laccase secreting fungi can be utilized in treatment of saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents such as coir effluent and textile effluent that needed to be diluted several fold before microbial treatment. This is the first study describing the isolation and optimization of a salt tolerant strain of Trichoderma sp. potential for industrial applications. The fungus was identified based on morphological characteristics and was subsequently confirmed with molecular techniques and deposited at National Fungal Culture Collections of India （NFCCI） under the Accession No. Trichoderma viride NFCCI 2745. In contrast to other laccase secreting fungi, light conditions did not exert much influence on laccase production of this strain and salinity enhanced its laccase secretion. The fungus effectively removed the phenolic content of the textile effluent, coir-ret liquor and wood processing effluent within 96 hr of incubation. The tolerance of the fungus to high salinity and phenolic compounds makes this strain ideal for treating saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents.     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

丛枝菌根强化型生态浮床处理煤化工模拟含盐废水

针对缺乏经济有效的中低盐废水脱盐技术问题,本试验利用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌增强植物抗盐胁迫能力,搭建AM强化型生态浮床,既探索新的中低盐废水处理技术,又解决普通浮床植物耐盐胁迫能力差、除盐效率低的问题.结果表明,AM真菌(Glomus etunicatum)与浮床植物美人蕉(Canna indica L.)建立了良好的共生关系,且侵染不受盐胁迫的影响.接种AM真菌提高了生态浮床处理含盐废水的能力,21 d内TDS、COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了36. 1%、74. 4%、57. 6%和59. 1%,比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了79. 2%、36. 4%、32. 7%和37. 6%.从具体盐离子来看,21 d内水体中Na、K、Ca和Mg离子的去除率分别达到了34. 4%、61. 3%、57. 4%和51. 9%,相比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了11. 4%、37. 1%、18. 3%和24. 6%.从植物对盐的吸收来看,AM的存在促进了美人蕉对Na离子的吸收和向地上部的转移,这可能是AM强化型生态浮床功能得到提升的主要原因之一.本研究表明AM真菌可增强生态浮床修复水体污染的能力,提高脱盐效率.     

桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的抑制作用及其化学基础研究

摘要：探讨了托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)、窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta)等3种桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）生长的影响,并对其抑制赤潮藻类生长的化学基础进行了初步研究,以期为新除藻剂的筛选提供参考和依据。结果表明,不同桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,托里桉木粉的抑藻作用明显强于尾叶桉和窿缘桉。灭菌与非灭菌托里桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用差别不大,提示细菌等微生物并非木粉抑藻的主要原因。不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,丙酮-水粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯、甲醇和水粗提物。进一步将丙酮-水粗提物分成A、B、C和D等4个组分,比较不同组分的抑藻活性。结果发现,丙酮-水粗提物中D组分的抑藻作用最强。该组分浓度为3 mg/L时,3 d时对塔玛亚历山大藻的去除率可达81.06 %。GC-MS分析表明,D组分中含有4-羟基-3,5,6-三甲基,1-4[(1z)-3-氧代-1-丁烯基]-2-环已烯酮和4,4,7a–三甲基,5,6,7,7a-四氢-2(4H)-苯并呋喃酮等酮类物质。这些结果表明,托里桉木粉可显著抑制赤潮藻的生长,其中存在的酮类化感物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因。     

影响挥发酚测定结果的因素分析

GB/T7490-1987规定的水质挥发酚测定方法,在实际工作中监测结果往往出现较大的误差,影响了监测结果的准确性.对于这种误差本文主要从pH值、4-氨基安替比林、反应溶液显色时间等方面进行分析,探讨满足监测结果准确性和精密性的适宜条件和技术要求.     

