Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills

Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO₂ mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO₂ is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO₂ (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO₂ emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO₂ can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO₂ utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO₂ capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO₂ (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO₂ capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO₂ capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO₂, and prospective changes in legislation.

     

Implications of regulation based on the IPPC directive – A review on the Finnish pulp and paper industry

This article evaluates the impacts of integrated environmental permits on the environmental performance of Finnish pulp and paper industry. It assesses the performance of the Finnish pulp and paper mills in relation to the EU best available techniques (BAT) associated emission levels and compares the emission limit values and product specific emissions of the mills with non-integrated permits to those of the mills with new integrated permits. A set of practical indicators for the assessment of BAT, local conditions and transboundary effects is presented and discussed. Moreover, the paper highlights some significant cross-media aspects in the Finnish pulp and paper industry.     

水稻土中硫酸二乙酯分解产生含硫气体的研究

为了探讨水稻土中含硫气体产生和释放的途径，在室内培养条件下，测定了南京水稻土中含硫气体的释放。结果从该淹水土壤中测出3种含硫气体；硫化氢（H2S），羰基硫（COS）和二甲基硫（DMS）气体。当土壤中加入硫酸二乙酯后，不仅上述3种气体的释放量增加了，而且还明显测出甲硫醇（CH3SH）和二硫化碳（CS2）。据此推测，水稻土中硫酸二乙酯的分解可能是CH3SH、CS2、COS、H2S、DMS5种气体产生释放的来源之一。在好氧条件（普通大气）下：（1）H2S和COS的释放量低于厌氧条件（充氮）。（2）CS2和CH3SH的释放量高于厌氧条件。（3）DMS的释放量不受空气中氧气含量的影响。分析了培养前后土壤pH和Eh的变化和影响。     

Long-term reduction potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases

A methodology is presented here to assess the potential long-term contribution of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in mitigation scenarios. The analysis shows the future development of the mitigation potential of non-CO₂ gases (as a function of changes in technology and implementation barriers) to represent a crucial parameter for the overall costs of mitigation scenarios. The recently developed marginal abatement cost curves for 2010 in the EMF-21 project are taken as the starting point. First-order estimates were made of the future maximum attainable reduction potentials and costs on the basis of available literature. The set of MAC curves developed was used in a multi-gas analysis for stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 550 ppm CO₂-equivalent. Including future development for the non-CO₂ mitigation options not only increases their mitigation potential but also lowers the overall costs compared to situations where no development is assumed (3–21% lower in 2050 and 4–26% lower in 2100 in our analysis). Along with the fluorinated gases, energy-related methane emissions make up the largest share in total non-CO₂ abatement potential as they represent a large emission source and have a large potential for reduction (towards 90% compared to baseline in 2100). Most methane and nitrous oxide emissions from landuse-related sources are less simple to abate, with an estimated abatement potential in 2100 of around 60% and 40%, respectively.     

造纸废液生产单细胞蛋白

探讨生物法处理造纸黑液，单细胞蛋白是通过培养单细胞生物而获得的菌体蛋白质。利用产朊假丝鄄母Ｃ．ｕｔｉｌｉｓ发酵亚硫酸造纸液可生产ＳＣＰ作为动物饲料添加剂。     

The future of global warming: will it be emissions control or environmental damages?

This paper explores the role of risk perceptions in influencing public policy related to global warming. It solves for the optimal paths for emissions, abatement and investment in pollution-eliminating research by incorporating perceived risks into public decision making. It also compares the impact of differential risk perceptions on international collaboration on carbon abatement. Key findings are that the perception of risks related to environmental damages and technological breakthroughs plays an important role in determining the level of mitigation efforts. A high level of perceived risk of environmental damages discourages investment in pollution-eliminating research as there are few benefits from eliminating pollution after damages are realized. Other options that allow for sequestering carbon from the atmosphere may still remain viable. Another key finding is that when it comes to effort sharing between nations, differential mitigation efforts are primarily caused due to the differences in abatement technology, benefits from emissions and research capabilities. However, such differences could be accentuated or mitigated depending upon the differences in risk perception of developed and developing countries.     

