河北沿岸硬骨鱼类鱼卵和仔雅鱼分布

2006年夏季(7月)、冬季(12月)和2007年春季(4月)、秋季(9月)用浅海型标准浮游生物网在河北沿岸海域进行了鱼卵和仔稚鱼生态调查.结果显示,4个季度月共采集鱼卵和仔稚鱼19种,分别隶属4目6科11属,优势种为石首鱼科.夏季出现的种类和数量最多.分布密集区主要集中在渤海湾.     

裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼日摄食量及摄食节律研究

研究裸项栉鰕虎鱼早期发育阶段的日摄食量及昼夜摄食规律,为种苗培育提供技术依据.以孵化7 d的裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼为研究对象,设自然昼夜组(对照组)、持续光照组和持续黑暗组三组,各组每隔2 h取样15尾仔鱼,检查并计算每尾仔鱼胃中的轮虫数,结果表明三组的轮虫日摄食量分别为36.5个/尾、70.7个/尾和1.57个/尾;白天摄食量比例分别为总摄食量的88.0%,67.6%和74.4%;对照组和持续光照组在傍晚(18:00)出现摄食高峰;黑暗组在正午(12:00) 出现一个摄食峰;持续光照组日摄食量为对照组的193.9%,而黑暗组仅为对照组的4.1%,另外,裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼属白天摄食类型,光照对仔鱼摄食影响显著,仔鱼饲育的光照持续时间可比自然白昼延长4 h,投饵主要应在有光时进行.     

胜利原油对海洋鱼类胚胎及仔鱼的毒性效应

本文通过室内实验,研究了胜利原油对海洋经济鱼类的胚胎及仔鱼的毒性效应。原油可抑制胚胎的孵化,导致孵化仔鱼的畸形发育及大量死亡。原油影响真鲷、牙鲆及黑鲷胚胎畸化率的最低浓度分别为10,18及32mg·L~(-1)。温度升高加重原油的毒性。真鲷,牙鲆及黑鲷仔鱼的48hLC_(50)分别为 6.4,13.7和10.7mg·L~(-1)。牙鲆仔鱼及鰕虎鱼稚鱼的96hLC_(50)为1.6及 66.6mg·L~(-1)。原油对鱼类胚胎发育有明显的致畸作用,对此应给予足够的重视。     

洋山深水港水域鱼卵仔鱼分布特征

根据2001年5、8月和2003～2005年间5月和8月分别对洋山港航道水域20个定点测站进行的鱼卵仔鱼调查资料,着重就水域鱼卵仔鱼的数量时空分布和种类组成的年际变化特征与洋山港工程建设产生的环境影响的关系作了分析和探讨.结果表明:鱼卵仔鱼隶属6目19科25种,另有2种未定种.种类数以2005年最高,2004年与2003年持平.2003年和2005年鱼卵仔鱼的种类数比工程前期的2001年有所减少,2004年则与之持平.鱼卵仔鱼的数量年际变化较大,2003年和2005年鱼卵数量均低于2001年,2004年则要高于2001年;仔鱼数量上,2003～2005年均明显低于2001年.从区域分布看,航道区鱼卵仔鱼数量密度最高,其次为港口区,大桥区的数量密度最低.港口航道的开挖建设,其疏浚后海底地形的改变会导致水动力条件的变化而产生泥沙回淤,加上抛泥作业产生的悬浮物对鱼类特别是游泳能力较弱的仔、稚幼鱼会造成不同程度的危害.由于施工造成局部地区的流场和生态有较大改变,使得某些不适应环境变化的亲鱼群体逃离或生殖能力下降,代之以适应能力较强的种群,最终导致优势种群结构的改变较明显.随着工程建设进度的开展,影响程度逐渐趋缓.     

广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性及其系统发育研究

为了解广东省蛭态轮虫物种多样性,采集广东省不同水陆生境样品98份,记录蛭态轮虫3目4科12属66种（含亚种）.陆生环境中鉴定出蛭态轮虫56种,其中苔藓生境42种、落叶生境40种、地衣生境12种,水生生境蛭态轮虫15种,陆生生境的蛭态轮虫种类明显多于水生生境蛭态轮虫.为验证形态鉴定的准确性,获取蛭态轮虫COⅠ基因序列4属16种37条,种间遗传距离8.59%~23.17%,其中楔足盘网轮虫（Adineta cuneata）和迅捷旋轮虫（Philodina rapida）的COⅠ基因序列为全球首次报道.COI基因序列中腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）的总含量（71.2%）远大于鸟嘌呤（G）与胞嘧啶（C）（28.8%）的含量.系统发育树的聚类结果与形态学物种鉴定结果一致;同属形态相近的物种,具有较高的同源性.研究结果表明,形态学鉴定与DNA条形码技术相结合,有助于提高蛭态轮虫种类鉴定的准确性和探究蛭态轮虫各属的发育地位,促进蛭态轮虫物种多样性和生态学研究.     

