欧盟汽车行驶记录仪的推广应用历程

欧盟是汽车行驶记录仪应用历史最久和安装车辆最多的地区。欧盟应用的成功经验掀起了周边国家及世界范围内各国争相引入汽车行驶记录仪实施道路交通安全监管的热潮。在广泛、深入调查欧盟汽车行驶记录仪应用情况的基础上,本文从基本概念、产品种类及技术发展、推广应用历程进行了简述,旨在加深人们对汽车行驶记录仪基本概念和应用理念的认识和理解,推动我国汽车行驶记录仪的进一步推广应用及管理体系的建立。     

国内外汽车行驶记录仪应用概况

汽车行驶记录仪制造和应用的发源地在欧洲。早在20世纪20年代，行驶记录仪便伴随着汽车里程表而诞生，当时是和汽车速度、里程表结合在一起的。随着汽车工业的快速发展，记录仪开始在汽车运营中得到自发性的广泛应用。1934年，德国发明了世界上第一台纸盘式行驶记录仪，至今已有70年的历史。为了保障道路交通安全运输，1953年，德国政府开始对载重超过7吨的货车和客车强制推行纸盘式行驶记录仪。自1970年起，当时的欧共体开始推广德国的经验，在德国、法国、意大利、比利时、卢森堡6个成员国强制推行行驶记录仪。     

我国汽车行驶记录仪的应用理念

面对我国日趋严峻的道路交通安全形势,各省市先后积极安装试用汽车行驶记录仪,但由于在应用中普遍缺乏足够的认识和理解,导致各地急功近利、缺乏配套建设、产品市场混乱,结果收效甚微。笔者经过充分的国内外调研,分别从汽车行驶记录仪的基本概念和功能、产品的特点及要求、推广应用及建设需求等几方面进了行阐述和澄清,并指出我国汽车行驶记录仪推广应用中应着重解决的问题和应有的思路。     

前景广阔的汽车行驶记录仪

汽车行驶记录仪,又称“汽车黑匣子”,是一种专门用来记录车辆行驶状态的仪器,记录的信息一般包括车速、车辆加速度、节气门位置、制动、灯光等信号。 汽车行驶记录仪最早出现在20世纪70年代,由欧共体率先推出,后来,记录仪作为一种车载电子设备,逐渐地走向成熟。到20世纪90年代,车辆行驶记录仪的发展进入了一个新时代。其典型特点是大规模集成电路和新型的存储介质的应用,如日本某型记录仪的采样频率达到1MHz,存储容量达4Mb。我国在这一时期也有大量的新型记录仪出现。21世纪以后,汽车“黑匣子”也发生了质的飞跃,从原来的单纯记录型发展到现在的管理型,并具有地理位置跟踪和违章预警等功能。     

GPS卫星定位系统在交通安全管理中的应用

为了进一步在全国推广应用汽车行驶记录仪和GPS,预防重特大道路交通事故的发生,2006年10月31日至11月1日,国家安监总局在浙江省宁波市召开全国安监系统汽车行驶记录仪和GPS应用交流会.     

推广使用汽车行驶记录仪

一、安装使用汽车行驶记录仪的重要意义汽车行驶记录仪是指对车辆行驶速度、时间、里程以及有关车辆行驶的其他信息进行记录、存储并通过接口实现输出的数字式电子记录装置。汽车行驶记录仪的使用,对遏制疲劳驾驶、车辆超速等交通违章,约束驾驶人员的不良驾驶行为,保障车辆行驶安全以及道路交通事故的分析鉴定具有重要的作用。欧盟、日本等国家早在20世纪70年代就开始以立法的形式,在部分客运车辆及货车上强制安装使用记录仪。澳2003年4月15日,国家质量监督检验检疫总局正式发布了《汽车行驶记录仪》国家标准(GB/T19056-2003),并已于2003…     

推进汽车行驶记录仪的应用提高交通事故防范科技水平

道路交通安全是全国安全生产的重要组成部分.2003年全国共发生道路交通事故67.3万起,死亡10.5万人,分别占全国事故起数、死亡人数的70%和76.5%.可见,我国道路交通安全形势依然严峻.要实现道路交通安全形势的根本性好转,必须开拓思路,创新方法,实现管理方式的转变,努力促进以经验管理型为主导的传统管理方式向以科技管理型为主导的现代管理方式转变.汽车行驶记录仪的应用和管理是采用先进科技管理手段,加强道路交通安全管理的重要举措之一.当前,特别是应充分借鉴国外成功经验、作法,大力推进汽车行驶记录仪在国内的应用,并充分发挥汽车行驶记录仪在道路交通事故预防工作中的作用.     

基于SOPC的汽车行驶记录仪

介绍一种带有视频采集功能的汽车行驶记录仪,该记录仪硬件平台使用了ALTERA公司的DE2开发板.通过定制该开发板上的SOPC芯片,设计了记录所需的各功能部件,在相应控制软件的协调下,利用开发板上视频处理部件,VGA显示部件,SD部件等构成了一个完整的具有视频采集、存储、回放功能的汽车行驶记录仪.     

