Enriching blast furnace gas by removing carbon dioxide

Blast furnace gas (BF gas) produced in the iron making process is an essential energy resource for a steel making work. As compared with coke oven gas, the caloric value of BF gas is too low to be used alone as fuel in hot stove because of its high concentrations of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. If the carbon dioxide in BF gas could be captured efficiently, it would meet the increasing need of high caloric BF gas, and develop methods to reusing and/or recycling the separated carbon dioxide further. Focused on this, investigations were done with simple evaluation on possible methods of removing carbon dioxide from BF gas and basic experiments on carbon dioxide capture by chemical absorption. The experimental results showed that in 100 minutes, the maximum absorbed doses of carbon dioxide reached 20 g/100 g with ionic liquid as absorbent.     

石油化工烟道废气中CO_2高效节能回收利用新型模式的构建

近年来,随着石油化工行业的迅速发展,随之产生的大量温室气体的处理和收集耗费了巨大的能源,因此高效节能回收石油加工中产生的CO2具有重大意义。对国内外CO2的分离技术发展现状进行了综述,并结合石油化工烟道废气的特点,提出一套适合石油化工烟道废气中CO2高效节能回收利用的新型模式。     

Environmental factors affecting growth of grasses,herbs and woody plants on a sanitary landfill

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一种生物除臭方法及装置的研究

文章介绍了一种生物除臭的方法,这种方法是将装有碳质填料的反应包悬挂于好氧池中,反应包在好氧池中,历经曝气挂膜20~30天;就可以将装有碳质填料的反应包/或碳质填料放于生物除臭装置内;然后向生物除臭装置通入湿润的臭气,就可以将其生成水、二氧化碳、硫酸、硝酸和亚硝酸.使臭气被氧化,转化成无污染的物质,由于它的转化效率高,符合现代生产的高效性,因此一定会在生产实际中受到欢迎.     

CO_2活化木屑炭制备活性炭及工艺优化

以炼制生物质油过程中产生的木屑炭为原料,CO2为活化气体,通过物理活化法制备活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间及CO2流量对活性炭亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。采用中心组合实验,运用响应曲面进行工艺参数优化,得出最佳的工艺参数为活化温度850℃,活化时间3.91h,活化气体流量30ml/min,此时由软件预测的亚甲基蓝吸附值为10.66ml/0.1g,得率42.66%,经验证,与实际相符。并对模型进行了检验,验证了其有效性。并选择不同温度下制备活性炭进行N2吸附脱附等温线实验,得到所制备活性炭BET最大可达948m2/g,由BJH理论分可知其中孔比表面积为296m2/g,平均孔径为3.76nm。     

CO2 reaction with Ca(OH)2 during SO2 removal with convective pass sorbent injection and high temperature filtration

The Kyoto Protocol calls for greenhouse gas emission reductions which could affect the use of coal for producing electricity. Carbon credits are being explored as a method for countries to meet their reduction commitments. Carbon dioxide removal in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems should be considered if and when the concept of carbon credits are implemented. This paper addresses the factors affecting sulfur dioxide removal, including the reaction of carbon dioxide, occurring during convective pass sorbent injection with high temperature filtration for a typical coal-fired power plant. Significant carbonation is found to occur, and the levels are found to depend on injection/filtration temperatures and the residence time on the filter. Ca/S stoichiometry during sorbent injection is found to affect not only the sorbent conversions in the convective pass sorbent injection stage but also the final sorbent conversions in the filtration stage. Even though high sorbent carbonation hinders the sorbent utilization for SO₂ removal, slight alterations in CO₂ concentration are found to have no significant effects on the SO₂ removal of the process.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体分解CO_2

温室效应导致全球变暖已成为全球性的环境问题之一.采用放电等离子体法转化CO2,不仅可消纳温室气体,缓解全球变暖的巨大影响,还可制备化工原料CO和O2.充分利用了C1(含1个碳原子的化合物分子)资源,对高频同轴式介质阻挡放电等离子体分解纯CO2进行了研究.结果发现:在采用不锈钢光滑内电极,放电间隙为2.0mm,注入功率为180W,气体流量为170mL/min的条件下,CO2转化率可达18.2%,CO和O2产率分别为10.1%和4.7%;增大注入功率,减小气体流量、选择合适的放电间隙和内电极形式,均有利于提高CO2转化率,获得更多的CO和O2.     

