生产测井用密封源的存储与辐射防护

生产测井使用的密封源具有较强电离辐射,对放射性操作人员具有较大的伤害性。文章在对放射性密封源进行风险评估的基础上,通过计算密封源存储过程中操作人员所受的辐射与距离、时间的关系,提出了减少操作人员照射剂量当量的有效辐射防护措施为:利用距离、时间、屏蔽防护方法,降低操作人员照射剂量;改善放射源存储条件,从本质上保证放射安全;加强放射源监管,增强安全防范意识;建立和完善各项放射性管理规章制度。     

基于物联网的放射源辐射监测与跟踪系统研究

为了实现放射源在使用、仓储、运输的过程中对放射源实时定位跟踪以及放射源容器外辐射剂量进行实时监测，设计了一款基于物联网的放射源辐射监测与跟踪系统，完成了系统的总体设计以及硬件、软件设计。系统综合了光电探测、卫星定位、4G通信、物联网、数据库等技术，实现了放射源在每一个作业阶段，管理人员能够通过Web网页清楚查询到放射源状态与位置信息。实际测试表明，系统具有实时采集，传输可靠、功耗低的优点，能够稳定监测放射源容器外泄漏的放射性剂量率以及对放射源位置进行实时跟踪。     

克拉玛依某油气工业辐射环境现状调查与对策

本文研究了克拉玛依一家有代表性的油气田工业,按照国家规范和相关标准对关键点的γ辐射剂量率进行了监测,对土壤、泥浆池泥浆、污泥、水垢、原油、水样等样品进行了~(238)U,~(232)Th,~(226)Ra,~(210)Pb、~(210)Po等核素实验室分析。对油气开采及加工过程中天然放射性物质产生的辐射水平进行了研究,为我国油气工业中天然放射性物质排放量及天然放射性物质对环境造成的影响评估提供了有效依据并提出相应对策。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中锑与铋

采用微波消解和原子荧光技术测定土壤中锑、铋,预处理样品方便快捷,对环境污染小。方法的线性好,检出限、精密度和准确度符合测试要求,经国家有证标准物质验证,该法适用于土壤环境样品中锑和铋的监测。     

油田放射性测井的环境影响分析

分析了油田放射性测井工艺中使用的放射性物质对环境的影响,主要是对人和动物的大剂量急性效应和小剂量的长期慢性效应。在油田开发中.为了了解油层情况.常常进行放射性测井。由于一些人对放射性物质不了解和过分渲染,产生畏惧而影响了正常工作。通过现场及其模似试验监测,说明了放射性物质对环境影响的剂量关系.只要操作方法正确,具有必要的防护措施.就能避免放射性对人体的影响。     

四川省城市放射性废物库辐射环境质量的监测与调查分析

四川省城市放射性废物库是四川省唯一的放射性废物(源)国家二级暂存库,是保证四川省辐射环境安全的重要设施。通过对四川省城市放射性废物库的辐射环境监测方法的介绍,从环境γ辐射剂量率、水和大气总α、总β放射性活度浓度水平、土壤中敏感核素含量等方面,分析了2011～2018年的辐射环境年度监测报告数据。结果表明四川省城市放射性废物库运行良好,辐射环境安全,不存在放射性污染的情况。     

放射性物质对人体健康的危害

放射性物质对人体健康的危害放射性物质产生的电离幅射对人体健康有很大的影响。电离辐射源分为天然幅射源和人工辐射源。前者存在于人类所处的环境中，人们已能适应，后者又可分为两类。一类为污染环境的人工辐射源，主要是生产和使用放射性物质的企业排出的放射性废物以...     