广东省安装使用汽车行驶记录仪初见成效

近期，国家安全生产监督管理局监管二司会同公安部交管局、交通部公路司组成调研组，先后在广东省广州、顺德、珠海、深圳等地，深入到生产企业和交通运输企业，就汽车行驶记录仪的生产、安装和使用情况进行了实地调研。     

林道结构和行驶速度对汽车驾驶员心率、血压和目视行为的影响

日本高知大学和静闹大学对在林道上行驶的汽车驾驶员测试表明：1．汽车驾驶员的心率增加率和最高血压增加值，不仅随着汽车行驶速度的增加而增加，并且随着林道曲率半径的减小而增加。2．汽车驾驶员的心率增加率和最高血压增加值，还与汽车转弯方向有关。当在同一行驶速度下转向行驶，右转弯行驶时汽车驾驶员的心率增加率和最高血压增加值均比左转弯行驶时要大。3．汽车驾驶员的心率y（次／min）与林道曲率半径x（m）的关系，高速行驶时y＝47．315x-0.485，中速行驶时y＝38．492X－0.483，低速行驶时y＝52．013x－0.831。4．汽车驾驶员的最…     

Situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan. We focused on vehicles with 4 or more wheels. Such characteristics included daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations.

Methods: Pedestrian fatality data on vehicle–pedestrian accidents were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) from 2005 to 2014. Nine vehicle classifications were considered: Trucks with gross vehicle weight (GVW) ≥7.5 tons and <7.5 tons, buses, box vans, minivans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), sedans, light passenger cars (LPCs), and light cargo vans (LCVs). We compared the situational daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations for accident-involved vehicles traveling at low and higher speeds across all vehicle types.

Results: The results indicate that pedestrian fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds occurred more often under daytime conditions across all vehicle types. At signalized intersections, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles were traveling at low speed, except when the accidents involved box vans or SUVs. Similarly, when vehicles turned right, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles traveling at low speed were involved across all vehicle types. In terms of the frontal right vehicle impact location, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when trucks with GVW ≥7.5 tons or <7.5 tons, sedans, or LCVs traveling at low speed were involved.

Conclusions: The situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds identified in this study can guide targeted development of new traffic safety regulations or technologies specific to vehicle–pedestrian interactions at low vehicle travel speeds (i.e., driver alert devices or automated emergency braking systems). Ultimately, these developments can improve pedestrian safety by reducing the frequency or severity of vehicle–pedestrian accidents for vehicles turning right at intersections and/or reducing the number of resultant pedestrian fatalities.     

我国区域道路交通安全形势对比与影响因素分析

根据2007年的政府统计数据,将全国划分为4个社会经济发展区域,并对比各区域道路交通的发展状况与安全形势,然后运用SPSS统计软件分析道路交通安全评价参数与社会经济发展水平之间的相关性。发现社会经济发展梯次靠前的区域,其道路交通与安全状况也相对较好;GDP、人口、机动车保有量、机动车驾驶证普及率、道路条件和交通运输规模等因素分别对交通事故的死亡人数、万车死亡率、亿元GDP死亡率和百公里道路死亡率等指标具有显著影响。针对各区域的道路交通安全现状,必须进一步加快交通基础与安全设施建设,建立和完善交通事故紧急救援体系,加强交通安全宣传、教育、管理以及区域间的交流与合作。     

Effects of environment, vehicle and driver characteristics on risky driving behavior at work zones

This study aims to analyze the effects of environment, vehicle and driver characteristics on the risky driving behavior at work zones. A decision tree is developed using the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to graphically display the relationship between the risky driving behavior and its influencing factors. This approach could avoid the inherent problems occurred in the conventional logistic regression models and further improve the model prediction accuracy. Based on the Michigan M-94/I-94/I-94BL/I-94BR highway work zone driving behavior data, the decision tree comprising 33 leaf nodes is built. Bad weather, poor road and light conditions, partial/no access control, no traffic control devices, turning left/right and driving in an old vehicle are found to be associated with the risky driving behavior at work zones. The middle-aged drivers, who are going straight ahead in their vehicles with medium service time and equipped with an airbag system, are more likely to take risky behavior at lower work zone speed limits. Further, the middle-aged male drivers engage in risky driving behavior more frequently than the middle-aged female drivers. The number of lanes exhibits opposing effects on risky behavior under different traveling conditions. More specifically, the risky driving behavior is associated with the single-lane road under bad light or weather conditions while drivers are more likely to engage in risky behavior on the multi-lane road under good light conditions.     

Analysis of Driver Evasive Maneuvering Prior to Intersection Crashes Using Event Data Recorders

Objective: Intersection crashes account for over 4,500 fatalities in the United States each year. Intersection Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (I-ADAS) are emerging vehicle-based active safety systems that have the potential to help drivers safely navigate across intersections and prevent intersection crashes and injuries. The performance of an I-ADAS is expected to be highly dependent upon driver evasive maneuvering prior to an intersection crash. Little has been published, however, on the detailed evasive kinematics followed by drivers prior to real-world intersection crashes. The objective of this study was to characterize the frequency, timing, and kinematics of driver evasive maneuvers prior to intersection crashes.