光生物反应器内CO2传输与微藻固碳性能强化

CO₂气体可为微藻光合作用提供必需的碳源,CO₂在藻液中的混合、溶解及传输特性显著影响了微藻的生长固碳.在微藻光生物反应器中,气泡在藻液中的生长、脱离、聚并、上升等动力学行为主要由气体分布器决定.本文以气体分布器为研究对象,研究在不同孔径及孔间距下对15%（V/V）CO₂气体在悬浮液中的气泡行为、CO₂溶解与混合特性以及对微藻生长固碳的影响.结果表明：气泡上升速度随气体分布器孔径及孔间距的减小而减小,导致CO₂气泡在藻液中停留时间增加,强化了CO₂溶解传输,CO₂体积传质系数提高了143%,混合时间降低了24%,最终使微藻生物质浓度提高18.8%,固碳速率提高23.2%.     

Evolution on qualities of leachate and landfill gas in the semi-aerobic landfill

To study the characteristics of stabilization in semi-aerobic landfill, large-scale simulated landfill was constructed based on the semiaerobic landfill theory. Consequently, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen, and the pH value in leachate, as well as the component contents of landfill gas composition (methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) in landfill were regularly monitored for 52 weeks. The results showed that COD and ammonia concentrations declined rapidly and did not show the accumulating rule like anaerobic landfill, and remained at about 300 and 100 mg/L, respectively, after 48 weeks. Meanwhile, the descending rate reached 98.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Nitrate concentration increased rapidly after 24 weeks and fluctuated between 220–280 mg/L after 43 weeks. The pH values were below 7 during the first 8 weeks and after that leachates appeared to be alkaline. Carbon dioxide was the main composition in landfill gas and its concentration remained at a high level through the whole stabilization process. The average contents of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane varied between 19 vol.%–28 vol.%, 2 vol.%–8 vol.%, and 5 vol.%–13 vol.%, respectively. A relative equilibrium was reached after 48 weeks. The highest temperature in the landfill chamber could amount to 75.8 degrees centigrade.     

CO2催化氢化研究--REY负载双金属催化剂的催化作用

用高压釜实验评价了用离子交换法制备的负载于ＲＥＹ和ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上的多种过渡金属对ＣＯ２加氢合成醇和甲烷化的催化活性。实验结果表明,双金属催化剂的活性按下列顺序降低,ＣＯ２甲烷化;Ｒｕ＞ＮｉＲｕ＞ＮｉＰｄ＞ＮｉＩｒ;合成醇：ＮｉＣｕ＞Ｎｉ＞ＮｉＭｎ＞ＮｉＣｏ。用２％Ｒｕ／ＲＥＹ催化剂,在４７３Ｋ,３．９ＭＰａ,ＣＯ２／Ｈ２＝１／５,反应时间２０ｈ条件下,７６％的ＣＯ２转化为甲烷。反应温度,压力和     

塔北、塔中天然气中CO_2的碳同位素组成及成因探讨

CO2 是塔北、塔中天然气中常见的非烃组分。各油气区内的天然气中CO2 的δ13C值尽管有差别 ,但其表征的成因意义基本一致。塔中天然气中的CO2 可能存在两种来源 ,一种来源于烃源岩岩石和矿物及胶结物分解 ;第二种来自二叠纪火山活动过程中的脱气。轮台凸起构造单元上油气藏 (除雅克拉外 )中CO2来自库车坳陷T -J陆相烃源岩中有机质转化。东河塘天然气中CO2 来自寒武 -奥陶海相碳酸盐岩岩石分解及泥岩中碳酸盐矿物分解     

