Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Oscar Schachter, Sharing the World's Resources .
A. A. Beus and S. V. Grigorian, Geochemical Exploration Methods for Mineral Deposits , Translation from the Russian by Rita Teteruk-Schneider, edited by A. A. Levinson
A. A. Beus and S. V. Grigorian, Geochemical Exploration Methods for Mineral Deposits, Translation from the Russian by Rita Teteruk-Schneider, edited by A. A. Levinson, Applied Publishing Ltd., Wilmette, Illinois, United States, 1977.
Robert W. Tucker, The Inequality of Nations.     

Assessments of Wetland Functions: What They Are and What They Are Not

/ Many methods have been developed over the last two decades to provide information about wetland functions, but there has been little discussion of the models and algorithms used. Methods for generating information about wetlands were analyzed to understand their similarities, differences, and the type of information provided. Methods can first be grouped by the type of information they provide-classifications, characterizations, ratings, assessments, and evaluations. Methods that characterize, rate, or assess wetlands may generate information using one of two conceptual approaches-logic and mechanistic. Most methods that generate a numeric assessment of performance or value of wetland functions rely on the mechanistic approach to constructing models. Rapid assessment methods based on mechanistic models, however, do not assess the rates or dynamics of ecological processes occurring in wetlands. Rather, they provide a clear and concise way of organizing our current, and often subjective, knowledge about wetland functions. This is one limitation of current methods that is often misunderstood both by wetland managers and the scientific community. The advantages and limitations of the assumptions and the computational elements inherent in these approaches are discussed to provide wetland managers and regulators a better understanding of the information they are using. KEY WORDS: Wetlands; Functions; Assessment; Models; Methods     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
ESTUARINE WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT with moving element models and optimization techniques, J. P. O'Kane.
Hydrology and Quality of Water Resources, M. J. Hammer and K. A. MacKinchan.
Georges Bank: Past, Present, and Future of a Marine Environment, Guy C. McLeod and John H. Prescott (Editors).
Ground-Water Models, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, No. 34, Volume I - Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Analysis with Examples of Their Application, Prepared for the International Hydrological Programme by Working Group 8.1 by J. D. Bredehoeft
Bulking of Activated sludge – Preventative and Remedial Methods, Edited by B. Chambers and E. J. Tomlinson.
Acid Precipitation, Effects on Ecological Systems, Frank M. D'Itri.
Introduction to Ground Water Modeling, Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods, Herbert F. Wang and Mary P. Anderson.
Water Reuse, E. Joe Middlebrooks (Editor). Ann Arbor Science.
Erosion Control Measures on Appalachian Strip-Mines, Walter H. Davidson.
Energy in Wastewater Treatment, William F. Owen.
The Earth's Dynamic Systems (3rd Edition), W. Kenneth Hamblin.
Stream Water Quality in the Coal Region of Eastern Kentucky, Kenneth L Dyer.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this Article
Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Volume 3, edited by A. Hollaender.
Systems Analysis and Water Quality Management, by Robert V. Thomann.
Scientific Allocation of Water Resources, by Nathan Buras.
Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control, by Walter J. Weber, Jr.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this Article
Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Optimization Problems, by S.L.S. Jacoby, J.S. Lowalik, and J.T. Pizzo
River Ecology and Man, edited by Ray T. Oglesby, Clarence A. Carlson, and James A. McCann.
The Restoration of the Earth, by Theodore B. Taylor and Charles C. Humpstone     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article
Dynamics of Fluids m Porous Media, by Jacob Bear.
Quantitative Methods for Preliminary Design of Water Quality Surveillance Systems, by Charles G. Beckers, Stanley G. Chamberlain, and G. Paul Grimsrud
Water Supplies and Economic Growth in an Arid Environment, an Arizona Case Study, by Maurice M. Kelso, William E. Martin and Lawrence E. Mack.     

