Underlying cause of fire: Different form of land tenure conflicts in Sumatra

One of the social phenomena that have arisen in Indonesia in the post-Reformasi period (mid-1998) is the increase in land tenure conflicts between local communities and tree plantation companies, and between local communities and the forestry department. Land tenure conflicts often trigger forest and land fires, which is both a symptom and a cause of increasing conflict over tenure and use rights. If the tenure issue is not appropriately addressed, it will continue to result in unwanted fires and forest degradation, related smoke and gas emissions, and environmental and economic losses. A recent study in Sumatra revealed that, in many cases, (1) tenure conflicts between companies and communities, resulting from past government policies and practices, often trigger forest and land fires because of frustrations by the communities of being unable to have their claims heard in a fair and transparent judicial system; and (2) even with the use of military force, forest policy and management has largely failed to protect forest resources when local communities were not involved. The nature of the partnership between communities and companies in land use development is also an important factor in influencing the incidence and control of fire.     

基于“三生”适宜性的县域土地利用冲突识别与分析

精准识别潜在土地利用冲突有利于预警权衡和协调冲突用地,有利于科学进行国土空间规划。以“三调”修正数据为基础,基于生产、生活、生态视角,构建高植被覆盖率县域生产、生活、生态即“三生”适宜性评价模型与土地利用冲突识别矩阵,并选取横峰县进行实证分析。结果表明:（1）横峰县“三生”适宜性用地的空间分布与面积构成差异显著,且存在明显的空间叠加特征,暗示着研究区土地利用存在冲突;（2）从潜在冲突识别的结果来看,土地利用适宜区、冲突激烈区、冲突中度区、冲突一般区及冲突微弱区面积占比分别为64.02%、9.66%、17.19%、1.66%、7.48%;（3）各个冲突类型区空间分布、表现形式的差异性决定了冲突和解的对策也需因地制宜。研究结果可为相关及类似县域的国土空间规划提供理论参考。     

基于Meta分析的矿业城市生态服务价值转移研究

采矿活动剧烈干扰了区域土地利用,对生态系统健康造成了严重影响。论文在综合国内若干资源型城市生态系统服务价值研究实例的基础上,提炼系列指标参数,运用Meta分析方法建立并验证了专门针对矿业城市耕地、林地、草地、水域的价值转移模型,并以河北省武安市为例估算了1987、2001和2014年的生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明：1）价值转移模型可以有效地评估矿业城市生态系统服务价值;2）武安市生态系统服务总价值呈现先增后减的趋势,2001年之后呈现快速下降状态;3）从地类面积来看,1987—2014年间武安市经济发展对生态用地产生的干扰程度为：耕地>草地>水域>林地,从服务价值角度看,干扰程度为：耕地>水域>草地>林地;4）在生态用地总面积减少的情况下,适当优化生态用地土地利用结构可以提高生态系统服务总价值。     

半城市化地区土地利用变化及驱动力分析——以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区是在快速城市化进程中产生的一种过渡类型地域,伴随着剧烈的土地利用竞争和矛盾,土地利用变化迅速的特征。以厦门市集美区为例分析了半城市化地区土地利用演变规律,发现1987-2007年间研究区土地利用强度持续提高,城市建设用地和农村建设用地增加,农用地和淡水水域面积减少。矩阵转移分析结果表明,城市建设用地的增加主要来自未利用地、农用地和农村建设用地,农村建设用地的增加主要由农用地和未利用地转化而来,农用地是城市化过程中最容易受到侵占的土地利用类型。建设用地变化与非农业人口、总GDP,第二产业产值、固定资产投资、农民人均纯收入、实际利用外资、房地产投资呈现显著的正相关关系,是建设用地变化的主要驱动力。农用地面积变化与非农人口、总GDP、第一产业产值、第二产业产值、农民人均纯收入以及实际利用外资呈现显著的负相关关系。集美半城市化地区土地利用变化的主要驱动力包括城市人口增长、土地利用政策、经济结构调整、公共基础设施的发展以及国家政策。     

