关于环境监测中的质量保证的几点思考

环境监测质量保证工作不断得到加强才能使环境监测在环境管理中发挥更好的服务作用,本文阐述了提高现场监测质量保证的具体措施以及建立环境监测质量信息管理平台的意义、核心思想及重要因素。     

A multiple-criteria environmental impact assessment for the plastic injection molding process: a methodology

This paper proposes a multiple-criteria methodology for evaluating environmental impacts in the plastic injection molding process (PIMP) and incorporates the findings of an empirical study conducted in Hong Kong. The paper identifies and explains various indicators of environmental impact assessment and establishes a multiple-criteria rating matrix. It then elaborates on the implementation of a pilot program and discusses the relevance of the methodology inside and outside of the work environment. Results show that the methodology provides manufacturers with a feasible means to assess their environmental performance and perform benchmarking analysis. The methodology can also be modified and applied in different industry sectors.     

本底大气CO2观测分析过程中QA/QC方法的建立与评估

建立科学规范的本底大气CO2采样观测分析过程中的质量保证与质量控制方法,是实现该数据资源同化和共享的基础.本研究以中国气象局温室气体网络化采样观测经验为基础,以便携式采样观测、波长扫描-光腔衰荡(WS-CRDS)分析技术为例,系统介绍了我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气中CO2采样观测过程中的质量保证措施,样品分析过程中的玻璃瓶质量保证措施和样品分析过程中的系统质量控制方法、数据处理过程中的校正方法、数据分级质量标记和数据拟合插补方法等;并重点对该方法中几个关键步骤进行了评估验证;最后,应用本研究方法,对我国3个区域大气本底站CO2的采样观测数据进行了处理和浓度变化特征分析,说明本研究方法也可以较好地捕捉区域和局地环境因素影响对观测结果的影响,并客观、准确地反映该区域的自然和人为活动特征.     

污染控制信息手段──镇江市工业企业环境行为信息公开化

信息手段的引入改变了传统的环境管理模式目前不少发展中国家采用了企业环境行为信息公开化这一有效的措施．该措施通过对企业的环境行为进行分析、评价、分级和公众曝光的方式,促进企业改善其环境行为本文介绍了什么是企业环境行为信息公开化,其理论依据、设计原则和实施步骤并以镇江市企业环境行为信息公开化为例,具体说明如何设计和实施这一措施,包括如何设计企业环境行为分类标准、体系来评价、分级,表征企业环境行为.     

Measuring the environmental performance of IPPC industry: II. Applying the Environmental Emissions Index to quantify environmental performance trends from routinely reported data

Reported emissions data were collated for 35 pharmaceutical-manufacturing installations and 18 power stations holding IPPC licences in Ireland. Consistent and essentially complete sectoral emissions time-series were generated, covering 2002–2006 for the pharmaceutical sector, and 2001–2006 for the electricity-generating sector. Applying the Environmental Emissions Index (EEI) to reported emissions indicated environmental performance improvements of 35 and 30%, respectively, for these two sectors. However, considerable uncertainty was attributed to reporting of heavy metals, NO_x and NMVOC emissions at the installation level, and overall NMVOC emissions from the pharmaceutical sector appeared to be considerably under-reported. The fixed average toxicity factor applied to NMVOC emissions in the EEI may deviate from potential temporal changes in the NMVOC compound mix. Overall, reporting uncertainties were found to have a greater impact on EEI outputs than assumptions made in the EEI model, and including an estimate of total sectoral NMVOC emissions reduced the pharmaceutical sector's environmental performance improvement to 24%. The EEI facilitates the comparison and visualisation of reported emissions, integrating them into environmental performance trends. It should optimise interpretation of abundant, detailed, and underutilised ‘bottom-up’ emissions data generated by IPPC installations. For Ireland's pharmaceutical sector, these data are considerably more comprehensive than EPER data.     

Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care: an environmental evaluation

Single-use medical devices have been under close scrutiny for several years, especially the choice of plastic materials. Many different requirements such as medical safety, treatment functionality and efficiency, environmental performance, etc. have to be fulfilled. Today, the most commonly used materials for hydrophilic urinary catheters are polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this research study, these two materials' environmental performance was evaluated. In light of the knowledge gained in that study a new plastic material for use in urinary catheters was developed. The aim of the development of this new material was to design a high performance material with superior environmental performance. The newly developed plastic material is a polyolefin-based elastomer. The ecological environmental performance of the new material was evaluated and compared to the existing plastic materials. The study focused exclusively on the choice of plastic materials and their ecological environmental performance.The analysis has been performed using a system perspective and a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit has been set to the treatment of one patient during one year. The results from the LCA models have been presented both in terms of direct inventory data, such as energy use and formed emissions, and in terms of the results from four different impact assessment methods. Analysis of the results based on direct inventory data, i.e. common inventory results such as energy resource uses and emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ show an overall better environmental performance for the new polyolefin-based elastomer compared to the existing PVC and TPU plastic materials. The normalization and weighting steps in the analyzes have indicated the importance of energy resource uses and global warming as indicator for the environmental performance even if other impact categories also can play a role. In the environmental impact assessment, the polyolefin-based elastomer showed a clearly better environmental performance than the TPU material. Compared to PVC plastic material the new polyolefin-based elastomer showed an almost equivalent environmental performance. This can be mainly explained by the different materials' energy use. The new material has thus also shown to be an environmentally good alternative to PVC if a PVC-free material is requested. Basing the plastic formula, on simple bulk plastics with low energy use in the production of single-use medical devices, has been shown to be a successful method of producing high quality products with superior environmental performance.     

超低改造下中国火电排放清单及分布特征

本研究基于2018年火电在线监测和环境统计等数据,自下而上编制了中国高分辨率火电行业排放清单,并核算了排放浓度、排放因子和排放量.结果表明超低排放政策效果显著：2018年火电SO₂、NO_x和烟尘平均排放浓度分别为37.57、56.71和7.41mg ·m^-3.比2015年分别下降58.71%、43.12%和60.79%;中国燃煤机组的SO₂、NO_x和烟尘平均排放因子分别为0.30、0.48和0.06 g ·kg^-1,比2015年分别下降55.2%、36.84%和62.5%;中国火电SO₂、NO_x、烟尘和PM_2.5总排放量分别为72.14、118.38、14.90和13.59万t ·a^-1,比2015年分别下降41.32%、19.29%、48.12%和40.39%.     

Improving the environmental performance of firms: the experience of two metal working companies

This case study compares the very different approaches and experiences of two New Zealand metal working companies attempting to reduce waste and pollution. It looks at why and how each got started, the key factors affecting progress, the changes that have been introduced, their cost-effectiveness and the additional benefits which have accrued. One company was significantly more successful than the other and the key factors contributing to its success were good data on the cost of waste generation, an effective total quality management programme, worker empowerment, pursuit of efficiency (cf. environmental) goals, a company culture supporting innovation, the personality and motivation of staff in key roles and access to environmental advice and investment capital. Air emission improvements were, however, triggered by regulation.     

火力发电行业温室气体排放因子测算

为了解我国火力发电行业温室气体排放状况及排放因子,利用U23多组分红外气体分析仪及TH880F烟尘分析仪对全国30台具有代表性的火力发电机组排放的CO₂和N₂O进行了在线监测;监测及后续的数据处理阶段均遵循了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)关于温室气体排放计算的质量保证和质量控制原则.利用统计学方法对数据进行处理,给出了CO₂和N₂O 3种表达方式的排放因子. 结果表明:CO₂排放因子主要受装机容量、燃料及机组使用年限与维护质量的影响;常规煤粉机组的N₂O排放因子随装机容量的增加逐渐变小,循环流化床机组N₂O排放因子最大;与IPCC缺省排放因子的比较表明,烟煤、褐煤的CO₂和N₂O排放因子均在IPCC缺省因子95%置信区间内,贫煤CO₂和N₂O的排放因子均大于IPCC缺省因子;天然气CO₂和N₂O排放因子与IPCC缺省因子相差不大.      

中国区域环境创新绩效评价与研究

基于对部分国内外文献研究,从投入与产出视角试图构建环境创新绩效评价指标体系,采用《中国统计年鉴》和《中国环境年鉴》的相关数据,对我国区域环境创新投入产出进行了评价,并测量了区域环境创新投入产出的绩效,分析了影响环境创新绩效的主要因素.研究表明:我国区域环境创新绩效存在较大差异,除北京等6个地区环境创新投入规模效益不变,其他省(市)处于规模效益递增阶段,即创新投入会提高这些地区的环境创新产出水平及绩效;各种投入因子对环境绩效的促进作用不显著,资金投入和环境规制投入因子对经济绩效有一定促进作用.     

