我国环境规划的回顾与展望

本文回顾了我国环境规划的发展历程,指出在我国环境规划是一门新兴的学科分支.20年来经过了孕育时期和探索时期,“七五”期间得到较快的发展进入了发展时期。环境规划成为我国环境科学和环境管理工作中的重要组成部分,在我国环境科学工作中发挥了先导作用。文章用大量实例总结了环境规划方法的进展,说明了随着环境规划的迅速发展,我国环境规划方法论也逐步得到完善和丰富,初步形成了一个完整的体系。文章最后展望了我国环境规划的发展趋势,分析了环境规划未来发展的新特点。     

公路建设项目环境影响后评价初探

环境影响后评价是环境影响评价的延伸和发展，目前其理论和方法体系尚处于发展初期的探索阶段。在总结前人工作的基础上，以公路建设项目为主，进一步完善了环境影响后评价的基本概念、作用和评价原则，同时制订了公路环境影响后评价的工作程序和内容，并以深汕高速公路东段作为实例进行了阐释说明。     

运用系统工程方法对苏州河进行综合整治

从系统论的思想出发，提出苏州河水环境系统是由水的自然循环系统和水资源利用人工循环系统组成的复合生态系统，对这一系统的综合整治必须引进或采用系统工程的方法，文章对如何运用系统工程方法提出了构想，即一个苏州河水环境综合整治的基本模式：“：污染源－GIS－水质模拟－治理规划－工程措施－管理机制”。     

Mapping of environmental and technological performance of food and beverage sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The objective of this paper is to discuss the mapping methodology implemented in the selection of BAT candidates and to present the results of the mapping of B&H food and beverage sector, prepared as a baseline for the development of national reference documents on Best Available Techniques. The subsectors subject to analysis were: dairy, fish farming, fish processing, fruit and vegetable processing, meat processing, breweries, and slaughterhouses.The sector was mapped from several aspects, including socio-economic, legal, and environmental point of view. The socio-economic aspect focused on understanding the sector’s structure and financial capabilities, pricing for water, energy, and solid waste consumption, as well as employee profiles, in order to better assess the sustainability of decisions taken. Legal mapping focused on relevant regulations, including policies from the following sectors: environment, water use and protection, food safety, agriculture, and veterinary, in order to determine legal requirements from an environmental protection aspect set in the various sector policies. Environmental performance indicators were calculated in order to assess present resource efficiencies and relevant environmental impacts. In addition, the mapping process also addressed the existing level of BAT implementation in the subsectors under consideration.The paper presents a rationale for methodology selection, offers a review of the mapping methodology used, discusses mapping results and provides conclusions in regards to that methodology used and discusses issues that need to be considered in the selection of BAT candidates.     

复杂性科学思维中的环境科学研究

从非线性理论和复杂性科学理论的角度探讨了环境科学的理论内涵、处理复杂环境系统问题的方法和途径。介绍了环境科学研究的几个主要内容 ,最后讨论了复杂环境系统科学研究的重要意义     

Using structural equation modeling to test environmental performance in small and medium-sized manufacturers: can SEM help SMEs?

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), defined as manufacturers employing 500 or fewer people, represent an estimated 70–98% of the manufacturing population globally and together have the potential to significantly impact the environment. Many of these small manufacturers throughout the world are not in compliance with environmental regulations, and even fewer see the need to focus on pollution prevention, implement environmental management systems, or to use life-cycle management or other proactive environmental management practices. A validated environmental performance model for SMEs holds the promise of providing a roadmap to more productive environmental results. This paper discusses structural equation modeling as a useful methodology to validate environmental performance models.The paper shares some insights from the use of structural equation modeling, which was used to evaluate the development of an environmental performance model for SMEs. The model was based on the Malcolm Baldrige Criteria. We review SEM methodology and share results from a population of SMEs in the plastics manufacturing sector. Fit statistics confirmed the overall model fit, but not all of the paths in the model were statistically significant. An assessment of the non-significant paths (from leadership and from the system components of the model to environmental results) led the authors to conclude that an improved definition of environmental results is critical. Education of SMEs on the benefits of improved environmental performance is also warranted.     