Environmental management in the Brazilian non-metallic small-scale mining sector

Non-metallic mineral resources, albeit very important to meet the needs of the Brazilian population and for exportation, are ill-favored by governments and ignored by the public. Most of this mining is performed by small-scale companies and informal operations that cause extensive and widespread environmental damages. In addition to examining the current state of the industry and its environmental impacts, this paper outlines a series of initiatives for improving (environmental) performance. The suggestions made include improved coordination among public entities responsible for the control of the mining sector; the undertaking of environmental management and reclamation initiatives; research and diffusion of mining and environmental technology; the development and implementation of appropriate licensing procedures for small-scale mines; and the reviewing of environmental impact evaluation and enforcement procedures, and improved regional planning. It is concluded, however, that the proposals will only become a reality if the necessary political actions are taken, and are supported by adequate financing and technical assistance.     

Mercury-free gold mining technologies: possibilities for adoption in the Guianas

The rudimentary nature of small-scale gold mining activities often generates a legacy of extensive degradation and deplorable social conditions, both during and after activities have ceased. Small-scale mining usually involves the extraction of secondary gold from placer deposits (alluvial, colluvial or elluvial), which can be liberated and treated using gravity methods. In the Guianas, the most popular form of small-scale gold mining is referred to as “land dredging”, a combination of hydraulicking and suction dredging. This method requires application of large volumes of water for both mining and mineral processing; in most cases, there are no containment structures for the waste tailings generated. Mercury, a dangerous pollutant, is the preferred method employed by small-scale miners for gold recovery. Gold extraction using mercury is comprised of the following four stages: (1) amalgamation, (2) separation of amalgamation, (3) removal of excess mercury, and (4) burning of the remaining amalgam to produce a gold sponge. Mercury can be released into the environment at each stage, which makes the promotion of mercury-free alternatives imperative.Technical alternatives for small-scale gold mining, however, must be thoroughly evaluated, pre-tested, modified accordingly and successfully transferred. Moreover, technology must be inexpensive, relatively simple and easy to adapt, while allowing a rapid rate of return. WWF-Guianas is working with the regulatory agencies and other relevant stakeholders of the Guianas to reduce the environmental footprints caused by small-scale mining. The major aspects of this program are to develop the capacity and regulatory mechanisms within the local government, to promote mercury-free technology, and monitor mercury in the environment. This paper reviews the alternative technologies being investigated by the WWF-Guianas for use in the small-scale gold mining industry.     

生态旅游环境友好型土地利用模式——以云南香格里拉县为例

根据对云南香格里拉县生态旅游环境友好型土地利用模式的野外调查和研究工作,分析出现象背后的模式内涵,总结形成该模式的地域特点,并指出此种土地利用模式解决的人地矛盾,为其它地区借鉴此种环境友好型土地利用模式提供实例参考,最后建设性地提出了推广此种模式应具备的条件,为具体实施提供理论指导。     

城市废弃工矿区土地再利用研究

加快城市废弃工矿区土地再利用,已成为发展矿区循环经济、提高城市土地利用效率有效途径之一。在对城市废弃工矿区土地再利用的相关概念界定的基础上．对城市废弃工矿区土地再利用理论和技术进行了综述,并提出存在的问题及建议。     

基于Shapley值法的矿产资源开发利益相关者利益分配博弈分析

矿产资源在开发中会牵涉到多个利益相关者,从自身利益最大化考虑,不同的利益相关者就会有不同的利益分配诉求,因此,矿产资源开发中合理分配各方的利益,是矿区和谐、减少矿区冲突必须先解决的重要问题。文章通过引入合作博弈理论,提出基于Shapley值的矿产资源开发中企业、政府和社区居民三者之间的利益分配方法,以此为依据进一步引入风险承担和投资额大小两种因素对Shapley值行进修正,建立一种更完善的矿产资源开发利益分配方式,有效解决矿区利益分配矛盾,实现多方共赢,共建和谐矿区。     

矿区土地合理开发与利用研究

本文分析了矿区土地利用的特点，提出矿区土地合理开发与利用的原则，并对合理开发利用矿区土地的途径及其保障体系进行了研究。     

The emperors new clothes: Sustainable mining?