渤海湾河口沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对渤海湾大神堂、高沙岭、海河、子牙河和南排河入海口表层沉积物和野生矛尾鰕虎鱼(除海河口)肌肉的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn重金属进行了分析,发现各入海口表层沉积物重金属以Zn的浓度水平最高,平均达81.55mg/kg,而Cd最低(平均值为0.28 ± 0.08 mg/kg).在鱼体内, Zn浓度仍是最高(平均为96.75 ± 30.98 mg/kg),而Cd未检出.以生态危害指数法(RI)评价河口沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险表明,海河河口沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险最高,其他依次为子牙河口、南排河口、大神堂和高沙岭.另外,通过对各地鰕虎鱼肝脏金属硫蛋白的分析,发现子牙河的野生复鰕虎鱼金属硫蛋白较其他河口稍高(除海河),与沉积物重金属的RI分布一致.     

四种重金属离子对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的单一和联合毒性

以静态实验法研究重金属Hg2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Pb2+单独以及两两联合对不同发育阶段诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)的急性毒性效应。结果显示,单独作用下,Hg2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Pb2+对1日龄诸氏鲻虾虎鱼早期仔鱼的48 h LC50分别为0.0013、5.0、12.2和313 mg/L,四种重金属离子对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的毒性依次为:Hg2+Cr6+Cd2+Pb2+,诸氏鲻虾虎鱼对重金属离子的敏感性依次为:早期仔鱼中期仔鱼晚期仔鱼稚鱼幼鱼,诸氏鲻虾虎鱼对Hg2+的安全浓度阈值0.013μg/L;4种重金属离子对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼两两联合的毒性效应为:各发育阶段Pb2+-Cd2+、Pb2+-Cr6+主要为拮抗作用,不同发育阶段诸氏鲻虾虎鱼Cr6+-Cd2+、Hg2+-Cr6+、Hg2+-Cd2+、Hg2+-Pb2+联合毒性效应不同。海水水质标准修订时应对Hg进行更严格的控制,诸氏鲻虾虎鱼早期仔鱼对重金属离子毒性更敏感,其适用于水环境重金属离子的毒性评价。     

辽宁徐大堡海域浮游动物多样性及群落结构的季节变化

于2009年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)、冬季(12月),在辽宁徐大堡海域共开展四个航次的现场监测,进行浮游动物群落结构、优势种及其季节演替、特征种的丰度及时空分布(包括优势种、鱼卵和仔稚鱼等)以及物种多样性的时空分布等研究。结果表明:研究海域浮游动物的种类数及物种多样性,夏季最高,春季和秋季次之,冬季最低。浮游动物优势种主要属于广温广盐类群和近岸暖温类群,优势种及其群落组成的季节演替较明显。浮游动物优势种的丰度,春、夏季较高,秋、冬季较低;水温的季节变化及沿岸水的输入是该海域浮游动物群落结构及丰度时空变化的主导因素。     

南京玄武湖微囊藻水华种类组成的研究

2005-08～2006-10采集蓝藻水华样品, 通过形态学特征和ITS序列分子标记的方法对南京玄武湖水华的优势种类进行了鉴定. 结果表明,玄武湖水华主要由微囊藻构成, 通过形态特征鉴定主要种类为铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa)、M. novacekii 和惠氏微囊藻(M. wesenbergii). 3种藻的生物量在水华中的相对比例分别为30%～45%、35%～40%和10%～15%. 采用分子标记的方法对２种优势种类进行了分子鉴定. PCR扩增ITS序列并进行测序, 通过基因序列比对和基于ITS序列的系统发生树分析, 进一步确定了优势种类为M. aeruginosa和M. novacekii; 通过检测产毒基因mcyB来确认2株优势微囊藻的产毒特性, PCR扩增结果均出现了大约为780 bp的特异性片段, 表明这2种藻均为产毒种. 对水华提取物的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定表明, 玄武湖水华中微囊藻毒素的种类主要是MC-LR和MC-RR.     

赤潮异弯藻对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性研究

以黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)仔鱼致死率为指标,进行了赤潮异弯藻鱼毒性源起的探寻.分别就赤潮异弯藻细胞数、种群生长时期、去藻滤液、藻粉提取液的毒性特征进行了研究.实验结果表明:(1) 赤潮异弯藻藻细胞数越高,对黑鲷仔鱼的致死性越大.当藻细胞数达到105 /mL时,5 h内出现明显致死现象.毒性作用主要源于细胞外分泌物质.(2) 不同种群生长期的赤潮异弯藻去藻过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性存在差异:指数生长期产生的毒性相对较弱,平台期和衰亡期呈现显著的5 h急性致死作用.(3) 用活性炭对平台期和衰亡期的去藻过滤液进行吸附处理,可以使去藻过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的5 h致死率明显减弱.但24 h致死率仍为100%.(4) 利用冻干藻粉溶液过滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的毒性实验结果发现:冻干藻粉溶液过滤液仍然呈现出与浓度相关的毒性作用特征,滤液对黑鲷仔鱼的24 h半致死浓度相当于每mL溶液中含0.1 mg的干藻粉形成的溶液浓度.赤潮异弯藻的细胞和生长水体中都具有典型的鱼毒性特征.     