菝葜水煎液抗炎活性的实验研究

目的：探讨菝葜水煎液的抗炎活性。方法：利用巴豆油合剂致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠胸膜炎和皮下植入棉球致小鼠生长肉芽等3个实验模型研究菝葜水煎液的抗炎活性。结果：菝葜水煎液对巴豆油合剂引起的小鼠耳肿胀具有显著的抑制作用，而对醋酸引起的小鼠胸膜炎和皮下棉球引起的小鼠肉芽肿则仅有一定的抑制作用。结论：菝葜水煎液具有一定的抗炎活性。     

咪唑啉硫酸酯盐的缓蚀性能及协同增效作用研究

参照SY/T 5405-1996《酸化用缓蚀剂性能试验方法及评价指标》,采用静态失重法评价咪唑啉硫酸酯盐缓蚀剂1-羟乙基-2-油酸基咪唑啉硫酸酯盐(ISES)与丙炔醇(BCC)、非离子表面活性剂OP-10组成的二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系对N80钢的缓蚀性能,考察二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系的协同增效作用。通过动电位极化扫描和电化学阻抗分析对ISES及其复配体系的电化学行为进行研究。     

MODELING HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES FROM THE ARCTIC1

The general intervention model is applied to hydrologic and meteorologjc time series from the Canadian Arctic. The authors show how the model is able to account for environmental interventions, missing observations in the data, changes in data collection procedures, the effects of external inputs, as well as seasonality and autocorrelation. Methods for identifying transfer functions by making use of a physical understanding of the processes involved are demonstrated and sample applications of the general intervention model to Arctic data are shown.     

PREDICTION OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

This paper describes a method for predicting local scour around bridge piers using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods for selecting input variables, calibrations of network control parameters, learning process, and verifications are also discussed. The ANN model trained by laboratory data is applied to both laboratory and field measurements. The results illustrate that the ANN model can be used to predict local scour in the laboratories and in the field better than other empirical relationships that are currently in use. A parameter study is also carried out to investigate the importance of each input variable as reflected in data.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article
Appropriate Methods of Treating Water and Wastewater in Developing Countries, George W. Reid.
Setprge and Gnnmdaater, Miguela A. Marino and James N. Luthin.
Hydrologic Modeling of SmaU Watersheds, C. T. Haan, H. P. Johnson, and D. L. Brakensiek
Remote Sensing for Resource Management, Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders (Editors).
Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Environmentally Sound Water and soil Management, E. Gordon Kxuse, Chuck R Burdick, and Yousef A. Yousef (Editors).
Handbook of Irrigation Technology, Volume I, Edited by Herman J. Finkel.
Water for Western Agculture. K. D. Frederick and J. C. Hanson.
Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Edited by E J. Schiller and R L. hoste.
Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods (Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds), Warren J. Lyman, William F. Reehl, and David H. Rosenblatt.
The Clean Water Act: The Second Decade, Morris A. Ward, E. Bruce Harrison Co.
Economic Benefits of hnproved Water Quality: Public Perceptions of Option and Preservation Values, D. A. Greenley, R. G. Walsh, and R A. Young.
Surface Water, Robert Bowen.
Nitrogen, Public Health. and the Environment: Some Tools for Critical Thought, John H. Timothy Winneberger.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
New Horizons in Natural Gas Deregulation Edited by Jerry Ellig and Joseph P. Kalt, foreword by Robert L. Bradley
Amazonia: Resiliency and Dynamism of the Land and its People Nigel J. H. Smith, Emanuel Adilson S. Serrao, Paulo T. Alvim and Italo C. Falesi
Mineral Recovery, Recycling, Waste Prevention and Confinement for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific Region. Volume 1: Resource Assessment, Development and Management Adrian Brett (Part One) and Martin van de Munt (Part Two)
Ecological Economics—Concepts and Methods Malte Faber, Reiner Manstetten and John Proops
Mitigation Banking: Theory and Practice Edited by Lindell L. Marsh, Douglas R. Porter and David A. Salvesen     

50所长江沿岸高校实验废液排放情况调查与分析

目的：了解长江沿岸高校实验室废液排放情况及现状。方法：以问卷调查方式,对长江沿岸高校实验室操作程序、管理制度、废液排放情况进行调查。结果：38％的高校管理制度不完善,68％的高校实验操作不规范,44％的学校环保意识宣传不到位,62％的高校实验废液未处理就直接排放。结论：高校实验室正成为长江生态环境恶化的污染源．我国应制定和完善相关法律,加强实验废液处理,杜绝高校成为长江水质污染新的根源。     