Over the last few years, the idea of ‘sustainable mining’ has, thanks to industry sponsorship, been working its way into the agenda of many international processes. There is now a push in many countries to invite in multinational mining companies with the idea that there is a “new, sustainable mining” which is different from the old, bad practices of the past. Yet, what has actually changed in the industry to match this shift in rhetoric? From the perspective of mine-affected communities nothing seems to have changed. Their land is still being taken from them without giving their free, prior and informed consent, and they are suffering the same ill effects on their ways of life, health and environment. This paper will illustrate how under this rhetoric, the mining industry ‘emperor’ has the same old naked ambitions.     

Promoting cleaner production in the Indian small-scale mining industry

India is among the top ten mineral producing nations in the world and its economy depends on the value of minerals produced. Although mineral production has increased significantly since the country’s independence, what continues to be overlooked in is the contribution of resident small-scale mines to national mineral output. Approximately 90% of India’s mines are operating on a small-scale, employing some 0.5 million people. However, because of their rudimentary and highly migratory nature, these operations feature poor environmental management practices and safety conditions. This paper examines the unique techno-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of selected small-scale mining regions in India. It furthermore underscores the need for cleaner production in these regions, and outlines a series of legislative measures pertinent to the industry. The paper concludes by identifying educational- and training-related initiatives, which, if undertaken, could facilitate additional environmental improvement at sites.     

射流曝气SBR在小城镇污水处理中的应用研究

考虑到小城镇污水其独有的特点，有必要在工程中探索和创新适合其处理特性的工艺或反应器。本文介绍了我国小城镇水污染和污水处理的现状和特点，并对射流曝气SBR工艺在处理小城镇污水的可行性进行分析探讨．认为射流曝气SBR在处理小城镇污水中有广阔的应用前景，     

西部生态脆弱区矿山不同开采强度下生态系统服务时空变化——以神府矿区为例

以神府矿区为例,选取土地利用、植被覆盖、土壤、气象等生态环境与统计数据指标,利用RS和GIS技术构建生态系统服务遥感测量评估指标体系,评估研究区2005-2015年生态系统服务变化及时空分布特征,进一步探究神府矿区不同开采强度对生态系统服务的影响并进行驱动力分析。研究结果表明:(1)2005年、2010年、2015年研究区的总生态系统服务分别为1.598×1010元、1.905×1010元、2.134×1010元,呈现逐年递增的趋势;(2)生态系统服务功能中水土保持价值比例最大,草地的单位面积生态系统服务价值最高,耕地、草地生态系统为该地区贡献了最多的生态系统服务价值;(3)研究区生态系统服务分布表现为由东北向西南逐渐降低的趋势,不同开采强度下的生态系统服务增长变化较为相似,煤炭开采区域生态系统服务未显著下降,整体较为平稳。对生态系统服务变化的驱动分析表明在近年来相对改善的气候环境与人工修复共同作用下,神府矿区生态系统服务未发生明显的缩减。此类半干旱生态脆弱矿区国土空间生态修复适宜通过主动的"保护性开发"以及"人工诱导+自然修复"为主的方式,避免大范围与高强度的水土扰动型治理,通过适度...     

