Zur chemie der marsoberfläche

Analyses of 13 samples of Martian surface materials with the Viking X-ray fluorescence spectrometers show SiO₂ similar to that of terrestrial mafic rocks, whereas Fe₂O₃, Cl, and S are higher and Al₂O₃, K₂O, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr are lower. Low totals suggest presence of CO₂, H₂O, and Na₂O. Duricrust fragments are higher in S than fines, but samples from both landing sites are surprisingly similar. We suggest that Martian surface materials are aeolian deposits of complex mixtures of weathering products of maficultramafic rocks, possibly consisting of iron-rich clays, sulfates, iron oxides, carbonates, and chlorides.     

滇池典型陆生和水生植物溶解性有机质组分的光谱分析

应用紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶红外光谱与三维荧光光谱,对采自滇池外海及湖滨农田的2种典型陆生植物(玉米、紫茎泽兰)和5种水生植物(芦苇、水红花、水葫芦、眼子菜、茭草)所提取的DOM(溶解性有机质)组分进行了光谱分析. 结果表明,陆生与水生植物DOM的紫外-可见光谱曲线基本类似,吸光度均随波长的增加而降低. 陆生植物DOM的SUVA₂₅₄(单位溶解性有机碳浓度下波长254 nm处吸收系数)值大于水生植物,表明滇池外源输入的DOM腐殖化程度大于内源. 植物叶中DOM的A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅(A₂₅₀、A₃₆₅分别为波长250和365 nm处的紫外吸光度比值)小于茎,表明叶中DOM的芳香性和分子量都大于茎. 陆生与水生植物DOM均有相似的红外特征峰带,其中—COO-、—CH₂、—CO、—OH、—NH₂的特征峰明显,表明它们是构成陆生和水生植物DOM的主要官能团. 三维荧光光谱分析表明,陆生植物茎的DOM中含有类富里酸物质,而叶的DOM中含有类腐殖酸物质. 水生植物除了水葫芦叶的DOM中含有类腐殖酸物质外,其他样品无论茎、叶都含有类富里酸物质. 除水葫芦叶外,同种植物茎的DOM中存在类色氨酸物质,而叶中不存在.      

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

兴凯湖有色可溶性有机物来源与组成特征—中国境内特大型界湖

运用光谱吸收与三维荧光－平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAFAC)分析了兴凯湖有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱、荧光光谱特征以及荧光组分与主要水质参数的相关性,以探究兴凯湖CDOM来源组成特征.结果表明:平行因子分析法解析CDOM三维荧光图谱,得到陆源类腐殖质C1、微生物作用类腐殖质C2、类酪氨酸C3和类色氨酸C4.兴凯湖中陆源类腐殖质C1能较好反演DOC、TN浓度变化,且在富营养化更强的小兴凯湖中反演效果更好.吸收系数a₂₅₄、荧光峰积分比值I_C:I_T、光谱斜率S_275-295、DOC与C1-C2、C4在兴凯湖中线性拟合程度均较好,与C1的相关性最好,这意味着陆源类腐殖质是兴凯湖CDOM库的主要贡献者,入湖河流输入是兴凯湖CDOM的重要来源之一.小兴凯湖DOC、a₂₅₄均极显著高于大兴凯湖,说明小兴凯湖的CDOM丰度要高于大兴凯湖.小兴凯湖CDOM的I_C:I_T、C1-C2和C4的值均极显著大于大兴凯湖(P<0.001),小兴凯湖S_275-295与光谱斜率比值S_R均极显著小于大兴凯湖,小兴凯湖PC1得分均值显著高于大兴凯湖品,意味着相较于大兴凯湖而言,小兴凯湖CDOM陆源输入信号更强烈,腐殖质化程度更高,亦即河流输入、农业面源污染导致小兴凯湖CDOM腐殖质化程度升高,且这一部分CDOM分子量较大,应加强兴凯湖流域中生态渔业、生态农业、生态旅游、农田退水等河流污染源排放的控制管理.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

贵阳地区碳酸盐岩岩系成土方式及其特征

碳酸盐岩上覆红土的成因主要有溶蚀-残积说、溶蚀-交代说和外来沉积说。通过对贵阳地区碳酸盐岩岩系上覆红土剖面的调查研究,发现碳酸盐岩岩系成土作用有岩性变化的层间界面上成土、岩-土界面上成土、岩层整体块状层内风化成土等方式。其中岩-土界面成土方式是最常见的一种,而岩层整体块状层内风化成土也有一定比例,岩性变化的层间界面上成土方式相对较少。三种成土类型说明碳酸盐岩岩系成土是复杂的,是多层面、多方式的,并非是单一的成因形成,碳酸盐岩岩系成土速率应比原来认为的高。     

