葡萄糖对东北黑土有机氮矿化的调控作用

采用Stanford和Smith的间歇淋洗好气矿化培养法研究了添加外源底物对东北黑土有机氮矿化进程和矿化速率的影响.结果表明,葡萄糖能够降低土壤有机氮的矿化进程和矿化速率,促进土壤有机氮的固定.葡萄糖与氮肥配施处理也表现出对土壤有机氮的截获作用.葡萄糖对土壤有机氮的矿化具有调控作用,这对于提高农田土壤氮素利用率、减少氮素损失具有重要意义.     

碳氮施加对农田黑土氮素转化和温室气体排放的影响

研究外源碳氮施加对土壤氮素转化和温室气体排放的影响可为土壤养分管理、温室气体减排提供科学依据。以东北农田黑土为对象,采用室内培养试验,在25℃和60%WHC水分条件下研究外源碳(葡萄糖和乙酸)、氮(硫酸铵)施加对土壤净氮转化速率和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,对照处理土壤净氮矿化速率为0.03 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,单施氮肥抑制了土壤有机氮的矿化,净氮矿化速率降为-0.56 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,表现为对氮素的固定,而净硝化速率和N₂O排放速率分别显著增加至对照处理的33.3倍和4.69倍,但对CO₂排放速率没有显著影响。与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥配施葡萄糖或乙酸处理显著降低了土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量,氮肥配施葡萄糖对铵态氮的影响程度大于氮肥配施乙酸处理。碳氮配施使得净氮矿化速率进一步降低,氮肥配施葡萄糖处理的净氮矿化速率为-5.97 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,显著低于氮肥配施乙酸处理(-5.00 mg·kg     

少花蒺藜草对科尔沁沙地土壤氮转化效应的研究

外来入侵植物会影响入侵地土壤氮库结构,研究外来植物与土壤氮转化的关系可以为揭示其入侵机制提供理论依据。以中国北方农牧交错带大面积发生的入侵植物少花蒺藜草为研究对象,选取裸地及本土植物鹅观草样地作为对照,研究少花蒺藜草入侵与外源氮对土壤氮转化速率的影响,以期从土壤氮转化速率的角度探讨少花蒺藜草的入侵机制。结果表明:与裸地及本地植物鹅观草样地相比,少花蒺藜草入侵地土壤氮净矿化速率增加;在分蘖期前(6-7月),土壤硝化速率增加、氨化速率降低;自分蘖开始至枯萎(8-10月),土壤硝化速率降低、氨化速率增加。添加NH_4~+-N或NO_3~--N对整体的氮转化速率水平有影响,并使分蘖期后少花蒺藜草入侵地的氮矿化速率降低,但不改变分蘖前后三样地间硝化和氨化速率的大小关系。与净硝化速率及净氨化速率的关联性大小顺序为:添加外源氮处理少花蒺藜草入侵交互效应。与净矿化速率的关联性大小顺序为:添加外源氮处理交互效应少花蒺藜草入侵。添加外源氮更有利于裸地及本地植物鹅观草样地的氮矿化作用。少花蒺藜草在低氮素含量环境中表现出的生长优越性揭示了其适应沙质草地生态系统的一种入侵机制。     

石灰性土壤添加不同量碳酸钙对秸秆有机碳矿化的影响

广西石灰性土壤面积较广,其较高碳酸盐含量能够影响土壤中物质循环。为了明确石灰性土壤中碳酸盐含量对土壤秸秆有机碳矿化过程的影响,加深对石灰性土壤有机碳的周转与固存机制的认识,开展了土壤外源秸秆添加培养试验,分别设置无添加对照(CK)、添加5%秸秆(C0)、5%秸秆+5%碳酸钙(C1)、5%秸秆+15%碳酸钙(C2)和5%秸秆+25%碳酸钙(C3)处理,以研究石灰性土壤中外源秸秆有机碳的转化与土壤碳酸钙含量的关系。结果表明,与对照相比,添加秸秆后土壤CO₂释放速率、累积释放量、活性有机碳含量均得到大幅提升。培养期间,各处理土壤CO₂释放速率均表现为前期(第2—5天)快速下降、中期(第5—39天)缓慢下降、后期(第39—60天)趋于稳定。不同碳酸钙处理使土壤CO₂累积释放量提升了5.10%—15.69%,但C3处理的土壤CO₂释放速率、累积释放量均低于C1和C2处理,并对土壤有机碳矿化表现出强烈负激发效应,最高为183.33%。随着土壤碳酸钙含量的增加,土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量逐渐降低。土壤碳酸钙...     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