BOOKS REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article
Human Dimensions of Weather Modification by W. R. Derrick Swell
Perception of the Drought Hazard on the Great Plains by Thomas F. Saarinen
Plant Environment and Efficient Water Use edited by W. H. Pierre
Scientific Problems of the Humid Tropical Zone Deltas and Their Implications: Proceedings of the Dacca Symposium; jointly organized by the Government of Pakistan and UNESCO, 1964
Statistical Methods in Hydrology , Proceedings of Hydrology Symposium held at McGill University, 1966
Isotopes in Hydrology , Proceedings of the Symposium held by the International Atomic Energy Agency and International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Vienna, 14-18 November 1966
The Fresh Water of New York State: Its Conservation and Use , Proceedings of Symposium held in Buffalo, New York in 1966; 255 pages
The Technology of Fish Utilization edited by Rudolf Kreuzer
Water and Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2: Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment and Disposal by G. M. Fair, J. C. Geyer and D. A. Okun
Detergentien und Öle im Wasser und Abwasser (Detergents and Oils in Water and Sewage), Hans Liebmann     

Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.     

INSTITUTIONAL INTERACTION IN METROPOLITAN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT Methods of institutional coordination derived from the applied behavioral sciences have been useful in determining the policy planning, and implementation responsibilities that must be shared between local governments, watershed districts, and a regional planning body in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area. The confines of the traditional behavioral science models of organizations and institutional change processes, and the realities of administrative systems imbedded in political processes at both the local and state levels, have created conflicts between regional planners, watershed district staff and consultants, and municipal administrators. A conceptual framework based on work by Selznick on institutions was applied to two watershed districts, and the results evaluated for other research purposes as well as policy development for the 1973 Minnesota legislative session.     

Method for determining minimum pool requirements to maintain and enhance salmonid fisheries in small Wyoming reservoirs

Methods for determination of minimum pool levels in reservoirs that consider sport fishery values are being sought by managers. We developed a technique for assessing the effects of incremental changes in minimum pool levels on potential salmonid abundance in small (<100 surface hectares at full pool) reservoirs in Wyoming managed for irrigation and municipal water supplies. The method has two components. One component is used to determine the minimum pool level needed to eliminate the risk of overwinter loss of salmonids due to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The other component predicts the potential biomass of salmonids in reservoirs as a function of water depth and total dissolved solids concentration of the reservoir water. Application of the method is demonstrated for two reservoirs in Wyoming. The unit is jointly supported by the University of Wyoming, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service.     

我国公共场所禁烟现状及对策分析

分析目前我国公共场所禁烟现状，探讨进一步加强公共场所禁烟工作的对策。方法：对四川、贵州、浙江、广西等地区的疾病控制中心、卫生监督所以及健康教育所的工作人员进行定性访谈，并结合文献综述。结果：尽管我国公共场所的禁烟工作取得了一些成绩，但仍存在很多不足之处。结论：公共场所彻底禁烟不仅需要烟民的自觉禁烟，也需要政府有关法令的力行实施，更需要全社会广大群众的共同参与。     

REGION OF INFLUENCE REGRESSION FOR ESTIMATING THE 50-YEAR FLOOD AT UNGAGED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Five methods of developing regional regression models to estimate flood characteristics at ungaged sites in Arkansas are examined. The methods differ in the manner in which the State is divided into subregions. Each successive method (A to E) is computationally more complex than the previous method. Method A makes no subdivision. Methods B and C define two and four geographic subregions, respectively. Method D uses cluster/discriminant analysis to define subregions on the basis of similarities in watershed characteristics. Method E, the new region of influence method, defines a unique subregion for each ungaged site. Split-sample results indicate that, in terms of root-mean-square error, method E (38 percent error) is best. Methods C and D (42 and 41 percent error) were in a virtual tie for second, and methods B (44 percent error) and A (49 percent error) were fourth and fifth best.     

A review of criteria for evaluating natural areas

Environmental Management - Methods for evaluating natural areas have evolved in the last couple of decades to assess the importance of natural areas for the purposes of land-use planning,...