Cannibalistic feeding of larval Trichogramma carverae parasitoids in moth eggs

Wasps of the genus Trichogramma parasitise the eggs of Lepidoptera. They may deposit one or many eggs in each host. Survival is high at low density but reaches a plateau as density increases. To reveal the mechanism by which excess larvae die we chose a lepidopteran host that has flattened, transparent eggs and used video microscopy to record novel feeding behaviours and interactions of larval Trichogramma carverae (Oatman and Pinto) at different densities. Single larvae show a rapid food ingestion phase, followed by a period of extensive saliva release. Ultimately the host egg is completely consumed. The larva then extracts excess moisture from the egg, providing a dry environment for pupation. When multiple larvae are present, the initial scramble for food results in the larvae consuming all of the egg contents early in development. All larvae survive if there is sufficient food for all to reach a threshold developmental stage. If not, physical proximity results in attack and consumption of others, continuing until the surviving larvae reach the threshold stage beyond which attacks seem to be no longer effective. The number of larvae remaining at the end of rapid ingestion dictates how many will survive to emerge as adults. Electronic Supplementary Material  Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

几种化学药剂对淡水单孔蚓虫卵及幼虫的杀灭效果研究

为寻求有效杀死"红虫"虫卵的药剂及杀灭幼虫的最小药剂用量,在20℃条件下,使用氯胺、高锰酸钾及过氧化氢溶液对虫卵及幼虫进行杀灭实验。结果表明:氯胺溶液对"红虫"虫卵的杀灭效果并不理想;在虫卵杀灭处理中,使用高锰酸钾溶液是不可行的;过氧化氢对"红虫"虫卵具有极强的杀灭效果,0.05%的过氧化氢在30 min内即可将虫卵有效杀死;低浓度氯胺溶液对"红虫"幼虫具有较好的杀灭效果,起始余氯值为1.3 mg/L的氯胺溶液即可在1 d内将"红虫"幼虫全部杀死。     

Infanticide by a solitary koinobiont ichneumonid ectoparasitoid of spiders

When encountering an already parasitized host, a parasitoid’s optimal choices (superparasitism, host rejection, host feeding or infanticide) seem to depend on the individual species’ life history, because the same choice may have different fitness consequences. We demonstrate infanticide under laboratory conditions by a polysphinctine, Zatypota albicoxa, which is a solitary koinobiont ectoparasitoid of spiders. The female always removed any previously attached egg or larva from the body of the host spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, with a rubbing behaviour. She rubbed her ovipositor back and forth toward the undersurface of the attached egg or of the saddle under the attached larva to pry it off and laid an egg after removal. When removing a larva, the infanticidal female engaged exclusively in unfastening the ‘saddle’ which fastens the larva to the body of the spider. All larvae were removed with the ‘saddle’ attached to the ventral surface of the body. The female invested more time to remove the medium second and the large penultimate instar larvae than to remove eggs and first instar larvae because of the labour involved in unfastening the saddle. Oviposition with infanticide of the medium second and the penultimate instar larvae imposed more time upon the female than that on an unparasitized host. Removal of any previous occupant in spite of the associated labour costs suggests that infanticide will always be adaptive, no matter the time costs to Z. albicoxa, because so much is invested in attacking the host and because the parasitoid cannot detect whether the spider is already parasitized until she achieves subjugation.     

Aboard a spider--a complex developmental strategy fossilized in amber

Mantid flies (Mantispidae) are an unusual group of lacewings (Neuroptera). Adults markedly resemble mantids in their general appearance and predatory behavior. The larvae of most mantispids exclusively prey on spider eggs, whereby the first instar larva is highly mobile and active and the other two larval stages immobile and maggot like. One of the larval strategies to pursue spider eggs is spider-boarding. Here, I report on the first record of a fossil mantispid larva. It was found in Middle Eocene Baltic amber, and it is the first record of Mantispidae from this deposit. The larva is attached to a clubionoid spider in a position typical for most mantispid larvae, and, thus, it is also the first fossil record of this complex larval behavior and development.     