A methodology for the life cycle and sustainability analysis of manufacturing processes

Life cycle assessment is emerging as a powerful tool in the evaluation of the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This paper describes a general methodology for the life cycle analysis of manufacturing processes taking into account the flexibility and decision-making potential of knowledge base systems. Emphasis is placed on on-site waste minimisation and associated sustainability characteristics in relation to environmental impact assessment and process improvement. The ensuing software model is applied with some success to an initial study of pulp and paper manufacture.     

Environmental performance and practice across sectors: methodology and preliminary results

This paper introduces a new methodology for measuring and modeling manufacturers’ environmental performance and the managerial and technological practices that affect it. Facility level licensing data are used to develop indicators based on sector-specific criteria but capable of being analyzed across sectors, at various levels of aggregation. This addresses the problem that environmental performance and determinants tend to be highly context-specific, while modeling and policy interests are often more general. Using Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) information generated EU-wide, this approach should be capable of cross-country extension. The methodology is tested on a sample of Irish facilities in three sectors during 1996–2004. Preliminary results show its usefulness in exploring the determinants of environmental performance at the sector and cross sector levels. Word count = 10,049.     

Design of separation process of azeotropic mixtures based on the green chemical principles

This paper presents an integrated methodology for synthesis of separation process of azeotropic mixture based on the green chemical principles, which inherently incorporates environmental factors into the separation process synthesis. Characterization of the environmental impact of a chemical process is carried out on the basis of our established environmental impact database (containing nine indices). The superstructure is optimized more effectively and reliably by integrating the mathematical programming approach using multi-objective mixed integer non-linear programming techniques and heuristic approach. The complexity and size of synthesis search space were greatly reduced by applying the thermodynamic insights into the selection of separation techniques. The proposed methodology was highlighted through two industrial examples, one is the separation of azeotropic mixture of dimethyl carbonate and methanol, the other is the separation of azeotropic mixture of isopropanol and water.     

Green supplier development: analytical evaluation using rough set theory

Suppliers' development is a critical function within supply chain management. Green supplier development is also necessary for effective green supply chain management. Interestingly, there is a gap in the research on how an organization can effectively manage supplier development programs, and specifically green supplier development. The use of formal models to aid green supplier development management is virtually non-existent. This paper aims to fill this gap by introducing a formal model using rough set theory to investigate the relationships between organizational attributes, supplier development program involvement attributes, and performance outcomes. The performance outcomes focus on environmental and business dimensions. The rough set methodology utilizes an ‘incomplete’ information approach which is more realistic in some data poor environments. A multistage rough set methodology is detailed through an illustrative application. The methodology generates decision rules relating the various attributes to the performance outcomes. Included in the discussion are insights into how these rules for individual and aggregated performance (environmental, business, and joint performance) may be evaluated. Practical and research implications of this work are detailed in the paper.     

环境审计方法与实践

环境审计是深化环境管理的一项重要手段，受到很多国家环境保护部门的重视并积极推广，文章详细阐述了环境审计的定义，范围，目的和具体工作步骤，并根据实际调查，对一家造纸厂进行了环境审计，取得了显著的效果，证明环境审计对开展废物减量和清洁生产有重要作用。     

Sustainable machining: selection of optimum turning conditions based on minimum energy considerations

The aim of the work reported in this paper was to develop a new model and methodology for optimising the energy footprint for a machined product. The total energy of machining a component by the turning process was modelled and optimised to derive an economic tool-life that satisfies the minimum energy footprint requirement. The work clearly identifies critical parameters in minimising energy use and hence reducing the energy cost and environmental footprint. Additionally, the paper explores and discusses the conflict and synergy between economical and environmental considerations as well as the effect of system boundaries in determining optimum machining conditions.     