Isotopic and anatomical evidence of an herbivorous diet in the Early Tertiary giant bird Gastornis. Implications for the structure of Paleocene terrestrial ecosystems

The mode of life of the early Tertiary giant bird Gastornis has long been a matter of controversy. Although it has often been reconstructed as an apex predator feeding on small mammals, according to other interpretations, it was in fact a large herbivore. To determine the diet of this bird, we analyze here the carbon isotope composition of the bone apatite from Gastornis and contemporaneous herbivorous mammals. Based on ¹³C-enrichment measured between carbonate and diet of carnivorous and herbivorous modern birds, the carbonate δ¹³C values of Gastornis bone remains, recovered from four Paleocene and Eocene French localities, indicate that this bird fed on plants. This is confirmed by a morphofunctional study showing that the reconstructed jaw musculature of Gastornis was similar to that of living herbivorous birds and unlike that of carnivorous forms. The herbivorous Gastornis was the largest terrestrial tetrapod in the Paleocene biota of Europe, unlike the situation in North America and Asia, where Gastornis is first recorded in the early Eocene, and the largest Paleocene animals were herbivorous mammals. The structure of the Paleocene terrestrial ecosystems of Europe may have been similar to that of some large islands, notably Madagascar, prior to the arrival of humans.     

应用海相镜质组反射率研究华北地区下古生界成熟度

如何评价下古生界高－过成熟海相碳酸盐岩成熟度是当前急需解决的问题。笔者通过对华北地区下古生界海相烃源岩的有机岩石学分析，确认下古生界高－过成熟碳酸盐岩中普遍存在海相镜质体，建立了海相镜质体反射率与镜质组反射率之间的关系。     

千岛湖有色可溶性有机物光谱学特征及环境指示意义

有色可溶性有机物的光谱学特征能在一定程度上揭示湖泊溶解性有机物来源及其迁移转化规律,探究其光谱学特征对水质保护具有重要的现实意义.本文基于2018年10月在国家级水源供给水库千岛湖布设的60个采样点进行样品采集,运用光谱吸收及三维荧光,结合平行因子分析等方法揭示该湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱特征及其在空间上的变化,进而揭示有机物来源和迁移转化规律,探讨荧光光谱在水质监测应用等方面的指示意义.三维荧光矩阵经平行因子分析解析获得4种荧光组分包括陆源类腐殖酸C1、类酪氨酸C2、类色氨酸C3及微生物作用的类腐殖质C4.类腐殖质组分C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、有色可溶性有机物特征波长吸收系数a(350)均呈现出由西北入湖河口至其它湖区递减的分布趋势,并且C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、a(350)具有很好的相关性与之印证,说明上游新安江输入是千岛湖有机物的主要来源,类腐殖酸是主要的荧光组分.两种类蛋白组分包括类酪氨酸C2和类色氨酸C3分布均具有高度的空间异质性,高值均集中分布在靠近淳安县的湖心区及大坝附近的东南湖区,且该两个组分与叶绿素a浓度无显著相关性.从上游新安江河口至下游大坝出水口方向类腐殖酸组分所占比重逐步减小,而类蛋白组分所占比重增大.结合对该湖周边城镇居民用地分析表明湖心区及东南湖区类蛋白组分一定程度上可能来源于淳安县居民区生活污水的排放;同时,来自上游的类腐殖酸不断稀释及光降解转化为类蛋白组分可能是荧光光谱组成空间变化的又一个原因.C1为主要的荧光信号并与溶解性有机碳、a(350)及叶绿素a浓度具有更好的线性拟合优度,说明陆源类腐殖酸C1相比于其他荧光组分对有机物反演更为准确灵敏.由此表明,千岛湖有色可溶性有机物荧光光谱对有机物来源和迁移转化规律及水质监测等方面具有重要的环境指示意义.     