电厂增温对中小型浮游动物群落结构的影响

为探明电厂增温可能导致邻近海域浮游动物的小型化问题,对小网目（网目77μm）采集的象山港国华电厂排水口附近样品数据进行了分析.结果表明：本次调查共鉴定出75种浮游动物（包括浮游幼体、卵与仔鱼）,优势种18种,年平均丰度为27690.0ind/m³.该海域主要由中小型桡足类和浮游幼体组成,且个体体长以<1000μm中小型浮游动物占绝对优势.其中,体长<500μm小型浮游动物丰度在各月份和各断面均最高,平均丰度占总丰度比例>58.2%;体长500~1000μm占比>34.8%;而体长>1000μm所占比例仅为7%.经群落相似性分析（ANOSIM）,群落结构具显著的季节性差异（P<0.05）,但不同断面的空间结构无显著差异.群落相似性百分比（SIMPER）分析显示,导致群落结构时空差异的主要判别种有大同长腹剑水蚤（Oithona similis）、异体住囊虫（Oikopleura dioica）和砂壳虫（Difflugia sp.）等.电厂增温导致大型浮游动物（>2000μm）全部远离排水口0.2km断面（D02断面）,主要幼体类群的桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体则在增温海域分布较均匀,几乎不受影响.而一些高丰度小型浮游动物,如砂壳虫、短角长腹剑水蚤（Oithona brevicornis）、伪长腹剑水蚤（Oithona fallax）大量聚集于排水口,使D02断面的浮游动物丰度最高,达35704.1ind/m³.多样性分析显示,海域增温与种类数（S）间的线性关系不显著（P>0.05）,而与Shannon指数（H'）、Pielou均匀度（J'）、Simpson指数（D'）间均存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01）.据回归方程斜率计算,每增温1℃会导致浮游动物H'、J'、D'和S分别降低5.4%、5.0%、3.8%和2.9%.     

The role of tending ants in host plant selection and egg parasitism of two facultative myrmecophilous butterflies

Ovipositing adult females of myrmecophilous lycaenids are expected to select plants based on ant presence in order to maximize the survivorship of immature stages. Usually, larvae feed ants with honey-like solutions and, in turn, ants ward off parasitoids. Nonetheless, a rarely investigated approach is whether ant partners can also extend their protective behavior towards lycaenids eggs. Here, we investigated the ant-related oviposition pattern of Allosmaitia strophius and Rekoa marius; then, we compared egg parasitism according to the presence of ants. Lycaenid oviposition and egg parasitism (in percent) were experimentally compared in ant-present and ant-excluded treatments. The study plant, Heteropterys byrsonimifolia, is an extrafloral nectaried shrub which supports several ant species. We sampled 280 eggs, of which 39.65 % belonged to A. strophius and 60.35 % to R. marius. Both lycaenids eggs were significantly more abundant on branches with ants, especially those with Camponotus crassus and Camponotus blandus, two ant species known to attend to lycaenids. A. strophius and R. marius parasitism was 4.5- and 2.4-fold higher, respectively, in ant-present treatments, but the results were not statistically significant. Our study shows that ant-mediated host plant selection in lycaenids might be much more widespread than previously thought, and not restricted to obligate myrmecophilous species. Tending ants may be inefficient bodyguards of lycaenid eggs, because unlike larvae which release sugared liquids, eggs do not offer obvious rewards to ants. Ants can ward off parasitoids of larvae, as observed elsewhere, but our findings show that positive ant–lycaenid interactions are conditional and depend on immature ontogeny.     

Identifying a breeding habitat of a critically endangered fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acheilognathus typus</Emphasis>, in a natural river in Japan

Freshwater biodiversity has been severely threatened in recent years, and to conserve endangered species, their distribution and breeding habitats need to be clarified. However, identifying breeding sites in a large area is generally difficult. Here, by combining the emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis with subsequent traditional collection surveys, we successfully identified a breeding habitat for the critically endangered freshwater fish Acheilognathus typus in the mainstream of Omono River in Akita Prefecture, Japan, which is one of the original habitats of this species. Based on DNA cytochrome B sequences of A. typus and closely related species, we developed species-specific primers and a probe that were used in real-time PCR for detecting A. typus eDNA. After verifying the specificity and applicability of the primers and probe on water samples from known artificial habitats, eDNA analysis was applied to water samples collected at 99 sites along Omono River. Two of the samples were positive for A. typus eDNA, and thus, small fixed nets and bottle traps were set out to capture adult fish and verify egg deposition in bivalves (the preferred breeding substrate for A. typus) in the corresponding regions. Mature female and male individuals and bivalves containing laid eggs were collected at one of the eDNA-positive sites. This was the first record of adult A. typus in Omono River in 11 years. This study highlights the value of eDNA analysis to guide conventional monitoring surveys and shows that combining both methods can provide important information on breeding sites that is essential for species’ conservation.