Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon using a three-dimensional reactor

Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) saturated with phenol was experimentally investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor with titanium filter electrode arrays. The feasibility of the electrochemical regeneration has been assessed by monitoring the regeneration efficiency and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The influence of the applied current, the effluent flow rate, and the effluent path of the electrochemical cell have been systematically studied. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration efficiency of GAC could reach 94% in 2 hr, and no significant declination was observed after five-time continuous adsorption-regeneration cycles. The adsorption of organic pollutants was almost completely mineralized due to electrochemical oxidation, indicating that this regeneration process is much more potentially cost-effective for application.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

生物炭降解苯和甲苯混合废气性能研究

该研究以生物炭为过滤介质 ,探讨过滤塔降解气流中苯、甲苯的生物降解性能 .实验表明 ,在总有机负荷低于 3 5 0 g/ (h·m3)、停留时间 1 5～ 90s的实验条件下 ,滤塔对苯和甲苯混合气体有较好的降解性能 ,苯、甲苯的最大削减能力分别为 1 2 0 g/ (h·m3)和 1 5 0 g/ (h·m3) ,甲苯比苯更易被微生物降解 .滤塔中CO2 生成量随苯、甲苯降解量的增加而增加 ,但实验增长速率小于理论增长速率 .菌落分析表明 ,滤塔中微生物主要有真菌、杆菌、芽孢杆菌 ,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌种 .根据吸附 生物降解机理 ,建立了VOCs去除模型 ,并予以验证 .     

Kinetics of enhanced adsorption by polarization for organic pollutants on activated carbon fiber

The adsorption kinetics for model pollutants on activated carbon fiber (ACF) by polarization was investigated in this work. Kinetics data obtained for the adsorption of these model pollutants at open-circuit, 400 mV, and −400 mV polarization were applied to the Lagergren equation, and adsorption rate constants (K _a) were determined. With the anodic polarization of 400 mV, the capacity of sodium phenoxide was increased from 0.0083 mmol/g at open-circuit to 0.18 mmol/g, and a 17-fold enhancement was achieved; however, the capacity of p-nitrophenol was decreased from 2.93 mmol/g at open-circuit to 2.65 mmol/g. With the cathodal polarization of −400 mV, the capacity of aniline was improved from 3.60 mmol/g at open-circuit to 3.88 mmol/g; however, the capacity of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was reduced from 2.20 mmol/g at open-circuit to 1.59 mmol/g. The enhancement for electrosorption changed with different groups substituting. Anodic polarization enhances the adsorption of benzene with the electron-donating group. But whether anodic or not, cathodal polarization had less effect on the adsorption of electron-accepting aromatic compounds, and decreased the adsorption capacity of benzene-bearing donor-conjugate bridge-acceptor, while increasing its adsorption rate. Electrostatic interaction played a very important role in the electrosorption of ion-pollutants. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(6): 1111–1116 [译自: 环境科学]     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ⁻. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物（分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物）为原料,水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能（以碘值表征）及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,钙化物可加快活化反应的速度,且钙化物含量在1.5%时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加;活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少,同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响,但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容;钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca（OH）2）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

Effect of denitrifying bacteria on the electrochemical reaction of activated carbon fiber in electrochemical biofilm system

An electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm system consisting of activated carbon fiber electrodes immobilized with denitrifying bacteria film as cathode was studied. A revised model for an electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm was developed and validated by electrochemical analysis of cathodal polarization curves and nitrate consumption rate. The cathodal polarization curve and nitrate consumption rate were introduced to verify the rate of electrochemical reaction and the activity of denitrifying bacteria, respectively. It was shown that the denitrification process effectively strengthened the electrochemical reaction while the electron also intensified denitrification activity. Electron was transferred between electrochemical process and biological process not only by hydrogen molecule but also by new produced active hydrogen atom. Additionally, a parameter of apparent exchange current density was deprived from the cathodal polarization curve with high overpotential, and a new bio-effect current density was defined through statistical analysis, which was linearly dependent to the activity of denitrification bacteria. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrode was also found to be more suitable to the electrochemical denitrifying system compared with graphite and platinum. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(7): 501–504 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Synthesis and characteristic of polyaniline/Dy2O3 composites: Thermal property and electrochemical performance

A simple route of in situ polymerization by the chemical oxidation method was successfully employed to synthesize polyaniline/dysprosium oxide (PANI/Dy₂O₃) composites. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction. The thermal stability of the composite was studied by thermogravimetry (TG). The electrochemical performance of the composites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and alternating current impedance spectroscopy with a three-electrode system. TG results suggested that the thermal stability of PANI/Dy₂O₃ composites showed a tendency to first increase and then decrease with increasing Dy₂O₃ amount. Electrochemical experiments indicated that the composite electrodes showed a lower capacitance than that of pure PANI, which may be attributed to the interaction between PANI and Dy₂O₃ in the composites.     