Multi-objective modeling and optimization for cleaner production processes

The paper presents a methodology for multi-objective modeling and optimization with environmental impacts and economics aspects simultaneously in the context of cleaner production. A generalized multi-objective process model is proposed based on a holistic concept of macro-structure. A hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. The Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm is used to obtain the Pareto-optimal set. The best compromised solution is determined by using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution. A simple reaction system is presented as a case study to illustrate the proposed methodology.     

关于汽车涂装生产线的环境管理探讨研究

汽车制造主要有冲压、焊接、涂装、总装四大工艺,其中涂装是整车制造过程中产生污染物和事故风险点最多的环节,因此是企业环境管理的重点。环境友好的涂装车间是高品质生产的必要保证,这对打造具有质量、安全和环保的汽车品牌尤为重要。阐述了汽车涂装生产车间环境管理工作的线索和方法,通过对涂装车间现场工艺、设备和物料分析,明确了汽车涂装环境主要污染形式,并提出了针对性的环境管理措施,为汽车涂装车间环境保护工作提供了思路。     

天津市污水资源化政策的战略环境评价

战略环境评价在我国刚刚起步，其评价过程、步骤、方法都在探讨之中，特别是缺乏战略环境评价的实例研究。文章提出了政策层次战略环境评价的管理程序和技术程序。按照所提出的技术程序，对天津市即将出台的污水资源化政策(草案)进行战略环境评价。获得了2项经验：(1)组织好公众参与，并将公众参与的意见纳入到政策草案之中：(2)在政策层次上开展SEA，从管理程序和技术程序上进行新的模式与实践。     

基于复杂性科学的区域环境研究方法和策略的探讨--以大徐州地区的环境问题研究为例

环境科学涉及到诸多领域，相关学科间的交叉、融合使环境科学研究日趋复杂，这种复杂性在大范围、长时间的环境研究中表现得尤为突出。对这类复杂的大区域的环境研究要从指导思想、研究方法、研究策略上进行改进，要从根本上寻求解决之道。笔者首先阐述了大区域环境研究的复杂性，探讨了研究的理论基础，最后以大徐州地区的环境问题为例，提出了研究策略。     

世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布环境健康基准的历程及对我国的借鉴

随着我国环境质量的不断改善,预防和控制由环境因素导致的健康风险正在成为环境管理制度的重要内容. 我国在环境基准理论和方法学领域取得了一些研究成果,而环境健康基准研究仍然存在不足,面临诸多挑战. 在回顾WHO启动环境健康基准项目背景,厘清起草、审阅和颁布环境健康基准的程序,系统总结244个环境健康基准核心内容的基础上,提出环境健康基准研究的几点建议:①运用组学和高时空人群精细化暴露评价等技术方法,开展环境致病因素和健康结局因果关系研究;②建立有效评价环境多因素暴露以及社会、经济发展状况相互作用产生健康风险的方法;③加强对影响我国居民健康,以及在环境介质中赋存量高的新型环境污染物健康基准研究;④推动建立符合我国环境质量管理需要的环境健康风险评价技术.      

中国省级环境决策支持系统的系统分析

中国省级环境决策支持系统(DSS)是基于GIS和各种模型的空间决策支持系统?该文介绍了DSS系统的系统分析方法和内容,包括软件需求说明?数据需求说明和总体设计      

购买审计与生态导向型消费探析

生态导向型消费需要政府采取一些措施来鼓励或强迫消费者在产品消费中符合环保要求。购买审计便是对消费者市场施加影响的手段之一，是内部审计的重要组成部分，它包括评估所有与购买商品和服务相关的组织政策和行为对环境的影响。探讨了地方政府购买行为对环境的影响和如何减少这些影响的方法，以及购买审计对生态导向型消费的影响。包括：购买审计的方法、生态型购买政策的成功实施、购买审计对生态型消费的影响。     

经济发展与环境保护同步走——日本经济发展中处理经济与环境问题的启示

本文参考借鉴日本在经济发展过程中环境保护政策实施的成功做法和经验,提出构建循环型社会需要不断完善考核体系、将经济与环境相融合的理念转化为落实三个转变的行动以及强化经济与环境同步政策实施力度的建议和启示。