长期定位施肥对土壤磷、钾素动态变化的影响

23年定位施肥试验的结果表明，不施肥和单施氮肥的土壤，其有效磷质量分数迅速下降，前3年比播前降低约50％，自第7年开始比播前降低2／3左右，降至4-5μg／g之后处于稳定状态。土壤全磷质量分数始终保持在0．40-0．50g／kg的水平，有机磷略有增加。施有机肥以及有机肥与氮肥配施的土壤，其有效磷和有机磷质量分数增加显著。单施氮肥的土壤，其速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均降低，全钾质量分数变化不明显。在每年每公顷单施含钾150．0kg、300．0kg的有机肥或与138kg、276kg氮素配施的土壤中，以单施含钾300．0kg的有机肥的土壤的钾素盈余量最多，并随配施氮量的增加而盈余量减少。试验23年后的土壤，其钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾、缓效钾质量分数均有极显著的相关性，而与全钾质量分数的相关性小大。     

降水变化、氮添加对鼎湖山主要森林土壤有机碳矿化和土壤微生物碳的影响

全球变化对土壤有机碳(SOC)存贮与分解的影响在全球碳(C)循环中具有重要地位.分别通过室内土壤培养法和氯仿熏蒸法,研究了降水变化和氮(N)添加处理对鼎湖山3种不同演替阶段的季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和马尾松针叶林SOC矿化和土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)的影响.结果表明:1)降水量增加能够提高森林演替晚期SOC累积矿化量和矿化速率,而对森林演替早期SOC累积矿化量和矿化速率没有显著影响(P>0.05).2)干旱条件(降水量减少)降低森林SMBC含量,且在鼎湖山季风林表层土壤(0～10 cm)中SMBC的减少达到显著水平(P<0.05).3)N添加处理对鼎湖山3种森林类型SOC累积矿化量、矿化速率以及SMBC都没有显著影响(P>0.05).未来关于SOC矿化对全球变化响应的研究,要综合考虑土壤有机质质量、C/N比例、外源性氮输入等因素的作用.图4表2参37     

磷锌配施对镉污染石灰性土壤中磷锌镉有效性的影响

为了阐述磷与锌镉在土壤系统中的作用机制,采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土在不同镉质量分数处理下磷锌配施对土壤DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn及速效磷质量分数的影响.结果表明,土壤中wDTPA-Cd随外加镉质量分数的增加而增加,随施磷质量分数的增加而降低.同时在相同镉质量分数处理下,配施锌能显著降低土壤wDTPA-Cd;土壤中wDTPA-Zn随外加锌质量分数的增加而增加,且随施磷质量分数的增加而增加,而随土壤中添加镉质量分数的增加显著降低;土壤速效磷的质量分数随施磷质量分数的增加而提高,而镉的加入降低了土壤速效磷质量分数,但配施锌能显著提高土壤速效磷质量分数.     

外源性碳氮添加对北方半干旱草原土壤有机质矿化的影响

除了全球气候变化的直接影响,由其引起的土壤外源性碳(C)、氮(N)输入可通过激发效应深刻影响半干旱草原土壤有机碳(SOC)动态。为探究外源性C、N输入对内蒙古半干旱草原生态系统原有土壤有机质(SOM)矿化过程的影响,采用13C标记技术,通过室内培养实验将浓度为3 mg·kg-1的葡萄糖(G)、0.3 mg·kg-1的铵态氮(AM)或硝态氮(NT),以单独或C、N组合的形式(G;AM;NT;G+AM;G+NT)添加到半干旱草原土壤中,探究外源添加物对土壤C矿化的影响。以21℃培养土壤18d并测量土壤C-CO_2释放量。结果表明,单独添加葡萄糖C源(G)显著促进了土壤累积C-CO_2释放量(P0.05),并在第4天达到最大,为未添加外源物土壤累积释放量的2.04倍。而单独添加AM或NT对SOM矿化具有抑制作用(P0.05),其累积C-CO_2释放量分别为未添加N源土壤的82%和77%。同时添加碳源和氮源(G+AM或G+NT),土壤累积C-CO_2释放量显著大于只添加G的土壤,且累积C-CO_2释放量表现为G+NTG+AM(P0.05);并且在培养的第4天添加G+NT达到最大的激发效应即未添加外源物土壤累积C-CO_2释放量的3.13倍;同时添加C源和N源不仅对土壤SOM矿化产生显著激发效应(P0.05),在培养过程中还表现出增强的激发效应(正叠加效应),即同时添加C、N的激发效应显著大于只添加C源的激发效应(P0.05)。因此,在半干旱草原土壤中,微生物的生长和代谢主要受可利用性碳C限制,外源性C、N输入激活了处于休眠状态的土壤微生物,从而加速了SOM的分解。     