Climate change mitigation and international finance: the effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism and the Global Environment Facility in India and Brazil

This study analyzes the effectiveness and efficiency of the two principal United Nations (UN) climate change mitigation finance mechanisms, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The realised abatement and costs of the two mechanisms in India and Brazil (using data from 28 GEF and 233 CDM project documents) are compared with theoretical marginal abatement cost curves, based on bottom-up technology studies. We find that both mechanisms have focused on negative and low-cost abatement potential but still leave substantial theoretical potential in this cost range untapped. CDM has more effectively harvested abatement potential of industrial gases and methane emissions, whereas GEF has more successfully targeted demand-side energy efficiency (EE) and transport emission reduction opportunities. CDM has excelled at capturing abatement potential in areas with a limited understanding of abatement, highlighting the shortcomings of theoretical estimates (such as Marginal Abatement Cost Curves) and the benefits of a market mechanism. In some sectors and technologies (particularly renewable energy), the two mechanisms overlapped, which suggests a need for better coordination in the future.     

Technology-side carbon abatement cost curves for China’s power generation sector

China is among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO₂), worldwide Thus, its emissions mitigation is of global concern. The power generation sector is responsible for nearly half of China’s total CO₂ emissions and plays a key role in emissions mitigation. This study is an integrated evaluation of abatement technologies, including both low-carbon power generation technologies and retrofitting options for coal power plants. We draw marginal abatement cost curves for these technologies using the conservation supply curve method. Using scenario analysis for the years 2015 to 2030, we discuss the potential performance of abatement technologies. Marginal costs for the analyzed abatement technologies range from RMB ? 357.41/ton CO₂ to RMB 927.95/ton CO₂. Furthermore, their cumulative mitigation potential relative to the baseline scenario could reach 35 billion tons of CO₂ in 2015–2030, with low-carbon power generation technologies and coal power abatement technologies contributing 55% and 45% of the total mitigation, respectively. Our case study of China demonstrates the power generation sector’s great potential to mitigate global emissions, and we suggest nuclear power, hydropower, and the comprehensive retrofitting of coal power as key technology options for the low-carbon transition of the energy system and long-term emissions mitigation strategies.

     

Climate change control: the Lindahl solution

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate different burden sharing rules with respect to abatement of carbon emissions. We evaluate seven different rules both in terms of their redistributive impact and by the extent to which they realize the aim of optimal abatement. We show that the Lindahl solution, where the burden sharing rule of carbon abatement is determined by each region’s willingness to pay, is to be preferred above the non-cooperative Nash outcome. Poor regions however would prefer the social planner outcome with a global permit market, because then the burden sharing rule has a secondary role of income redistribution by means of transfers from rich to poor, on top of its primary role of assigning abatement burdens. Based on these findings, we argue that in order to control global greenhouse gas emissions, the level of individual country emission abatement effort should be a function of their willingness to pay to curb climate change, rather than their historical emissions or ability to abate.     

温室气体与大气污染物协同控制效应评估与规划

提出一套完整的温室气体与大气污染物协同控制效应评估与规划方法：首先,采用排放因子法分别计算减排措施（减排主体）对各类温室气体（全球污染物）和局地大气污染物减排量;其次,以《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》规定的污染物当量值、税额,以及碳排放权交易价格、IPCC发布的温室气体全球增温潜势（GWP）值等参数为依据,将全球和局地两类污染物归并为综合大气污染物排放量（Q_IAP）,或将2类污染物减排量归并为综合大气污染物协同减排量（ICER）,二者皆以综合大气污染物当量（IAPeq）计量;最后,采用协同控制效应坐标系、协同控制交叉弹性、单位污染物减排成本等评估指标和方法开展协同控制效应评估,绘制并依据边际减排成本曲线进一步开展协同控制成本-效果优化规划.应用此方法体系开展的钢铁、交通、电力等行业协同控制评估,城市协同控制规划,以及城市协同控制绩效评估的结果表明,该方法体系具有科学性、简明性和可操作性.     