铝盐混凝剂的制备及其在水处理中的应用研究

以印染废水处理污泥为主要原料,制备无机铝盐混凝剂,并对其混凝性能进行了研究。试验结果表明:该混凝剂具有良好的去除COD、浊度和色度的性能。用该混凝剂对改良AAO工艺出水处理后,COD、浊度和色度均达到《城市污水再生利用——工业用水水质》(GB/T19923-2005)要求。     

塔里木河上游绿洲土壤表层盐分特征及其影响因子分析

选择塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区,以农田、新开农田、撂荒地、人工林、天然林、盐碱地及荒草地等不同土地利用类型的样地土壤为研究对象,结合通径分析,研究了土壤中w(全盐)与盐源分布、盐分化学特性、土壤理化特性、地下水等影响因子的分布规律及相互关系. 结果表明,该区域盐分表聚特征明显,土壤表土层w(全盐)远大于心土层和底土层,各土地利用类型表土层w(全盐)表现为盐碱地最高(平均值为52.93g/kg),盐碱地>天然林>人工林>荒草地>撂荒地>农田>新开农田. 由通径分析结果可知,S_20-50〔心土层w(全盐)〕、SAR(钠吸附比)、SDR(钠钙镁比)、D_g(地下水埋深)、c(Cl-)/c(SO₄2-)、c(HCO₃-)、pH、ρ(土壤容重)、S_50-80〔底土层w(全盐)〕、SSP(可溶性钠百分率)对表土层w(全盐)的直接通径系数依次为0.415、0.414、-0.344、-0.201、0.200、0.162、0.092、-0.086、0.080、0.071. 土壤盐源分布和土壤盐分化学特性对表土层w(全盐)影响较大,其次是D_g,土壤理化特性对表土层w(全盐)影响相对较小. 反映盐源分布的S_20-50和反映土壤盐分化学特性的SAR是表土层w(全盐)的主要控制因子.      

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

地下水矿化度对黄河三角洲柽柳光合及耗水特征的影响

为了解黄河三角洲地下水浅埋区柽柳（Tamarix chinensis Lour.）对地下水矿化度的适应特征,运用叶片气体交换和树干液流技术,测定了地下水埋深为0.9 m时淡水、微咸水（3 g·L^-1）、咸水（8 g·L^-1）和盐水（20 g·L^-1）四种矿化度下柽柳的光合作用和水分利用等参数。结果表明：随地下水矿化度升高：（1）土壤水、盐含量和土壤溶液绝对浓度均逐渐升高。（2）叶片最大净光合速率和光饱和点在咸水下最高;表观量子效率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、树干液流速率等在微咸水下最高;以上指标均在盐水矿化度下最低。水分利用效率和气孔限制值在微咸水下最低,盐水下最高。在地下水埋深0.9 m时,咸水矿化度下柽柳光合效率高,光照生态幅宽,水分利用效率高,适于柽柳幼苗的生长。     

Die erhaltung von kunstwerken aus organischen werkstoffen

The preservation of historical works of artistic and cultural significance that are made of paper, wood, textiles, ivory, amber, and similar organic materials is difficult because of their rapid deterioration due to the action of light, humidity, temperature variation, or attack by fungi and insects. Based on the application of synthetic products, new techniques for the preservation of these materials have been developed in the last few years, which contribute to permanent protection.     

盐结皮对艾比湖湿地土壤特性的影响及其自然要素分析

为探讨艾比湖湿地内土壤盐结皮(SSC)与土壤特性的相互作用关系,以及影响SSC厚度的 自然要素.采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,在湿地内选取30个具有代表性的样点,并在其周围选取无SSC的样点(30个)作对比,对研究区内有SSC和无SSC覆盖的土壤特性(有机质、容重、质量含水量、总盐、全氮、全磷和pH)进行对比分析...     

铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺除As(V)的比较研究

选择FeCl₃和Al₂(SO₄)₃作混凝剂,采用小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器比较了铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺的除As(V)效果、相关性能指标及适用范围.结果发现,Fe³⁺投加量为4 mg/L、Al₂(SO₄)₃投加量为50 mg/L时,铁盐和铝盐工艺的除As(V)效果大致相当,均可使水中As(V)的浓度从100 μg/L左右降低到10 μg/L以下,最低为1.68 μg/L.出水浊度均小于0.1 NTU,出水中铁、铝和SO^2-₄浓度均符合饮用水标准.铁盐工艺出水pH值比原水大约高0.5,铝盐工艺处理前后水的pH值基本不变.反应器运行结束静沉24 h后,铁盐工艺浓缩比为1 791,是铝盐工艺的2.54倍,污泥中As(V)的含量也大大高于铝盐工艺,去除同等重量的As(V)所产生的污泥量较铝盐工艺少得多.因此,对于仅有砷超标的饮用水,应优先考虑铁盐工艺.按除氟所需混凝剂数量投加Al₂(SO₄)₃,铝盐工艺即可在去除As(V)的同时去除氟,铁盐工艺则不能去除氟.因此,对于砷和氟均超标的饮用水,可采用铝盐工艺同时去除砷和氟.     

金属材料在盐湖卤水中的耐蚀性

通过现场暴露试验获得了12种典型金属材料在盐湖卤水中暴露181d、415d和810d的腐蚀结果,讨论了它们在卤水中的耐蚀性。TH200、QT500-5、Q235和16Mn在盐湖卤水中的耐蚀性较好。QT500-5的耐蚀性好于TH200。304、316L和430不锈钢在盐湖卤水中发生较轻的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀,耐蚀性较好;其耐蚀顺序为316L>304>430。T2、QSi3-1在盐湖卤水中有好的耐蚀性。L6、6066和LC4(BL)在盐湖卤水中发生严重的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀,耐蚀性差。     

Enhanced oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by crude enzyme extracts produced during interspecific fungal interaction of Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The effects of interspecific fungal interactions between Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium on laccase activity and enzymatic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated. A deadlock between the two mycelia rather than replacement of one fungus by another was observed on an agar medium. The laccase activity in crude enzyme extracts from interaction zones reached a maximum after a 5-day incubation, which was significantly higher than that from regions of T. versicolor or P. chrysosporium alone. The enhanced induction of laccase activity lasted longer in half nutrition than in normal nutrition. A higher potential to oxidize benzo[a]pyrene by a crude enzyme preparation extracted from the interaction zones was demonstrated. After a 48 hr incubation period, the oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by crude enzyme extracts from interaction zones reached 26.2%, while only 9.5% of benzo[a]pyrene was oxidized by crude extracts from T. versicolor. The oxidation was promoted by the co-oxidant 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate diammonium salt (ABTS). These findings indicate that the application of co-culturing of white-rot fungi in bioremediation is a potential ameliorating technique for the restoration of PAH-contaminated soil.     

青岛近海夏、秋季生物气溶胶分布特征研究

于2009年7～11月采用Andersen生物粒子采样器在青岛近海连续采集了生物气溶胶样品,应用荧光显微镜计数法和平板计数法测定了总微生物(包括"可培养类"和"非可培养类")、"可培养类"陆源及海源微生物的浓度.结果表明,总微生物中"非可培养类"微生物平均占总微生物的99.58%;"可培养类"微生物平均仅为0.42%;...     

民用生物质燃烧挥发性有机化合物排放特征

民用生物质燃烧是我国人为源挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放的主要来源.采用罐采样-GC/MS和DNPH衍生-HPLC这2种方法联用采集和分析了5种主要民用生物质燃烧排放烟气中的VOCs组分,并利用碳平衡法确定其排放系数.研究表明,秸秆和木柴等民用生物质燃烧总的VOCs排放系数分别为（4.37±2.23）g·kg-1和（2.12±0.77）g·kg-1,秸秆燃烧排放高于木柴燃烧排放;民用生物质燃烧排放VOCs中,最为丰富的物种为芳香烃和醛类,含量均在25%以上;秸秆和木柴燃烧除卤代烃和腈类含量差异较大外,其余物种分布比较类似;秸秆和木柴燃烧VOCs排放总的臭氧生成潜势分别为（16.9±8.2）g·kg-1和（10.8±4.9）g·kg-1;臭氧生成潜势比较高的物种依次为：醛类、芳香烃和烯烃/炔烃,其中醛类贡献基本在50%以上.