外源植酸酶对野鸭湖湿地土壤有机磷转化的影响研究

湿地土壤中最主要的有机磷形态是肌醇磷酸盐,占有机磷总量的60%左右,而植酸酶作为催化水解肌醇磷酸盐的主要酶类,在整个有机磷体系转化过程中起着不可或缺的作用。采用室内培养的方法,研究了添加外源植酸酶对湿地土壤各有机磷组分含量变化的影响规律,同时也研究了在添加外源植酸酶后,湿地土壤各有机磷组分含量随时间延长的变化规律。结果表明,在温度,水分等条件适宜的情况下向湿地土壤中添加植酸酶可以在短期内提高土壤有机磷的有效性,使稳定性较高的有机磷向活性较高的有机磷转化。经植酸酶处理的土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量均高于对照组,且随植酸酶添加量增加以及培养时间的推移呈递增趋势。在第75天培养结束时,高、中、低3组植酸酶处理土壤的活性有机磷质量分数分别增加了173.05%、158.16%和122.75%,中活性有机磷质量分数增加了84.22%、68.7%和53.92%。此外,添加植酸酶处理的湿地土壤稳定性有机磷含量均低于对照,高、中、低3组植酸酶处理土壤的中稳定性有机磷质量分数减少了62.81%、37.31%和26.14%,高稳定性有机磷质量分数减少了94.71%、87.66%和79.52%,且随着植酸酶含量的增加以及培养时间的推移呈递减趋势。高、中、低3组植酸酶处理土壤中的总有机磷质量分数分别比对照组低54.03%、42.53%和35.43%。说明在植酸酶作用下,土壤中存在有机磷向无机磷转化的过程。因此通过添加外源植酸酶可以促进稳定性有机磷向活性有机磷转化,提高了土壤有机磷的有效性,使其更容易被植物吸收利用,从而保障了湿地磷循环系统的稳定性和高效性。     

Ammonium regeneration and carbon utilization by marine bacteria grown on mixed substrates

We examined the impact of exposing natural populations of marine bacteria (from seawater collected near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA) to multiple nitrogen and carbon sources in a series of batch growth experiments conducted from 1989 through 1990. The substrate C:N ratio (C:N_s) was varied from 1.5:1 to 10:1 either with equal amounts of NH ₄ ⁺ and different amino acids or an amino acid mixture, all supplemented with glucose to maintain the C:N_s ratio equal to that of the respective amino acid, or with combinations of glucose and NH ₄ ⁺ alone. A common feature of the experiments involving amino acids was the concurrent uptake of NH ₄ ⁺ and amino acids that persisted as long as a readily assimilable carbon source (glucose in our case) was taken up. There was no net regeneration of NH ₄ ⁺ , even though catabolism of amino acids occurred. Regeneration of NH ₄ ⁺ was evident only after glucose was completely utilized, which usually occurred at the end of exponential growth. The contribution of¹⁵NH ₄ ⁺ to total nitrogen uptake by the end of exponential growth varied from ~60 to 80% when individual amino acids were present and down to ~24% when the amino acid mixture was added. These estimates are conservative because we did not account for possible isotope dilution effects resulting from amino acid catabolism. When NH ₄ ⁺ and glucose were the sole nitrogen and carbon sources, there was a stoichiometric balance between glucose and NH ₄ ⁺ uptake over a wide range of C:N_s ratios, leading to a constant bacterial biomass C:N ratio (C:N_B) of ~4.5:1. As a result NH ₄ ⁺ usage varied from 50% when the C:N_s ratio was 3.6:1, to 100% when the C:N_s ratio was 10:1. Gross growth efficiency varied from ~60% when NH ₄ ⁺ plus glucose were added alone or with the amino acid mixture, to 47% when the individual amino acids were used in place of the mixture. It is thus evident that actively growing bacteria will act as sinks for nitrogen when a carbon source that can be assimilated easily is available to balance NH ₄ ⁺ uptake, even when amino acids are available and are being co-metabolized.     

生物质炭微生物矿化稳定性机制研究进展

生物质炭在碳封存和土壤改良等方面的应用潜力取决于其在土壤中的微生物矿化稳定性.明确生物质炭在土壤中微生物矿化稳定性是推进生物质炭在土壤固碳、改良等领域应用的关键.基于生物质炭在土壤中的微生物矿化稳定性研究进展,本文系统总结了不同类型生物质炭的微生物矿化速率和在土壤中的平均驻留时间,探讨了不同因素(生物质炭特性、土壤特性...     