苯甲醛清洁生产工艺研究

采用硫酸锰与碳酸铵反应制得的碳酸锰为原料 ,在 3种温度条件下连续焙烧转化成Mn2 O3 ,将Mn2 O3 、硫酸和甲苯进行固、油、水非均相氧化反应 ,制备苯甲醛 .反应结束后 3相自然分层 ,油相经简单蒸馏分出苯甲醛产品 ,没反应的甲苯循环使用 ;水相中还原生成的硫酸锰 ,循环与碳酸铵反应 ,制备碳酸锰 ;固相剩余的Mn2 O3 用于循环氧化反应 .对整个工艺流程优化 ,5次循环后的苯甲醛转化率仍保持在 75 %左右     

施用牛粪肥和复混肥对碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用影响的室内模拟研究

农业施肥影响土壤的理化性质,影响土壤碳酸盐风化动力学,以至影响碳循环系统。本研究通过土柱模拟试验,结合底部埋置碳酸盐岩试片,依据淋滤液的水化学对比分析,研究了施用牛粪肥及复混肥对土下碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用的影响。结果表明,施用牛粪肥后,淋滤液中的HCO-3、C1^～、NH4＋、耗氧量（COD）、K＋、Ca2＋、Mg＋、N...     

自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度界定研究

自然滩地型湖滨带是湖滨带修复的基本参照类型.自然滩地型湖滨带的陆向辐射带是其重要组成部分,是由湖泊最高水位线向陆域延伸一定范围的区域.陆向辐射带有水陆生态交错带的复杂性、过渡性,致使其宽度难以界定.为了探索自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度的界定方法,以太湖、长潭水库和下渚湖为例,基于对湖滨带空间结构特征的理解,以湿生草本植物的重要值计算平方欧氏距离（SED）,采用移动分割窗技术（MSWT）,界定上述湖泊自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度,并对影响宽度的因素进行分析.结果表明:太湖、长潭水库、下渚湖自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度分别为15~19、19~31、17~21 m.对陆向辐射带宽度与土壤理化性质、植物群落多样性进行相关性分析及冗余分析表明,自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度与土壤营养盐含量无明显相关性,与湖滨带坡度呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）,与土壤含水率呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）.研究显示:移动分割窗技术可用于界定自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度;土壤含水率是影响自然滩地型湖滨带陆向辐射带宽度的主要因素,陆向辐射带坡度通过影响土壤含水率,进而影响湿生草本植物分布,是自然滩地型陆向辐射带宽度的次要影响因素.      

东北湖区典型流域生态安全评估

为评估东北湖区湖泊生态安全,在山口湖流域水质特征分析的基础上,分别采用模糊综合评价法、层次分析法和DPSIR（驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应）模型对山口湖流域水环境质量、陆域生态系统健康状况和流域生态安全进行综合评估.结果表明:①2014年山口湖水体氮、磷、有机物质量浓度较低,各月营养水平存在较大波动:3月冰封期ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（COD_Mn）最低,分别为0.681、0.022、6.31 mg/L;5月冰层溶解时ρ（TN）和ρ（COD_Mn）最高,分别为1.771、8.27 mg/L.在3条入湖河流中,长水河受生活源和农业面源污染较重,ρ（TN）年均值为2.244 mg/L,超出GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准限值;南水河污染较轻,ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为1.061、0.059 mg/L;土鲁木河受人类活动影响较小,污染最轻.②模糊综合评价结果显示,除5月外,2014年山口湖水体总体上处于GB 3838-2002 Ⅲ类水质.③1988-2014年山口湖陆域生态系统处于优秀状态,但健康指数由1988年的90.06降至2014年的87.63,森林覆盖率下降、农田比例增加是陆域生态系统健康状态下降的主要原因.④2014年山口湖流域生态安全指数值为72.61,处于较安全状态,经济发展水平落后、入湖污染物未有效控制、透明度低、水产品供给指标功能较差、污染物处理能力差是影响山口湖生态安全的主要因素.研究显示,需减少农田化肥施用量,加强农村和农业面源污染防治等措施,控制污染物入湖量,加强环境监管能力建设和科技支撑,提高山口湖流域生态安全状态.      

