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1.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
2.
Lisa V. Bardwell 《Environmental management》1991,15(5):603-612
The specter of environmental calamity calls for the best efforts of an involved public. Ironically, the way people understand
the issues all too often serves to discourage and frustrate rather than motivate them to action. This article draws from problem-solving
perspectives offered by cognitive psychology and conflict management to examine a framework for thinking about environmental
problems that promises to help rather than hinder efforts to address them.
Problem-framing emphasizes focusing on the problem definition. Since how one defines a problem determines one's understanding
of and approach to that problem, being able to redefine or reframe a problem and to explore the “problem space” can help broaden
the range of alternatives and solutions examined.
Problem-framing incorporates a cognitive perspective on how people respond to information. It explains why an emphasis on
problem definition is not part of people's typical approach to problems. It recognizes the importance of structure and of
having ways to organize that information on one's problem-solving effort. Finally, problem-framing draws on both cognitive
psychology and conflict management for strategies to manage information and to create a problem-solving environment that not
only encourages participation but can yield better approaches to our environmental problems. 相似文献
3.
The economic policy needs to pay increasingly more attention to the environmental issues, which requires the development of
methodologies able to incorporate environmental, as well as macroeconomic, goals in the design of public policies. Starting
from this observation, this article proposes a methodology based upon a Simonian satisficing logic made operational with the
help of goal programming (GP) models, to address the joint design of macroeconomic and environmental policies. The methodology
is applied to the Spanish economy, where a joint policy is elicited, taking into consideration macroeconomic goals (economic
growth, inflation, unemployment, public deficit) and environmental goals (CO2, NO
x
and SO
x
emissions) within the context of a computable general equilibrium model. The results show how the government can “fine-tune”
its policy according to different criteria using GP models. The resulting policies aggregate the environmental and the economic
goals in different ways: maximum aggregate performance, maximum balance and a lexicographic hierarchy of the goals. 相似文献
4.
Employing in-depth, elite interviews, this empirical research contributes to understanding the dynamics among policy windows,
policy change, and organizational learning. First, although much of the research on agenda setting—how issues attract enough
attention that action is taken to address them—has been conducted at the national scale, this work explores the subnational,
regional scale. With decentralization, regional-scale environmental decision-making has become increasingly important. Second,
this research highlights the role of policy windows and instances of related organizational learning identified by natural
resources managers. Having practitioners identify focusing events contrasts with the more typical approach of the researcher
identifying a particular focusing event or events to investigate. A focusing event is a sudden, exceptional experience that,
because of how it leads to harm or exposes the prospect for great devastation, is perceived as the impetus for policy change. 相似文献
5.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
6.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
7.
Life cycle assessment-based environmental product declarations (EPDs) require the inclusion of biodiversity impacts across
the entire supply chain. The objective of this study is to test the applicability of a Scandinavian biodiversity assessment
tool, developed specifically for use with EPD applications, in an African desert environment, linking the industry types power
generation and mining. For this purpose, a GIS-based spatial analysis tool—the biotope method—was adapted to a framework approach
which allowed the selection of more suitable, site-specific biodiversity indicators. The biotope method provides a step-by-step
process of defining system boundaries, mapping biotopes, categorizing biotopes based on site-specific indicators, and evaluating
change in biotope status “before” and “after” the impact. The development of site-specific indicators was piloted in this
study and determined by the affected ecosystem and the status of knowledge on biodiversity in this geographic area. Thus plants
were used as indicators for biodiversity, and red-list status and endemism constituted the prime criteria for conservation
value of plants. This in turn represented the key criterion for classifying biotopes. The tested biodiversity assessment tool
has potential for application in different environments and operational settings but leaves room for improvement by including
secondary impacts in the assessment and using a wider range of taxa for indicators of biodiversity. 相似文献
8.
Conflicts over how to “scale” policy-making tasks have characterized environmental governance since time immemorial. They
are particularly evident in the area of water policy and raise important questions over the democratic legitimacy, economic
efficiency and effectiveness of allocating (or “scaling”) tasks to some administrative levels as opposed to others. This article
adopts a comparative federalism perspective to assess the “optimality” of scaling—either upward or downward—in one issue area,
namely coastal recreational water quality. It does so by comparing the scaling of recreational water quality tasks in the
European Union (EU) and Australia. It reveals that the two systems have adopted rather different approaches to scaling and
that this difference can partly be accounted for in federal theoretical terms. However, a much greater awareness of the inescapably
political nature of scaling processes is nonetheless required. Finally, some words of caution are offered with regard to transferring
policy lessons between these two jurisdictions. 相似文献
9.