中国酸沉降:来源、影响与控制

总结我国酸沉降观测与模拟、来源与影响以及控制与成效,不仅能为未来我国大气污染治理提供科学依据,也能为国际酸沉降控制提供参考.本文回顾了40年来我国酸沉降研究的发展历程,对有关酸雨时空分布特征、致酸气体排放、土壤和地表水酸化、酸化缓冲机制、临界负荷区划以及酸雨控制对策等研究进展进行综述.我国酸雨污染经历了快速发展、污染缓和、再次恶化和持续改善4个阶段,与酸性气体——二氧化硫和氮氧化物的排放趋势相一致.我国酸雨区主要分布在长江以南及青藏高原以东的广大地区以及四川盆地,而不是排放最为集中的华北地区,反映出氨气和盐基阳离子排放的较强中和作用.作为酸沉降的主要危害,我国土壤酸化严重,而地表水酸化与欧美相比并不突出,原因是盐基阳离子沉降和硫氮转化（如硫酸根吸附和反硝化等过程）提供了特别的缓冲作用.随着二氧化硫排放优先于氮氧化物得到初步控制,我国降水化学组成由硫酸型转变成硫酸-硝酸-铵混合型,从而氮沉降,特别是铵沉降对我国土壤酸化的贡献越发显现.国家“两控区”划分、大气污染物总量控制与“大气污染防治行动计划”等政策的实施,有效控制了我国酸沉降的发展,酸化的土壤和地表水开始出现恢复的趋势.     

Towards zero emission pulp and paper production: the BioRegional MiniMill

Growing demand for paper is putting pressure on the World's forests, and although paper made from agricultural residues could meet global demand five times over, today less than 10% is made using these resources. The primary reason for this is the absence of cost effective, small-scale (∼10,000 tonnes per annum), environmentally sound pulping technology. The BioRegional MiniMill was developed in response to this problem. The MiniMill is a modular, regional scale, sustainable pulping process designed for straw and other non-wood feedstocks. The MiniMill innovates in two key areas: (i) preparation, feeding and pulping of straw using a twin screw extruder to reduce energy use, produce pulp in a shorter time and improve pulp quality, and (ii) the inclusion of a small-scale black liquor chemical and energy recovery system, based upon novel fluidised bed technology. The MiniMill is projected to be cost competitive at less than one-tenth the size of the smallest conventional wood-based pulping mill. As with conventional pulp mills, the MiniMill recovers enough renewable energy from the effluent to power the mill and qualifies for carbon emissions credits in accredited countries. In this work we report on some of the key research and development activities, at laboratory, pilot and semi-industrial scale, that have underpinned the design and development of the MiniMill. The ultimate goal of the project is to make available a technically and economically viable process for small-scale cellulose pulp production, that will facilitate the uptake of alternative uses of wheat straw, hemp or flax into the market place.     

水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解释放挥发性含硫气体的影响因素

为了探讨水稻土中含硫气体产生和释放的途径 ,在室内培养条件下 ,测定了南京水稻土中含硫气体的释放 .从该淹水土壤中测出 3种含硫气体 ;羰基硫 (COS)、二甲基硫 (DMS)和少量硫化氢 (H₂S)气体 .当土壤中加入甲硫氨酸后 ,DMS气体的释放量有了明显增加 ,此外还有大量甲硫醇 (CH₃SH)和二甲基二硫 (DMDS)气体测出 .而 COS在好氧条件 (普通大气淹水 )下的释放量明显增加 ,在厌氧条件 (充氮淹水 )下的释放量变化不明显 ;只有 H₂S的释放量几乎没变 .这些结果表明 ,甲硫氨酸的分解可能是 COS、DMS、CH₃SH和 DMDS的产生源之一 ,且释放含硫气体的种类明显不同于胱氨酸和半胱氨酸 .在好氧 (普通大气 )条件下 ,DMDS和 CH₃SH的释放量低于厌氧情况 (充氮气 )下的释放量 ,DMS则高于厌氧条件下的释放量 .这表明 ,水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解产生 DMDS和 CH3SH需较强的还原条件 ,产生这 2种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件 .产生 DMS的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量 .土壤 pH值和含水量及光照对甲硫氨酸分解释放含硫气体均有影响 .各含硫气体在持水率 50%、普通大气、光照条件下的释放量明显高于无光照条件下的释放量 .     

Environmental impact assessment of non-wood based pulp production by soda-anthraquinone pulping process