Earthworms highly increase ciprofloxacin mineralization in soils

This report shows that earthworms increase up to eight times the mineralization of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in soils. Antibiotics are extensively used and disseminated in environmental compartments. Antibiotics may enter food chains and thus induce resistance in environmental and human commensal bacteria. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin is suspected to induce significant adverse effects on soil microbial processes, with possible consequences on soil functions. Nevertheless, little is known concerning the fate of ciprofloxacin in soils. Here, we studied the mineralization and distribution of the [2-¹⁴C]-ciprofloxacin in soil–plant–water systems where ciprofloxacin was applied by amendment of spiked pig slurry. Results show that a very weak microbial mineralization of the antibiotic, lower than 0.01 %, occurred after 84 days of incubation. By contrast, the addition of earthworms increased from 5 to 8 times ciprofloxacin mineralization during the following 84 days incubation. In addition, earthworm activity induced the transfer of 40 % of radioactive compounds from the upper to the lower layer of soil, modifying the distribution of the antibiotic within the soil profile. We conclude that earthworms can be used efficiently to mineralize ciprofloxacin and modify its distribution in soils. As a consequence, earthworms change the exposure of soil organisms to ciprofloxacin, and, in turn, the eco-toxicological impact of the antibiotic.     

不同氮源对4种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用实验室一次性培养的方法,研究了硝氮、氨氮、尿素和混合氨基酸等4种不同氮源对典型赤潮藻赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo、凯伦藻Karenia sp.、球形棕囊藻Phaeocystis globosa和常见浮游植物优势种类角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.生长的影响。结果表明,这4种海洋微藻不仅能利用无机氮硝氮和氨氮,而且也均能利用有机氮尿素和混合氨基酸。赤潮异弯藻、凯伦藻和角毛藻均在以硝氮为唯一氮源时,比生长速率分别达到最大值0.45、0.52和0.70 d-1;而球形棕囊藻在以硝氮和尿素为唯一氮源时,比生长速率均达最大值0.65 d-1。可溶性有机氮库中的重要组成成分尿素和氨基酸均能显著促进4种海洋微藻的生长;相比较而言,赤潮异弯藻和凯伦藻更加喜好有机氮氨基酸,而球形棕囊藻和角毛藻更加喜好尿素。海洋微藻具备利用有机氮源的能力,无疑扩展了其氮营养来源,在无机氮缺乏而有机氮丰富的水体中,它们在浮游植物群落中更具有竞争优势。     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm?2·a?1)、低氮(...     

Microbial community variation and its relationship with nitrogen mineralization in historically altered forests

Past land use can impart soil legacies that have important implications for ecosystem function. Although these legacies have been linked with microbially mediated processes, little is known about the long-term influence of land use on soil microbial communities themselves. We examined whether historical land use affected soil microbial community composition (lipid profiles) and whether community composition was related to potential net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates in southern Appalachian (USA) forest stands abandoned from agriculture or logging and reforested >50 yr ago. Microbial community composition was determined by a hybrid procedure of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. We found that community composition varied significantly with past land use. Communities in formerly farmed stands had a higher relative abundance of markers for gram-negative bacteria and a lower abundance of markers for fungi compared with previously logged and reference (i.e., no disturbance history) stands. Potential net N mineralization rates were negatively correlated with fungal and gram-negative bacterial markers in both farmed and reference stands, and fungal abundance and soil bulk density effectively predicted mineralization rates in all stands. Our results indicate that the alteration of microbial communities by historical land use may influence the ecosystem processes they mediate. This is in contrast to typical expectations about microbial community resilience to change. Here, the decrease in fungal abundance observed from disturbance appeared to result in decreased nitrogen mineralization over the long term.     

冻融对长白山森林土壤碳氮矿化的影响

长白山地区秋末春初常常存在冻融过程,冻融过程影响土壤水分分布而改变土壤理化性质。通过室内模拟实验,研究了冻融过程（-20~15℃）对长白山阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林和白桦（Betula platyphylla）林土壤有机碳和氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明,经过3次冻融循环,冻融处理土壤矿化速率显著高于对照处理,但经过多次冻融循环过程,冻融处理抑制土壤有机碳矿化过程,对照处理土壤有机碳矿化速率高于冻融处理（P=0.019）。在培养结束后,冻融处理的阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤无机氮质量分数,分别是对照处理的1.88倍和1.96倍;冻融次数也是影响土壤有机氮矿化的一个重要因素,35次冻融循环后,阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤中无机氮分别提高了2.10倍和2.81倍。冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,但也潜在增加了土壤中无机氮流失的风险。     

不同恢复年限退化土壤有机氮组分变化特征

为明确退化土壤在不同恢复年限下土壤有机氮组分变化规律,以福建长汀县退化红壤为研究对象,利用时空替代法,选取5个典型的不同植被恢复阶段样地,分别为裸地,恢复7、17、23、35 a的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林,采用Bremner酸水解法研究土壤有机氮各组分的变化特征.结果表明,与裸地相比,恢复年限为...     

Biochemical Changes in Decomposing Leaves of Mangroves

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.