Methods: Event data recorders (EDRs) downloaded from vehicles involved in intersection crashes were investigated as part of NASS-CDS years 2001 to 2013. A total of 135 EDRs with precrash vehicle speed and braking application were downloaded to investigate evasive braking. A smaller subset of 59 EDRs that collected vehicle yaw rate was additionally analyzed to investigate evasive steering. Each vehicle was assigned to one of 3 precrash movement classifiers (traveling through the intersection, completely stopped, or rolling stop) based on the vehicle's calculated acceleration and observed velocity profile. To ensure that any significant steering input observed was an attempted evasive maneuver, the analysis excluded vehicles at intersections that were turning, driving on a curved road, or performing a lane change. Braking application at the last EDR-recorded time point was assumed to indicate evasive braking. A vehicle yaw rate greater than 4° per second was assumed to indicate an evasive steering maneuver.

Results: Drivers executed crash avoidance maneuvers in four-fifths of intersection crashes. A more detailed analysis of evasive braking frequency by precrash maneuver revealed that drivers performing complete or rolling stops (61.3%) braked less often than drivers traveling through the intersection without yielding (79.0%). After accounting for uncertainty in the timing of braking and steering data, the median evasive braking time was found to be between 0.5 to 1.5 s prior to impact, and the median initial evasive steering time was found to occur between 0.5 and 0.9 s prior to impact. The median average evasive braking deceleration for all cases was found to be 0.58 g. The median of the maximum evasive vehicle yaw rates was found to be 8.2° per second. Evasive steering direction was found to be most frequently in the direction of travel of the approaching vehicle.

Conclusions: The majority of drivers involved in intersection crashes were alert enough to perform an evasive action. Most drivers used a combination of steering and braking to avoid a crash. The average driver attempted to steer and brake at approximately the same time prior to the crash.     

危险品道路运输选线问题分析

从运输网、运输危险源、影响区域3方面提出了危险品道路运输风险分析的框架.将道路固有特征、气象条件、交通状况和人口密度分布等风险减缓或扩大因素划分为8类,重点讨论了主要路线的自变量和因变量因素.采用双层选线管理模式,深入分析了最小化运输事故概率和暴露人口风险模型.应用权数调整节点标号算法和边线标号算法解决危险品道路运输选线问题.对影响区暴露人口的选取做了深入探讨,考虑了邻接交迭路段暴露人数的误差,对准确计算危险品运输风险有重要价值.     

事故车辆影响下的城市道路交通仿真研究

为研究事故车辆影响下城市道路交通的特征，构建考虑车辆抢道行为的元胞自动机交通流模型，研究给定冲突区域长度下不同进车率和不同事故持续时间对城市道路交通流的影响。研究结果表明:事故车辆会诱发交通瓶颈，对城市交通产生显著干扰并形成拥堵带，且拥堵带向事故车辆上游传递。不同事故持续时间下交通流演化存在差异，道路平均车流量、车流平均密度随着事故持续时间的增加而增加，车辆平均速度随之减小。当道路中车辆较少（pin=0.3）且事故持续时间达到15 min时，交通处于严重拥堵状态；当道路中车辆较多（pin=0.5）、事故持续时间达到5 min时，交通即处于严重拥堵状态。研究结果可为优化城市交通事故处理机制提供依据。     

Smeed's law and expected road fatality reduction: An assessment of the Italian case

IntroductionSmeed's law defines the functional relationship existing between the fatality rate and the motorization rate. While focusing on the Italian case and based on the Smeed's law, the study assesses the possibility for Italy of reaching the target of halving the number of road fatalities by 2020, in light of the evolving socio-economic situation.MethodA Smeed's model has been calibrated based on the recorded Italian data. The evolution of the two indicators, fatality and motorization rates, has been estimated using the predictions of the main parameters (population, fleet size and fatalities). Those trends have been compared with the natural decreasing trend derived from the Smeed's law.ResultsNine scenarios have been developed showing the relationship between the fatality rate and the motorization rate. In case of a limited increase (logistic regression) of the vehicle fleet and according to the estimated evolution of the population, the path defined by motorization and fatality rate is very steep, diverging from the estimated confidence interval of the Smeed's model. In these scenarios the motorization rate is almost constant during the decade.ConclusionsIn the actual economic context, a limited development of the vehicle fleet is more plausible. In these conditions the target achievement of halving the number of fatalities in Italy may occur only in case of a structural break (i.e., the introduction of highly effective road safety policies).Practical applicationThe proposed tools can be used both to evaluate retrospectively the effectiveness of road safety improvements and to assess if a relevant effort is needed to reach the established road safety targets.     

电石公路运输事故特征与安全条件的研究

基于电石生产销售实际以及公路运输特征,笔者系统研究了电石公路运输应该具备的道路条件、人员条件、车辆条件、包装条件、仓储条件、自然条件、装卸条件、承运与交付条件;提出了电石道路运输耐压力、耐冲击、耐震动、耐水、耐低气压的实验设计;分析了电石公路运输事故的主要原因并结合电石公路运输事故中典型的火灾事故的特征;给出了电石火灾的水泥罐车灭火方法以及电石运输事故的紧急救援预案。