良好质量控制下环境监测方法的选用

经济不断发展,社会对环境保护的要求日趋加强,为保证环境安全,为环保监察执法出具准确、科学、公正的监测数据变得日益重要。本文对选用合适的监测方法进行监测进行初步的探讨。确定了监测范围,在良好的环境质量控制下选择合适的方法,确保监测程序稳定可靠,更好的为环境管理服务。     

The use of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) for identifying environmental costs

The Expert Working Group on “Improving the Role of Government in the Promotion of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA)” was set up by the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development (UN DSD) in cooperation with a number of government agencies and non-governmental experts to promote Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) through publications, pilot projects and by establishing an international forum for discussion on the role of governments in the promotion of EMA.EMA, Environmental management accounting represents a combined approach that provides for the transition of data from financial accounting, cost accounting and mass balances to increase material efficiency, reduce environmental impacts and risks and reduce costs of environmental protection. EMA is performed by private or public corporations, but not by nations and has a financial as well as a physical component.The core focus of environmental management accounting and of the EMA UN DSD methodology is assessment of total annual environmental expenditure on emission treatment, disposal, environmental protection and management. In addition, and that is new and challenging for most companies, the material purchase value of all non-product output and its production costs are added. This total sum often provides a frightening picture of total annual costs of inefficiency and gets companies to improve their information systems and material efficiency options, which is the goal in the light of cleaner production.The first book published by the Expert Working Group, Environmental Management Accounting—Procedures and Principles (Jasch, C., United Nations, New York, 2001), defines principles and procedures for EMA, with a focus on techniques for quantifying environmental expenditures or costs, as a basis for better controlling and benchmarking purposes. The methodology excludes costs external to the company (so-called externalities, e.g. environmental and social effects that occur to the general public), but focuses on comprehensive assessment of direct annual expenditure on emission treatment, environmental protection and management as well as wasted material and energy input (efficiency losses in production). Firstly, total annual expenditure is assessed, then improvement options, savings and investment projects as well as product prices can be (re-)calculated. The method is currently applied in several case studies. The following summary provides some of the core definitions and generic assessment tables.     

Measuring the environmental performance of IPPC industry: I. Devising a quantitative science-based and policy-weighted Environmental Emissions Index

This paper describes the derivation of an Environmental Emissions Index (EEI) intended to quantify the environmental performance of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) installations and sectors. Characterisation and normalisation methods used in lifecycle analyses were applied to 20 routinely reported emissions parameters, pertaining to six environmental impact categories. Distance to policy targets for relevant emissions were used to weight impact categories, and link the EEI to policy priorities. Ireland and the EU15 were considered as scales of context. The European Pollutant Emission Register was a convenient source of normalisation data, but restricted the context of the EEI to industrial emissions, and distorted outputs. Using national and EU15 total loading estimates for normalisation resulted in an EEI that better reflected the relative contribution of reported emissions towards overall environmental pressures. Using Ireland's pharmaceutical sector as a case study indicated that weighting factors, and the toxicity range of NMVOC emissions, were the largest sources of EEI uncertainty. Through the integration of inventory data, scientific characterisation, and policy targets, the EEI translates reported emissions data from IPPC installations and sectors into a benchmark of environmental performance. It may be regarded as an evolving tool of potential utility to regulators and policy makers.     

Using quality function deployment for technique selection for optimum environmental performance improvement

The paper tackles how a given process or technique can be improved to qualify as an environmentally-conscious one at a given budget constraint. The use of quality function deployment (QFD) for the improvement analysis of selected “Best Available Techniques” is discussed. A modified version of QFD is developed and applied to determine the emissions which need to be analysed further for environmental performance improvement. The critical emitted substances with consideration given to environmental impact potential and cost budget are reported. The target specifications used are the environmental benchmarks obtained from the comparison of emission values of the techniques. Sinter production is used as an illustrative example to apply the proposed House of Ecology and the linear mathematical model. QFD could be applied to the continuous improvement of any process or technique with some modifications.     