北京市燃气工业锅炉CO2排放因子及不确定性分析

降低碳排放评估的不确定性对于减排政策选择和成本效益分析十分重要,基于北京市227个天然气锅炉样本检测数据,分析影响CO₂排放因子的关键参数特征,评估北京市天然气锅炉本地化CO₂排放因子,采用蒙特卡洛模型对排放因子的不确定性进行分析,并将其与IPCC、国家清单、城市清单等同类排放因子进行了比较.结果表明:北京市天然气锅炉CO₂排放因子为2.052 kg/m3,90%概率分布范围为1.982~2.086 kg/m3;基于热值的CO₂排放因子推荐值为55.829 kg/GJ,90%概率分布范围为55.788~55.908 kg/GJ,排放因子的不确定范围为-3.59%~1.57%.北京市天然气锅炉CO₂排放因子稍低于IPCC2006国家温室气体清单指南推荐缺省值（0.5%）.天然气低位热值对排放因子的影响最大,其方差贡献率达94%,而单位热值含碳量和氧化率二者的方差贡献率仅占6%.通过北京市本地实测数据和蒙特卡洛模型模拟,给出了天然气锅炉排放因子及概率分布的范围,提高了评估精度,有助于改进北京市温室气体排放清单活动水平的数据收集工作,指导并降低天然气工业锅炉CO₂排放因子不确定性.      

《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》实施对火化炉烟气二噁英减排的影响

为调查殡葬行业大气污染物排放新标准《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13801—2015)实施4年后火化烟气中二英(PCDD/Fs)的污染排放特征及其对行业的影响,在我国南方地区选取了32台火化炉,对其排放烟气中PCDD/Fs水平、影响因素、排放因子进行了研究,并评估标准实施4年后的效果. 结果表明:①火化烟气PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计,下同)为0.033~7.4 ng/m3,平均值为1.1 ng/m3,PCDD/Fs超标率为56.2%,其中拣灰炉和平板炉超标率分别为62.5%和50.0%. 与GB 13801—2015实施前相比,火化炉废气中PCDD/Fs排放浓度显著下降,说明PCDD/Fs污染减排成效明显,但排放水平和超标率仍较高. ②有无废气处理工艺、运行管理水平、随葬品数量与PCDD/Fs排放浓度密切相关. 废气处理设施缺失或无法正常运行时PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度为0.32~7.4 ng/m3,平均值为2.5 ng/m3,超标率达75.0%;配备“活性炭吸附(ACI)+布袋除尘(BF)”工艺且运行正常时,PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.033~4.5 ng/m3,平均值为0.83 ng/m3,超标率为58.3%,可能与部分处理设施使用率低、运行不佳和维护不到位等原因有关. 指纹特征显示,无废气处理工艺时七氯代、八氯代同系物占比较高;配备“ACI+BF”处理设施时以四氯代、五氯代同系物为主,证实该工艺组合主要去除高氯代同系物. ③火化炉废气PCDD/Fs排放因子(以I-TEQ计,下同)为67.8~39 981 ng/具,平均值为4 217 ng/具,显著低于联合国环境规划署(UNEP)于2005年发布的第1和第2级排放因子(分别为90和10 μg/具),但高于其优化控制措施的排放因子(0.4 μg/具). 研究显示,未来需加强对我国遗体火化PCDD/Fs减排的技术帮扶及排放因子的更新.      

合肥科学岛低对流层二氧化碳时空分布特征

依据合肥市科学岛2013~2016年的CO₂体积比浓度廓线,分别从夜间、季节和年度分析了亚热带季风气候的CO₂分布特点和合肥科学岛的CO₂源汇特征.（1）大气CO₂体积比浓度随高度增加而减小,390m的CO₂浓度约为15m浓度的95%,夜间随时间推移浓度增加幅度约5%,天亮时CO₂浓度有减小的趋势;（2）测量点高度大于100m时,季节特征较明显,CO₂体积比浓度夏季最低,冬季最高,浓度相差约10×10^-6;（3）测量点高度大于100m时,2013~2016年CO₂体积比浓度的年分布随高度变化的梯度相关系数大于0.9,体积比浓度年增长约2.1648×10^-6.通过三个时间尺度的CO₂体积比浓度廓线分析得出,CO₂浓度特征是动植物活动和大气运动等共同作用的结果;CO₂长期循环过程中,存在近地面CO₂向高空的传输效应.     