Paper pulp manufacturing is the main non-food industrial utilization of plant biomass. Non-wood and agricultural residues are potential raw materials in the production of specialty papers. This chapter aims to quantify the environmental impacts associated with non-wood high quality paper pulp manufacture via soda-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking process by means of the application of LCA methodology in a cradle-to-gate analysis. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum) were evaluated as raw materials for the production of high quality non-porous pulp. A specialty paper pulp mill was analysed in detail and process chain was divided in six subsystems: agricultural activities, chemicals production, electricity production, transport, pulp production and waste treatment. Inventory data came from interviews and surveys (on-site measurements). When necessary, the data were completed with bibliographic resources.Abiotic resources depletion (AD), global warming (GW), ozone layer depletion (OLD), human toxicity (HT), ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant formation (POF), acidification (A) and eutrophication (E) were the impact categories analysed in this study. According to the results, the environmental impact is mainly caused by the production of chemicals, electricity and fibres (agricultural activities) due to greenhouse gases emissions, phosphorous and nitrogen compounds emissions. The activities inside the pulp mill present minor contribution to almost all impact categories, excluding GW (15%) and E (6%) as well as OLD (25%). This study provides useful information for non-wood based industries related not only to pulp manufacture but also to panels or biorefineries with the aim of increasing their sustainability.     

中国省际碳排放差异与碳减排目标实现——基于碳洛伦兹曲线的分析

通过1997—2009年中国各省份的能源消耗实物量来估算其CO2排放量,并运用收入不平等的度量工具——洛伦兹曲线、序列和基尼系数等来分析中国省际CO2排放差异,进而探讨跨省CO2排放均等化及中国减排目标的实现问题,以期为CO2减排政策制定和普通民众展示一种更直观、更易于接受的分析方法.研究发现,从1997年到2009年,有别于中国地区经济发展不平衡的状况,中国省际CO2排放基尼系数并未超过0.30,从1997年的0.273降为2009年的0.254,近几年基本保持在0.250左右,差异较小且趋于收敛;按照2009年价格计算,中国碳排放强度基本呈下降趋势,从1997年的2.12t.万元-1降为2009年的1.685t.万元-1;基于这些趋势,即使维持现状不变,中国政府的CO2减排承诺也基本可以兑现.     

物理化学预处理与膜分离技术的应用

将物理化学预处理与膜分离技术深度处理结合应用于工业废水处理，可使其中的Ｃｒ６＋＜０．５ｍｇ／ｌ，Ｚｎ２＋＜２０ｍｇ／ｌ，ｐＨ６～９。用膜分离技术处理造纸废水可回收其中的木质素和糖份，回收率均为６０％左右。     

小草浆厂黑液治理工程综合效益的评价方法与应用

建立了评价小草浆厂黑液治理工程综合效益的指标体系,运用层次分析法和效用函数法来量化黑液治理工程的综合效益,并成功地应用于山东省多个小草浆厂的综合评价与排序,从而为筛选出经过实践检验的黑液治理最佳适用技术提供重要的科学依据。      

Challenges against CO2 abatement strategies in cement industry: A review

Cement industry is an intensive source of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. This industry is responsible for 5% of GHGs emissions and is among the top industrial sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Therefore, CO₂ emissions reduction from cement production process has been always an appealing subject for researches in universities and industry. Various efforts have been carried out to mitigate the huge mass of CO₂ emissions from the cement industry. Although, majority of these strategies are technically viable, due to various barriers, the level of CO₂ mitigation in cement industry is still not satisfactory. Among numerous researches on this topic, only a few have tried to answer why CO₂ abatement strategies are not globally practiced yet. This work aims to highlight the challenges and barriers against widespread and effective implementation of CO₂ mitigation strategies in the cement industry and to propose practical solutions to overcome such barriers.     

以经济学实验研究处罚机制对排污收费政策执行的影响

为研究处罚机制对排污收费政策执行效果的影响,建立了排污收费政策下风险中性企业的最优决策模型,设计了经济学实验.采用数据统计、线性随机效应模型、单因素不等重复实验方差分析等方法分析实验数据,验证了该模型得出的假设.结果表明,边际处罚期望对于企业的违法量和排放量决策均有显著负影响;企业边际减排成本对于企业的排放量决策有显著正影响,对于违法量决策没有显著影响;相同边际处罚期望下,监测频率越高,企业的服从率越高,且在边际处罚期望较高时,更为明显.因此,提高边际处罚期望可同时改善企业违法行为与促进企业减排.同时,为降低执行成本,在边际处罚期望较低时,可首先将线性罚款向梯级罚款转变.当边际处罚期望上升到较高水平时,则应注重监测频率的提高,并应重点监控那些排污量大而不是边际减排成本高的企业.     

湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的调研

在对湖北省造纸行业的现状进行调查、摸底的基础上 ,通过对企业利润与治污成本的分析 ,并结合国家的有关产业技术政策 ,提出了湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的意见与建议。