Influence of reactivation on the electrochemical performances of activated carbon based on coconut shell

Coconut shell-based activated carbon (AC) were prepared by CO₂ activation, and then the ACs with higher mesopore ratio were obtained by steam activation and by impregnating iron catalyst followed by steam activation, respectively. The AC with the highest mesopore ratio (AC_hmr) shows superior capacitive behavior, power output and high-frequency performance in supercapacitors. The results should attribute to the connection of its wide micropores and mesopores larger than 3 nm, which is more favorable for fast ionic transportation. The pore size distribution exhibits that the mesopore ratios of the ACs are significantly increased by reactivation of steam or catalyst up to 75% and 78%, respectively. As evidenced by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic measurements, the AC_hmr shows superior capacitive behaviors, conductivity and performance of electrolytic ionic transportation. The response current densities are evidently enhanced through the cyclic voltammery test at 50 mV/sec scan rate. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the conductivity and ion transport performance of the ACs are improved. The specific capacitances of the ACs were increased from 140 to 240 F/g at 500 mA/g current density. The AC_hmr can provide much higher power density while still maintaining good energy density, and demonstrate excellent high-frequency performances. The pore structure and conductivity of the AC_hmr also improve the cycleability and self-discharge of supercapacitors. Such AC_hmr exhibits a great potential in supercapacitors, particularly for applications where high power output and good high-frequency capacitive performances are required.     

Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon using a three-dimensional reactor

Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) saturated with phenol was experimentally investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor with titanium filter electrode arrays. The feasibility of the electrochemical regeneration has been assessed by monitoring the regeneration efficiency and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The influence of the applied current, the effluent flow rate, and the effluent path of the electrochemical cell have been systematically studied. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration efficiency of GAC could reach 94% in 2 hr, and no significant declination was observed after five-time continuous adsorption-regeneration cycles. The adsorption of organic pollutants was almost completely mineralized due to electrochemical oxidation, indicating that this regeneration process is much more potentially cost-effective for application.     

Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon using a three-dimensional reactor

Electrochemical in situ regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) saturated with phenol was experimentally investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor with titanium filter electrode arrays. The feasibility of the electrochemical regeneration has been assessed by monitoring the regeneration efficiency and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The influence of the applied current, the effluent flow rate, and the effluent path of the electrochemical cell have been systematically studied. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration efficiency of GAC could reach 94% in 2 hr, and no significant declination was observed after five-time continuous adsorption-regeneration cycles. The adsorption of organic pollutants was almost completely mineralized due to electrochemical oxidation, indicating that this regeneration process is much more potentially cost-effective for application.     

污泥基活性炭吸附空气中甲醛的研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥基活性炭,采用BET比表面积测试、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法研究其理化性能,利用动态吸附实验系统和蒸馏装置,将污泥基活性炭与选定的商业活性炭进行了甲醛吸附性能对比,并利用热重分析法研究了甲醛在各活性炭上的脱附情况.结果表明,污泥基活性炭对空气中浓度分别为498,0.41mg/m3的甲醛均有很好的吸附效果,吸附量分别可达74.27,7.62mg/g,最大去除率分别为83.72%和89.56%,其吸附性能与选定的商业活性炭相当,特别是在处理浓度为0.41mg/m3甲醛时超过选定的商业活性炭.该污泥基活性炭BET比表面积为509.88m2/g,氮吸附等温线属于BDDT分类中的I-B型,表明其具有大量的超微孔和极微孔,更适用于低浓度甲醛的吸附.FTIR分析表明其表面含有各种含氮基团,特别是-NH2的存在,可能形成化学吸附中心,但从吸附甲醛后各活性炭的微商热重分析(DTG)曲线可以看出,各甲醛在活性炭上的吸附主要为物理吸附.     

载钛活性炭电极电吸附除盐性能的研究

采用sol-gel法制备载钛活性炭(Ti-AC),并用此活性炭制取了Ti-AC电极,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电化学工作站等对活性炭电极的表面形貌、元素组成、化合物形态以及电极的电化学性能进行分析,并考察载钛前后活性炭电极的除盐能力,而且对Ti-AC电极与碳纳米管电极和活性炭纤维电极的实用性进行比较.结果表明,Ti-AC电极含有一定量的Ti元素,其形态为金红石型TiO2,并在电极表面积聚为很多的絮状结构,载钛后双电层形成速率更快,电吸附容量显著提高.对NaCl的吸附试验表明,Ti-AC电极物理吸附降低,电吸附明显提高,除盐率提高了62.7%.实用性分析表明,Ti-AC电极更适宜应用于电吸附除盐.     