Carlos Wing-Hung Lo 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):331-344
Within the context of political democratization, this article explores environmental protection in Hong Kong since the government
lauched a ten-year program to “save the environment” in 1989. Examining environmental management by law from a social-choice
perspective, it argues that the government has yet to reach an integrative policy orocess. Hence the preconditions for an
integrative set of environmental legislation are absent. Institutionally, without a comprehensive green policy, the current
arrangements lack a vision as an integrative force to promote effective coordination among various sectoral environmental
coordination among various sectoral environmental programs. The dominant approach of policy and law enforcement through consultation
has rendered impossible strict enforcement of environmental rules and regulations as local economic growth enjoys a priority
over environmental protection. At a time of environmental awakening, the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared awakening,
the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared to participate in environmental management in a strict legal manner. The overall
observation is that Hong Kong has yet to see more mature political, legal, administrative, and social conditions for managing
its environment within a legal framework. 相似文献
10.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
11.
Kate Sherren 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(3):341-347
This paper identifies one possible set of appropriate disciplinary content for undergraduate programs in sustainability, based
on a survey instrument employed at two international sustainability events in 2005. Undertaken to supplement the focus in
the sustainability education literature on generic skills and pedagogical method via case-based or broadly conceptual work,
it seeks to assist curriculum developers with planning disciplinary content. Findings indicate that a sustainability canon
of sorts exists. A surprising amount of agreement existed from the two different specialist groups about core concepts, notably
in ecology and—less unanimously—policy, economics and ethics. Studies about society were preferred as elective content. A
10-subject core was nominated, suggesting the need for broad foundational underpinnings. 相似文献
12.
It is now widely accepted that members of the public should be involved in environmental decision-making. This has inspired
many to search for principles that characterize good public participation processes. In this paper we report on a study that
identifies discourses about what defines a good process. Our case study was a forest planning process in northern New England
and New York. We employed Q methodology to learn how participants characterize a good process differently, by selecting, defining,
and privileging different principles. Five discourses, or perspectives, about good process emerged from our study. One perspective
emphasizes that a good process acquires and maintains popular legitimacy. A second sees a good process as one that facilitates
an ideological discussion. A third focuses on the fairness of the process. A fourth perspective conceptualizes participatory
processes as a power struggle—in this instance a power play between local landowning interests and outsiders. A fifth perspective
highlights the need for leadership and compromise. Dramatic differences among these views suggest an important challenge for
those responsible for designing and carrying out public participation processes. Conflicts may emerge about process designs
because people disagree about what is good in specific contexts. 相似文献
13.
Over the last five decades, Malaysia has undergone rapid economic, social and environmental change, a process which is still continuing. The pursuit of socio‐economic progress has been accompanied by an unprecedented rate of change in the natural environment. In parallel to this development, governmental responses have also adapted over time to address emerging environmental situations. This article views the recent history of Malaysia's evolving policy response to development needs and environmental change as consisting of four distinct stages. Despite an impressive array of policy statements and strategies to implement sustainable development, many challenges remain today. A clear articulation of normative principles of sustainable development is of paramount importance, as is the monumental task of policy implementation. The article argues that the trajectory of Malaysia's policy on natural resources and environmental issues bears the characteristics of path‐dependent evolution. 相似文献
14.
Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception
that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position
that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause.
We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed
by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower
middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes
in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents
who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and
work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the
community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes.
The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication
is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft
their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values.
Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our
way of life completely upside down.
A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991) 相似文献
15.
This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional
postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework
of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and
magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on
Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework
of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications
and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of
his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development. 相似文献
16.