典型水库型湖泊中CDOM吸收及荧光光谱变化特征:基于沿岸生态系统分析

为进一步了解水库型湖泊溶解性有机质(DOM)的地球化学特征,本文以三峡库区典型内陆水库型湖泊——长寿湖为研究对象,利用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱,并结合湖区周边生态系统分析,讨论了长寿湖水体中CDOM的组成、来源和空间分布特征.结果表明,长寿湖不同采样点DOM浓度(DOC和CDOM)存在一定程度的空间分布差异,但各点FDOM分布较为稳定.回水区出现DOM累积,由于受陆源输入影响有限,水体内源活动主导,具有较明显"内源控制"特征,芳香性和分子量相对较低;而周边陆地以人工林兼旅游开发为主的采样点,陆源输入在带入较多腐殖化(高芳香性)组分的同时,人为活动排放也是导致其类蛋白组分丰富的重要原因;入湖区尽管周边果林和居民生活对水体DOM有一定影响,但上游河流输入的影响也不容忽视.另外,各采样点也出现了不受周边生态系统影响的独立的相关性特征,例如芳香性特征常数(SUVA280)和光谱斜率[S(275~295)]显著负相关、CDOM和FDOM极显著正相关、CDOM和S(275~295)负相关等.同时,长寿湖水体中CDOM的生色团主要由具有芳香性结构的大分子组分构成;至少51%的CDOM波动可以通过FDOM变化来进行解释,其中回水区荧光组分对CDOM变动的影响最为明显.在采用传统FI值无法区分DOM来源差异性时,结合采样点沿岸生态系统,综合紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征,有助于对DOM组成及来源进行解析.     

西太湖典型河口区湖滨带表层沉积物营养评价

测定了典型西太湖入湖河口区湖滨带中表层沉积物的有机质、总氮、总磷的含量,平均含量分别为2.417%、1.049mg/g、0.402mg/g,其分布都是沿湖滨带水向辐射带、水位变幅带、陆向辐射带呈逐渐增大趋势。底泥中C/N值为12.4。底泥中有机质及营养盐来源于湖中藻类和高等水生植物。利用有机指数和有机氮评价表层沉积物,整个区域属于尚清洁范畴。     

碱厂白泥制备橡胶填充剂的可行性研究

以青岛碱厂白泥为研究对象,通过橡胶实验及产品性能测试,证实了用碱厂白泥制备橡胶填充剂的可行性。与目前正在使用的普通轻质碳酸钙和超细轻质碳酸钙相比较,由白泥加工成的粉体填充剂对丁苯胶硫化胶性能的影响能够达到普通轻质碳酸钙的水平,对天然橡胶硫化胶性能的影响能够达到超细轻质碳酸钙的水平。天然橡胶的混炼实验表明,增加白泥粉体在配方中的用量,对硫化胶的力学性能没有什么影响,但由于白泥粉体分散性下降,增加了橡胶混炼时的困难。     

Crustal evolution in the silicate planets

This paper reviews recent discoveries from space missions to the Moon, Mercury, Mars, and Venus, and their implications for planetary development. It appears that all these planets have undergone similar sequences of crustal evolution, the chief difference among them being how far each has evolved. All have apparently undergone a first differentiation in which a global crust was formed. This crust was partly disrupted by heavy impact bombardment some 4·10⁹ years ago. A second differentiation, resulting in basalt eruptions, followed. The Moon and Mercury essentially stopped evolving at this point; Mars and Venus continued to a stage of incipient plate tectonics, with crustal fracturing and vulcanism. Terrestrial Precambrian geologic evidence is consistent with a similar but further-advanced evolutionary sequence for the Earth as well, and the theory is proposed that terrestrial continents are the greatly altered and redifferentiated remnants of an originally global igneous crust of intermediate composition. The ocean basins of today are the multi-cyle descendants of mare-like basins localized by a late heavy bombardment about 4·10⁹ years ago analogous to that which formed the lunar mare basins and similar basins on other planets.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average (M_w) and number-averaged (M_n) molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E₂/E₃ (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm), and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Protein-like fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index (f_450/500) indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.     

松花湖沉积物溶解性有机质荧光光谱特性

溶解性有机质(DOM)对于湖泊的主要污染指标(如COD等)有着较大的影响,而沉积物亦是湖泊污染的主要来源,因此沉积物DOM荧光光谱特性的研究对进一步揭示湖泊污染本质有重要意义.采集了松花湖20个点位的沉积物,利用激发发射矩阵光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)技术对沉积物中的DOM组分进行了解析,从光谱学角度明...     

近海沉积物组份对有机物的吸附与吸附机理探讨

以大连近海沉积物主要组份碳酸钙、金属氧化物、腐殖酸和粘土矿物为沉积物模拟样品,测定该4种组份对硝基苯等4种毒性有机的吸附等温线,在此基础上建立了多组份吸附剂吸附等温模式。通过吸附热的测定,探付了4种沉积物组份吸附毒性有机物的机理,并比较了相对吸附能力大小