活性炭吸附二苯并呋喃的动力学

采用Norit RB1和Monolith两种活性炭吸附气相中低浓度的二苯并呋喃,测定了二苯并呋喃在2种活性炭上的吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线,分析了气相主体浓度、温度和二苯并呋喃初始浓度等因素对固相有效扩散系数的影响.结果表明,Langmuir吸附等温线模型能够比较准确地描述二苯并呋喃在Norit-RB1和Monolith活性炭上的吸附相平衡;二苯并呋喃在活性炭上的吸附速率受固相扩散控制;固相有效扩散系数随温度的升高而增大,气相浓度和二苯并呋喃初始浓度对固相有效扩散系数影响较小.     

Influence of moderate pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing activated carbon

A novel adsorbent based on iron oxide dispersed over activated carbon(AC) were prepared, and used for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. The influence of pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing AC were determined. Two series of ACs, non-oxidized and oxidized carbon modified by iron(denoted as AC-Fe and AC/OFe), resulted in a maximum impregnated iron of 4.03% and 7.56%, respectively. AC/O-Fe showed 34.0%–46.6% higher phosphate removal efficiency than the AC-Fe did. This was first attributed to the moderate pre-oxidation of raw AC by nitric acid, achieved by dosing Fe(II) after a pre-oxidation, to obtain higher iron loading, which is favorable for phosphate adsorption. Additionally, the in-situ formed active site on the surface of carbon, which was derived from the oxidation of Fe(II) by nitric acid dominated the remarkably high efficiency with respect to the removal of phosphate. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 10.53 and 18.88 kJ/mol for AC-Fe and AC/OFe, respectively. The results showed that the surface mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.     

活性炭处理皂素废水及其再生的实验研究

采用活性炭对皂素废水进行吸附处理,研究了活性炭投加量、吸附时间及吸附次数对皂素废水色度去除率的影响.同时,研究了在微波辐照条件下,微波功率和辐照时间对吸附皂素废水后的活性炭脱附的影响.结果表明,当活性炭投加量为0.13g·mL-1时,吸附12h后皂素废水的色度去除率为96.17%.此条件下活性炭可以重复吸附皂素废水3次(按照色度去除率70%为限).当微波功率为500W、辐照时间为30min时,活性炭可被有效地再生,活性炭的再生率可达79.75%.     

臭氧/活性炭协同降解有机物的初步研究

研究了活性炭对3种与臭氧反应速率相差较大的有机物（苯甲酸、对氯苯甲酸和乙酸钠）的臭氧化降解的影响．结果表明,活性炭能提高这3种有机物的臭氧化降解速率,但是活性炭的影响作用与有机物种类有关,对与臭氧反应速率越小的有机物其作用越显著;三者之中,乙酸钠的相对速率提高最大;是单独臭氧化速率的5倍     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Effect of oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of mercury on activated carbon

Oxidation treatment on the adsorption and the stability of Hg on activated carbon （AC） was inrestigated. Both MnO2-AC and FeCl3-AC were produced during oxidation treatment. The measurement of modified AC＇s mercury adsorption capacity was conducted in a simulated coal-fired flue gas by adsorbing test apparatus. TCLP and column leaching methods were used to test the stability of mercury adsorbed on ACs. The results indicate that the oxidation treatment changed the pore structure of the AC and modified the carbon surface by creating chemical components such as MnO4^-, Mn^4＋, O, NO^3-, Fe^3＋, Cl^-, etc. The Hg sorption capacity on MnO2-AC or FeCl3-AC was about three times higher than that of untreated carbon. In addition, the mercury control cost of each of the formers was about the half cost of the untreated carbon. The stability of Hg absorption was studied, it found that mercury adsorbed on the oxidation treated AC was not better than that of untreated carbon. It could concluded that the insoluble form of Hg is very important to the stability of mercury adsorbed on AC. This study suggests that the FeCl3-AC is the best absorbent for Hg with high adsorption capacity, better Hg adsorption stability in leaching environment, and lower cost among the three ACs tested.     