The Precautionary Principle is a legal mechanism for managing the environmental risk arising from incomplete scientific knowledge
of a proposal's impacts. The Precautionary Principle is applied to actions that carry with them the potential for serious
or irreversible environmental change. The model proposed in this paper draws on methods used in a range of disciplines for
modeling (potentially highly nonlinear) interactions between multiple parts of a complex system. These methods have been drawn
together under the common mathematical umbrella of Fitness Landscape Theory. It is argued that the model, called “Environmental
Impact Fitness Landscapes,” allows statements about the sensitivity of the gross effect from a set of impacts to be made when the number of impacts in the set, and/or their degree of interaction, is varied.
It is argued that this can be achieved through identification of “meta” or “emergent” properties of the set itself, without
reference to the specific causal chains determining behavior in specific instances. While such properties are very general,
they may at least allow for the parameterization of the effects of sets of impacts where interactions are highly uncertain
and empirical data severely limited, i.e., situations that would typically invoke the Precautionary Principle. 相似文献
17.
Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Green space plays an important role in complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services with environmental,
aesthetic, recreational and economic benefits. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a large population of about 15.81
million. Construction of green spaces is an important part of sustainable development in Beijing. To attain the sustainable
development of Beijing as a capital city, an international city, a historical cultural city, and a living amenity city, this
article attempts to develop a comprehensive plan of green space development both at the municipal and regional levels. At
the municipal level of Beijing, based on the study of green space changes, and taking physical geographic conditions and historical
context into account, we propose to establish green barriers in the mountainous area, and plan a comprehensive green space
pattern composed of one city, two rings, three networks, eight water areas, nine fields, and several patches in the plain
area. At the regional level of the Capital Circle Region, integrating the characteristics and causes of main environmental
issues, we design a macroscopic pattern—“barriers by mountains in the northwest,” “seaward open spaces in the southeast,”
“grassland-forest-field-coast zones,” and “green-blue symphony”—for ecological restoration and green space construction. Finally,
we discuss the principles necessary to implement green space planning considering adaptation to local conditions, composite
function exploitation, interregional equity and integrated planning. 相似文献
18.
This article examines one MPA—the Gulf of Mannar National Park and Biosphere Reserve—located in southern India, and four types
of social conflict that have surrounded its establishment. Taking the strength of wellbeing aspirations as point of departure,
we focus on two themes: the implications of MPA embeddedness in wider societal systems, and the consequences of natural and
social variety for governance. We conclude first of all that conflict resolution depends on MPA authorities’ willingness to
engage with the interferences that emerge from outside the MPA area. Secondly, we point out the varying wellbeing aspirations
of the population and the need to develop governance partnerships. The latter are argued to contribute to more balanced decision
making, as well as to a greater appreciation among the target population of the ‘fairness’ of MPA policy. 相似文献
19.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
20.
Raymond Anthony 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):123-144
Agricultural technologies are non-neutral and ethical challenges are posed by these technologies themselves. The technologies
we use or endorse are embedded with values and norms and reflect the shape of our moral character. They can literally make
us better or worse consumers and/or people. Looking back, when the world’s developed nations welcomed and steadily embraced
industrialization as the dominant paradigm for agriculture a half century or so ago, they inadvertently championed a philosophy
of technology that promotes an insular human-centricism, despite its laudable intent to ensure food security and advance human
flourishing. The dominant philosophy of technology has also seeded particular ethical consequences that plague the well-being
of human beings, the planet, and farmed animals. After revisiting some fundamental questions regarding the complex ways in
which technology as agent shapes our lives and choices and relegates food and farmed constituents into technological artifacts or commodities, I argue
that we should accord an environmental virtue ethic of care—understood as caretaking—a central place in developing a more
conscientious philosophy of technology that aims at sustainability, fairness, and humaneness in animal agriculture. While
technology shapes society, it also is socially shaped and an environmental virtue ethic of care (EVEC) as an alternative design
philosophy has the tools to help us take a much overdue inventory of ourselves and our relationships with the nonhuman world.
It can help us to expose the ways in which technology hinders critical reflection of its capacity to alter communities and
values, to come to terms with why we may be, in general, disengaged from critical ethical analysis of contemporary agriculture
and to consider the moral shape and trajectory and the sustainability of our food production systems going into the future.
I end by outlining particular virtues associated with the ethic of care discussed here and consider some likely implications
for consumers and industry technocrats as they relate to farming animals. 相似文献