风帽在准好氧填埋的应用及对填埋初期的影响

首次将风帽应用于准好氧填埋,以2 m×1 m×2 m的准好氧模拟箱为对象,考察了风帽对准好氧填埋环境形成过程的影响,比较了不同风速条件下二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,并对风帽应用于准好氧填埋的作用原理进行了分析,以期为设计和优化准好氧填埋结构提供参考.结果表明,风帽可以加快准好氧环境的形成,将传统的准好氧环境的形成期由常规的50 d以上提前到40 d左右.通过比较风帽先拆后装二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,表明风帽可以促进甲烷向二氧化碳的转化,减少甲烷的排放.卸下风帽后二氧化碳的浓度由最初的16.67%降为15.88%,甲烷从6.14%增大到16.12%;装上后二氧化碳的浓度增至19.18%,甲烷降为10.05%.考察了风速为2.0、3.5、5.0、6.5、8.0 m/s 5种条件下导气管出口处的甲烷排放情况,表明风速可以加强风帽的作用,有利于甲烷的减排,当风速增至8 m/s时,甲烷浓度由最初的15%以上降为5%以下.     

高浓度臭氧水溶液研究

采用涡流叶轮泵、射流器和喷嘴等物理方法可将高浓度臭氧气体（＞100g/m³）有效地溶解于水,使臭氧溶解率达到98.6％,臭氧水溶液的臭氧浓度达到8.06g/m³,生成无残留物的绿色强氧化药剂、强消毒杀菌剂．     

贲亭酸甲酯生产中恶臭污染分析及治理实践

实验室和工业实践中表明,活性炭吸附、硫酸碳化和高锰酸钾氧化对此类恶臭物质的处理具有一定的效果,100g活性炭对异戊烯醇的最大吸附量可达到36g,100mL98%的硫酸可处理异戊烯醇30g;在采取冷凝回收、活性炭吸附和硫酸碳化工程措施后,臭气的排放浓度低于100(无量纲),厂界臭气浓度低于20,可稳定地实现达标排放。     

Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change via the implementation of underground coal gasification

Coal is the most abundant hydrocarbon energy source in the world. It also produces a very high volume of greenhouse gases using the current production technology. It is more difficult to handle and transport than crude oil and natural gas. We face a challenge: how can we access this abundant resource and at the same time mitigate global environmental challenges, in particular, the production of carbon dioxide (CO₂)? The editors of this special edition journal consider the opportunity to increase the utilization of this globally abundant resource and recover it in an environmentally sustainable manner. Underground coal gasification (UCG) is the recovery of energy from coal by gasifying the coal underground. This  process produces a high calorific synthesis gas, which can be applied for electricity generation and/or the production of fuels and chemicals. The carbon dioxide emissions are relatively pure and the surface facilities are limited in their environmental footprint. Unused carbon is readily separated and can be geo-sequester in the resulting cavity. The cavity is also being considered as a potential option to mitigate against change impacts of other sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. These outcomes mean there is an opportunity to provide developing and developed countries a source of low-cost clean energy. Further, the burning of coal in situ means that the traditional dangers of underground mining and extraction are reduced, a higher percentage of the coal is actually recovered and the resulting cavern creates the potential for a long-term storage solution of the gasification wastes. The process is not without challenges. Ground subsidence and groundwater pollution are two potential environmental impacts that need to be averted for this process to be acceptable. It is essential to advance the understanding of this practice and this special edition journal seeks to share the progress that scientists are making in this dynamic field. The technical challenges are being addressed by researchers around the world who work to resolve and understand how burning coal underground impacts the geology, the surface land, and ground water both in the short and the long term. This special issue reviews the process of UCG and considers the opportunities, challenges, risks, competitive analysis and synergies, commercial initiatives and a roadmap to solutions via the modelling and simulation of UCG. Building and then disseminating the fundamental knowledge of UCG will enhance policy development, best practices and processes that reflect the global desires for energy production with reduced environmental impact.     

超临界态二氧化碳再生活性炭法治理甲苯废气

制鞋业产生的含甲苯、苯和二甲苯废气的治理大多采用活性炭吸附法。该课题提出以压缩二氧化碳为脱附剂,采用超临界流体萃取技术再生活性炭及回收甲苯工艺。实验表明,以液态或超临界态的压缩二氧化碳作萃取剂,采用萃取法可完全再生活性炭,其采用液态优于超临界态;压缩二氧化碳对活性炭具有扩孔作用,可增加活性炭的吸附容量,多次再生的活性炭吸附容量几乎不变;萃取剂的用量和密度显著影响着活性炭的再生效率;活性炭捆包填充在脱附塔中,不会显著增加脱附的阻力。