粮食安全视角下的土地资源优化配置及其关键问题

土地资源优化配置是提高土地资源利用效率、缓解土地用途冲突、促进人地和谐发展的重要手段。当前中国土地资源优化配置研究在理论探索与实践应用方面均取得积极进展,但面对土地利用急剧变化、土地管理效率低下及生态系统退化等现实问题,传统的以“数量—空间耦合”为核心的优化配置方式已难以满足当前人类追求美好生活的需求和国土空间可持续发展的目标要求。与此同时,全球粮食安全正面临一系列严峻挑战,土地资源优化配置将直接影响并作用于粮食生产与经济发展之间的冲突协调过程。改革开放以来,南京大学立足和服务于国家战略需求与重点区域发展（长三角及沿海地区）,以保障资源安全与粮食安全目标为导向,围绕土地资源优化配置开展了大量研究和实践,主要集中在耕地利用格局优化、耕地集约利用转型、耕地保护与利用规划、土地利用与城乡规划、国土整治与农用地管理、土地利用制度创新、土地经济政策优化等特色研究领域,充分发挥地理学与管理学交叉学科优势,为国家土地资源优化与可持续利用的学科发展和制度创新做出了积极贡献。综上,通过系统梳理土地资源优化配置相关研究进展,总结归纳中国土地资源配置的关键问题,进一步在回顾南京大学学术贡献的基础上提出粮食安全视角下的中国土地资源优化配置面临的机遇与挑战,试图为可持续土地利用优化提供借鉴和参考。     

土地综合承载力指标体系设计及评价——中国东部沿海地区案例研究

论文在对土地承载力进行简要回顾的基础上 ,构建了一套适合于东部沿海地区的区域土地承载力综合评价指标体系 ,并运用均方差权数决策法 ,将该区土地承载力划分为3种类型区 ,即 :低承载力区、中等承载力区、高承载力区 ,分别代表土地承载力演替从低层次的均衡发展阶段较高层次的不均衡发展阶段高层次的系统协调均衡发展阶段。     

矿山生态修复及市政污泥稳定化产物应用潜力

对矿山土地的破坏、污染与危害进行了调研和回顾,详细介绍了矿山土地的物理修复、化学修复和植物修复技术,以及含硫矿山所特需的酸性矿山废水（AMD）原位阻断技术,分析其优缺点及使用条件.研究得出矿山土地生态修复技术的选择依据,通过一系列技术阻断污染,修复与改良表层土壤后建立植被,最终实现生态修复.指出提供足够的、符合需求的植物生长基质是矿山土地生态系统修复的关键要素.进一步提出符合标准要求的市政污泥稳定化产物具有替换客土、预防AMD产生、阻断矿山重金属污染、为矿山土地补充维持植物生长所必需的养分、强化矿山土地保水保肥的作用.同时,对于我国目前待修复的矿山面积,市政污泥稳定化产物施用在时间维度上具有长期的可持续性.因此,市政污泥稳定化产物在矿山土地生态修复的应用上具有潜力和优势.     

Environmental management in small scale mining in PNG

Although small-scale mining has developed rapidly in Papua New Guinea (PNG), it is only recently that formal recording has been carried to gain insight on employment and production totals, and environmental difficulties. This paper examines the state of small-scale mining in PNG, with special emphasis on its environmental impacts. In recent years, the PNG Department of Mining has become a proactive source of educational activities and information gathering for small-scale mining, its effort directed at devising a comprehensive development plan for the sector. The result has been a tripartite program with active participation from a number of donor agencies and the private sector that promotes integrated rural development and takes into account the important economic and environmental aspects vital for effective poverty alleviation.     

Towards a sustainability criteria and indicators framework for legacy mine land

Sustainable development practices have become an integral part of most major mining companies’ business activities. However, the history of mining and the negative impacts it has had on the natural and social environment mean future mining activities, rightly or wrongly, will be judged against the legacies of the past and current poor performers. Legacy mine land, defined here as land which has been mined and is now being used for another purpose, or is orphaned, abandoned or derelict and in need of remedial work, is one management challenge that will be judged in the context of sustainable development. Globally, millions of such sites exist. Having criteria against which to measure progress toward or away from sustainable development goals is a key to delivering results. The aim of this research was to develop a sustainability criteria and indicators framework to suit the particular needs of legacy mine land. The resulting framework consists of 14 criteria and 72 indicators.     

广安市城市土地集约利用评价研究

文章从广安市城市土地利用的现状分析入手,总结了广安市城市土地利用的基本特征及存在的问题.从理论上论述了城市土地集约利用的基本内涵、基本特征和集约利用水平评价指标的选取.在此基础上通过不同的评价指标体系,对广安市城市土地集约利用状况进行了评价,并提出若干有益于土地集约利用的对策和建议.