Study on activated carbon in chromium-containingwastewater treatment by XPS

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硝基苯和西维因在活性炭上的吸附效果及动力学研究

测定分析了活性炭的孔隙结构、表面性质及化学组成,研究了硝基苯和西维因在活性炭上吸附的等温线及动力学特征,结果表明Polanyi-Manes模型和二级动力学方程具有较高的拟合相关系数,说明吸附可能是以色散力为主的多过程复杂反应,活性炭对西维因的吸附容量及吸附速率略小于硝基苯,快速吸附过程与慢速吸附过程的差距较为明显,说明吸附质分子大小和吸附剂孔隙结构是影响吸附的重要因素;溶液Na+浓度对吸附的影响很小,可能由于介质离子强度对分子间色散力的影响较小.     

硫酸根自由基对活性炭吸附刚果红的影响

本研究通过研究硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）对活性炭吸附性能的影响来探究SO₄^-·活化再生活性炭的可行性.结果证实,当刚果红溶液浓度为100mg/L,活性炭加入量为1.25g/L时,活性炭对刚果红的吸附量为62mg/g.体系pH值、KH₂PO₄和K₂HPO₄对活性炭吸附刚果红效果影响较小.当体系中过硫酸钠加入量为刚果红浓度的12倍时,过硫酸钠联合活性炭对刚果红去除率仅比活性炭单独吸附的对照处理提高5%;然而,在水浴锅加热条件下,70℃热活化过硫酸钠在30~120min对刚果红的去除率可达94%~99%;70℃热活化过硫酸钠联合活性炭处理在对应时间段对刚果红的去除率为91%~94%,紫外光活化过硫酸钠联合活性炭处理在对应时间段对刚果红的去除率仅为86%~90%.由此可知,热活化和紫外光活化过硫酸盐产生SO₄^-·对活性炭的吸附性能影响较小,基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术再生活性碳的可能性不大.     

臭氧/陶瓷膜对生物活性炭工艺性能和微生物群落结构影响

利用处理量为120m3/d的臭氧/陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)组合工艺处理微污染原水, 对工艺性能和BAC中的微生物多样性和种群结构进行了研究.结果显示,组合工艺可有效去除微污染原水中的有机物和氨氮.臭氧曝气提高了溶解氧浓度,改善了后续BAC工艺对氨氮的去除效果.组合工艺对氨氮和CODMn的总去除率分别约为90%和84%,其中BAC在污染物的去除中发挥了重要作用.组合工艺和传统工艺中BAC床层共检测到36个门类的细菌.与传统BAC工艺相比,臭氧/陶瓷膜降低了后续BAC中微生物群落结构的多样性和均匀度.组合工艺BAC中存在丰度较高的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属,可能对氨氮的去除具有重要的作用.臭氧/陶瓷膜对后续BAC中致病菌和条件致病菌有很好的预处理和抑制作用,显著降低了其相对丰度,提高了饮用水的生物安全性.     

Pt纳米颗粒改性活性炭的制备及其应用研究

为了进一步增强活性炭的吸附性能,通过在活性炭表面负载Pt纳米颗粒催化剂来提高活性炭的催化能力。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、XRD对改性前后活性炭进行了表征,同时分别将未经过改性的活性炭(AC)和经过Pt纳米颗粒改性后的活性炭(PtNPs/AC)制备成过滤器,将过滤器安装于空气净化机内,置于30 m ³标准环境试验舱研究其在1 h测试周期内对二手烟中总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的吸附性能。结果表明,AC过滤器1 h对二手烟中TVOC的去除率为72.05%,PtNPs/AC过滤器的去除率为95.63%。由此可见,负载Pt催化剂大大提高了活性炭的吸附性能。     

水气氛下活性炭固定床对二硫化碳的吸附动力学行为

研究了二硫化碳于水气氛下在５种国产活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学行为。用直线平衡体系的穿透曲线公式对实验结果进行拟合（用误差函数求解）。根据实验数据计算出水气氛条件下各活性炭吸附二硫化碳的穿透性能参数并与干燥条件下二硫化碳吸附做了比较。     

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.     

挥发性有机物在活性炭纤维上的吸附和电致热脱附

采用3种不同的活性炭纤维,考察了VOCs种类、VOCs浓度以及床层温度对活性炭纤维吸附VOCs性能的影响,并采用电致热脱附技术进行再生研究.结果表明,甲苯浓度对吸附推动力影响较大,在高浓度下,可使吸附容量达到434.8mg/g.活性炭纤维吸附甲苯受温度影响较小,在60℃下仍然具有288.6mg/g的吸附容量.电致热脱附电压越大,活性炭纤维升温速率越快,脱附效率越高,经过100min即可完全脱附.经过4次吸脱附循环,活性炭纤维仍有较好的吸附效果,饱和吸附量能达到原有吸附量的80%以上.