Assessing environmental performance by combining life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis and environmental performance indicators

We present a new analytical tool, called COMPLIMENT, which can be used to provide detailed information on the overall environmental impact of a business. COMPLIMENT integrates parts of tools such as life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis and environmental performance indicators. It avoids disadvantages and combines complementary aspects of these three tools. The methodology is based on environmental performance indicators, expanding the scope of data collection towards a life cycle approach and including a weighting and aggregation step. A case study on the Thai pulp industry illustrates the usefulness of COMPLIMENT.     

军工材料环境适应性标杆数据应用探讨

目的提升军工材料环境适应性预评估准确性和环境适应性基础数据资源的应用水平。方法按照四同原则"同类型材料、同种试验环境、同种试验方式、相同性能"梳理研究重庆市环境腐蚀与防护工程技术研究中心30余年积累的橡胶、塑料、合金钢等军工材料的环境适应性数据。结果提出了军工材料环境适应性标杆数据的概念,简述了环境适应性标杆数据的主要作用,初步构建了环境适应性标杆数据体系框架,提出了环境适应性标杆数据的2种应用方法,并剖析了2种方法的优缺点,最后列举了环境适应性标杆数据的应用步骤,并以军工高分子材料环境适应性评估为例进行了说明。结论军工材料环境适应性标杆数据体系评估同类型军工材料环境适应性水平具有较高的准确度。     

环境监测质量保证工作中的问题与对策探讨

文章先从实验室内部质量控制和实验室外部质量控制两个方面列举环境监测质量保证工作中存在的问题．然后就提高环境监测质量保证技术提出相应对策,重点分析实验室内部质量控制具体措施和方法。     

Linkages between best practice in business and good environmental performance by companies

Is the adoption of currently accepted best practice in business associated with improved environmental performance by companies? What methods can be used to assess and compare the environmental practices and performance of different companies? In this pilot study, the business and environmental practices and performances of five companies in the metal working sector were examined and scored. The business practices and performances were assessed using the best practice model adopted in the Australian Manufacturers Council study (AMC, November 1994, Melbourne, 112pp.). The environmental practices and performance of the companies were assessed based on a five stage framework of business response to environmental issues presented here. A strong correlation was observed between environmental performance and business practices (correlation coefficient, r = 0.85, p < 0.05). The company closest to best practice had a strong focus on quality, efficiency and elimination of waste, well-developed strategy, good teamwork and a high level of commitment and also had the highest score for environmental performance. The company with poorest score for its business practices had the poorest environmental performance, with the remaining companies lying between on both scores. There was no significant correlation between business performance outcomes and environmental performance.     

The evolution of the ENERGY STAR® energy performance indicator for benchmarking industrial plant manufacturing energy use

ENERGY STAR^® is a voluntary government/industry partnership that offers information to businesses and consumers on energy-efficient solutions, making it easier to save money and protect the environment for future generations. Introduced in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this voluntary labeling program was designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products as basic pollution prevention opportunities. The ENERGY STAR label can now be found on appliances, office equipment, lighting, buildings, and more. In 2002, ENERGY STAR was extended beyond its role in identifying energy efficient products to identifying energy-efficient production. The ENERGY STAR industry program focuses on encouraging and enabling sustainable corporate energy management. One of the three information tools EPA developed under ENERGY STAR, which also includes energy management networking and industry specific energy guides, is the energy performance indicator (EPI). The EPI is a statistical benchmarking tool that provides a “birds-eye” view of sector-specific plant-level energy use via a functional relationship between the level of energy use and the level and type of various production activities, material input's quality, and external factors, e.g. climate and material quality. The EPI uses stochastic frontier regression to estimate the lowest observed plant energy use, given these factors. This statistical model also provides a distribution of energy efficiency across the industry, which allows the user to answer the hypothetical but very practical question, “How would my plant compare to everyone else in my industry, if all other plants were similar to mine?” The result is a tool that can be used by corporate and plant energy managers to estimate the energy efficiency of their portfolio of plants. This paper describes the role of the EPI within the context of the overall goals of ENERGY STAR and gives examples of how this information tool was developed and is being used.     

跨国公司的环境管理现状及影响因素分析

通过对企业的问卷调研及环境监测数据分析,讨论了跨国公司在华投资企业的环境管理现状,认为其环境管理和环境投资水平均略优于其他类型企业,并已经进入过程管理阶段,而企业规模是环境绩效差异的重要原因.运用企业组织理论,分析了影响在华投资企业的环境管理工作的外部因素和内部驱动力,发现企业的环境管理决策主要受到强制性的环境政策影响.