水性油墨废水的活性炭吸附特性研究

文章对水性油墨废水的活性炭吸附特性进行了研究,试验结果表明:对混凝沉淀预处理后的废水,采用颗粒活性炭作为吸附剂,处理效果较好。吸附操作的最佳pH范围为4￣7,吸附平衡时间为1h,当进水COD浓度400mg/L,要求出水COD浓度<100mg/L时,颗粒活性炭用量约为4g/L。     

制备工艺对活性炭电极电吸附性能的影响

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极。研究了电极制备过程中黏结剂添加量、活性炭用量以及成型后活性炭的炭化温度和炭化时间对电吸附除盐性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了电极的表面形貌。结果表明:当活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品混合比例为8:1.8:0.2时,电极能够成型,随着黏结剂的比例增加,电极的除盐率降低;随着活性炭用量的增加,吸附平衡的时间增加,除盐率提高,但平衡吸附量降低,当NaCl浓度降低到一定程度时,再增加活性炭用量去除率变化变小,试验选定的活性炭用量为0.45g/片电极;随着炭化温度的升高和炭化时间的增长,活性炭电极电吸附除盐效果明显提高,850℃下炭化2h的电极炭化完全,除盐率是未炭化的电极除盐率的2.08倍。     

活性炭催化氧化处理电镀厂含氰废水

本文在理论研究成果基础上尝试活性炭催化氧化处理电镀厂含氰废水的运行试验，结果表明三相流化床工艺由于传质性能优越，处理效率高，配合固定床可连续实现废水的达标排放，给企业带来了良好的环境与经济效益．     

中国实现碳达峰的政策建议——基于碳定价机制模型的多情景模拟分析

碳定价机制是利用市场机制推动碳减排、减缓气候变化方案的核心内容,包括碳排放权交易和碳税等措施。尽管新冠肺炎疫情打乱了经济发展节奏,但是中国主动提高国家自主贡献力度,积极推进战略提升与政策强化。本研究构建并运用"碳定价机制模型"模拟涵盖不同主体范围及政策组合下的碳排放权交易市场运行情况,分析评估碳减排效果及经济影响,为丰富完善我国实现碳达峰的政策工具提供技术支持。     

在微波辐射下用ACF处理吲哚溶液的实验研究

在ACF存在下微波辐射能除去焦化废水中的吲哚污染物。实验研究了微波辐射时间。微波功率，吲哚溶液初始浓度，pH值等因素对微波处理吲哚溶液的影响。并用活性炭代替ACF作了对比实验，实验结果表明，在微波辐射下，用ACF处理吲哚溶液具有明显高的效果，3.5min去除率即可达98%，微波辐射不能使吲哚发生降解。其作用是使ACF的孔隙结构发生变化，增加了其吸附能力。     

基于生命周期的产品碳足迹评价与核算分析

近年来,越来越多的企业对其产品进行碳足迹评价,评价方法主要采用产品碳足迹评价标准提供的碳计量方程,如GHG Protocol、ISO14064、PAS 2050、TS Q 0010等。在介绍相关评价标准的基础上,分析了产品碳足迹的评价步骤,最后利用河北盛华化工有限公司生产的PVC产品为例,给出了基于生命周期的B2B模式的产品碳足迹评价的案例。为企业及相关机构开展碳足迹评价提供借鉴作用。     

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process, it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB). Thus, parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates (sewage, HAc, and endogenous carbon source) on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study. The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent, and sufficient phosphorus was released by DPB. This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency. The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source (PHB) stored by poly-P bacteria. Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed. Consequently, the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen. On the other hand, in the experiment, the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions (8–10°C and 25–26°C) was also investigated and analyzed. It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate, but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely. Therefore, the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26 (2): 186–192 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

改性活性炭对二硫化碳吸附性能研究

用浸渍法和微波法对活性炭改性,在室温下分别进行静态和动态实验,通过实验数据对比及理论分析,初步认为经微波改性的活性炭对二硫化碳有较好的吸附性能。选取微波15min改性活性炭对二硫化碳进行动态吸附实验,考察活性炭改性前后对二硫化碳的吸附性能。采用多个模型方程对数据进行回归,从回归模型可以看出,实验数据能够较好满足Langmuir-Freundlich方程。利用热重曲线及FT-IR谱图进一步分析微波改性活性炭对二硫化碳吸附性能的变化。研究结果为工业采用改性活性炭预脱除含二硫化碳的气体提供参考。     

微波辐射对偏二甲肼废水处理的研究

采用微波(MW)辐射技术,以颗粒活性炭为吸附催化剂,考察微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间及活性炭投放量对偏二甲肼废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,100 mL初始浓度400 mg/L的偏二甲肼废水,在微波功率462 W、活性炭投放量5.0 g、辐射时间15 min的条件下,废水中偏二甲肼去除率达到40%。初步探讨了作用机理及氧化反应程度,氧化过程基本符合一级反应动力学规律。