电镀废水污染区土壤重金属含量的测定及污染状况评价

运用原子吸收光谱法,测定了某地电镀废水污染区重金属污染土壤样品中cd、Ph、cu、zn4种元素的含量,RSD小于1％,加标回收率在92．78％-103．2％之间,表明测定结果可靠。依据测定数据、国家土壤环境质量二级标准、内梅罗指数法及潜在生态危害指数法,对电镀废水污染区土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。按二级标准评价结果为中度以上污染;以内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价,土壤受到重度污染;用潜在生态危害指数法对污染生态风险进行评估,总潜在生态风险程度为重度。因此应对该区污染土壤进行治理。     

放射源在线监控系统设计与应用

为了防止在用放射源发生脱落、丢失、超标使用、私自转移等情况,最大限度避免辐射安全事故。有必要设计建立放射源在线监控系统,对放射源放射性指标(辐射剂量率)及所处位置(经纬度)实行连续的自动监测。并通过各级监管平台设置放射源超标、异动等报警程序,全面提升放射源科学监管水平。     

三门峡市蔬菜种植基地土壤环境质量浅析

为了解三门峡市蔬菜种植基地土壤的重金属和有机污染物的污染状况,选取卢氏县、渑池县和灵宝市三个不同蔬菜种植基地进行监测,采集15个土壤样品,采用单因子和综合污染指数法对土壤的3项理化指标、14项重金属和6项有机污染物进行分析评价。结果表明:三个蔬菜种植基地土壤p H值范围在6.59~7.27之间,均为中性土壤;各监测因子单项污染指数(Pi)≤1,土壤环境质量评价等级均为Ⅰ级,无污染;综合评价土壤污染等级均为清洁(安全)。     

新疆大学校园辐射环境水平初步调查

为了了解新疆大学本部校园内辐射环境水平状况,对校园环境γ辐射剂量率、氡浓度水平、土壤中核素含量及红湖水样等采用国家规定的技术规范和方法进行现场测量、采样与实验室分析工作。结果表明,新疆大学本部校园内辐射环境水平处于乌鲁木齐市本底值范围之内,未见放射性异常。     

Study the effect of static magnetic field on chromosomal aberrations on Vicia faba in area with high natural radioactivity

This investigation was performed to evaluate the influence of the static magnetic field (SMF) on chromosomes in Vicia faba cultivated in soil from high background natural activity. Fourteen soil samples were collected from Ramsar area, in north of Iran, which the annual radiation absorbed dose from background radiation is substantially higher than the 20 mSv/year. The specific activity of the radionuclides of ²³²Th, ²³⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K was measured using gamma spectrometry. The collected soil samples were then divided into 2 separate groups including HR (high natural radioactivity) and LR (low natural radioactivity). The cultivated Vicia faba in both groups were continuously exposed to SMF of 15 mT for 8 days, each 8 h/day starting from 2nd day. The chromosomal aberrations were counted in both groups with and without SMF from root of samples using chromosomal aberration method. The results showed a significant difference between treated and control plants. Chromosomal aberrations including bridge, fragments, and lagging chromosomes in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase enhanced significantly in treated groups compared with controls.     

四川土法炼磺区土壤环境化学变化初探

土法炼磺特大的“三度”排放量以及对生态环境所造成的难以逆转的毁坏,已引起社会各界的关注,但是炼磺危害区土壤环境的化学变化,却尚未曾有过专门研究。本文根据土壤样品的测定结果,探讨了四川土法炼磺区土壤环境的化学变化。结果表明:土壤PH值约降低1.1—2.4,重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Mn、Fe的富集率约为30—150％,以有效态含量为标志的元素活性约增加20—55％。     

土壤微塑料污染及其分析方法

微塑料作为环境介质中的新型污染物,其对生态系统的影响越来越受到关注。土壤是环境中微塑料的重要蓄积库,结合近些年来国内外关于土壤中微塑料的研究,针对土壤中微塑料的来源、生态效应、分析方法及污染防治进行综述,以便更全面的了解土壤中微塑料污染的现状及其潜在的生态环境风险。塑料包装废弃物、农用地膜破碎、大气沉降是土壤中微塑料的主要来源。微塑料可吸附土壤中的重金属和有机物,作为其他污染物的载体危害生态环境健康,并会随着食物链逐渐富集,从而影响人类健康。土壤中的微塑料可通过筛分干燥后采用密度分离法、加压流体萃取法、石油提取法等进行分离,并通过消解去除土壤中的有机质。土壤中微塑料的识别与表征可采用目检法、红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法、扫描电镜法等。此外,根据土壤微塑料的生态效应提出污染治理措施与未来研究方向展望。     

Degradation of 14C-atrazine bound residues in brown soil and rendzina fractions

The remobilization and the fate of 14C-ring labeled atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) bound residues was examined in relation with the turnover of natural soil organic matter. Soil fractions of a brown soil and a rendzina were incubated under controled laboratory conditions. The mineralization of natural organic matter and atrazine-bound residues was respectively estimated by the amounts of CO2 and 14CO2 evolved during the incubation. The remobilization and distribution of 14C residues among the soil organic fractions were achieved after physical-chemical extractions of the samples. Comparisons of samples in abiotic and biotic conditions allowed us to assess the influence of microbial activity on the fate of atrazine-bound residues. The mineralization curves showed that natural organic matter and atrazine-bound residues had similar decomposition patterns. After 100 d of incubation, 0.8 to 3.6% of total organic C was evolved as CO2, while only 0.1% of the initial radioactivity was mineralized as CO2, and 7 to 15% was becoming extractable with water and methanol. Few differences were observed in the distribution of residues within organic compounds for both fractions of the rendzina, except a decrease of the 14C radioactivity of the 50- to 5000-microm fraction and a slight increase of that of humin. For the 0- to 5000-microm brown soil fraction, increased radioactivity in humin at the expense of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids was detected after incubation, while for the 0- to 50-microm fraction more radioactivity was recovered with FA.     

油田放射性测井对人体的损伤及防护对策

在油田放射性测井过程中，对人体产生损伤的决定因素是人体对辐射的敏感程度，所受辐射剂量的大小及受照条件。通过对２９９人的个人剂量监测数据进行分析，指出放射性测井中主要的损伤是长期小剂量慢性效应，并针对性地提出了相应的防护措施。     

农用地土壤环境监测现场采样、制备及注意事项

土壤环境对农业生产、人类健康和土壤资源的安全性具有重要而深远的影响,随着土壤农业资源的持续开发,土壤环境受到的农药、化肥、石油等污染日益恶化。阐述了农用地土壤环境监测现场采样和制备过程,同时提出了注意事项,并对土壤环境监测面临的问题提出对策与建议。     

Solid-state nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a soil slurry remediation

Soil contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and spiked with [14C]- and [15N3]-TNT was subjected to an anaerobic-aerobic soil slurry treatment and subsequently analyzed by radiocounting and solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This treatment led to a complete disappearance of extractable radioactivity originating from TNT and almost all of the radioactivity was recovered in the insoluble soil fraction. As revealed by solid-state 15N NMR, a major fraction of partially reduced metabolites of TNT was immobilized into the soil during the early stage of the anaerobic treatment, although some of the compounds (i.e., aminodinitrotoluenes and azoxy compounds) were extractable by methanol. Considerable 15N intensity was assigned to condensation products of TNT metabolites. A smaller signal indicated the formation of azoxy N. This signal and the signal for nitro groups were not observed at the end of the anaerobic phase, revealing further reduction and/or transformation of their corresponding compounds. An increase of the relative proportion of the condensation products occurred with increasing anaerobic incubation. Aerobic incubation resulted in a further decrease of aromatic amines, presumably due to oxidative transformations or their involvement in further condensation reactions. The results of the study demonstrate that the anaerobic-aerobic soil slurry treatment represents an efficient strategy for immobilizing reduced TNT in soils.     

关于水中总α总β放射性测量监测方法改进的探讨

目前国内关于水中总α、总β放射性测量相关标准还不够细化,操作规程在一些细节方面还存在部分问题,为减小实验误差,提高实验准确度,对监测方法进行了改进.对前期水中总α、总β放射性监测的实验过程进行经验总结,对实验条件进行优化改进,通过回收率和准确度对实验结果进行验证.对水中总α、总β放射性监测实验过程中的水样放置时间、蒸发...