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1.
Jose Martín Pilar López Pablo Iraeta José A. Díaz Alfredo Salvador 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2016,70(10):1657-1668
2.
A fundamental question of sexual selection theory concerns the causes and consequences of reproductive skew among males. The
priority of access (PoA) model (Altmann, Ann NY Acad Sci 102:338–435, 1962) has been the most influential framework in primates living in permanent, mixed-sex groups, but to date it has only been
tested with the appropriate data on female synchrony in a handful of species. In this paper, we used mating data from one
large semi-free ranging group of Barbary macaques: (1) to provide the first test of the priority-of-access model in this species,
using mating data from 11 sexually active females (including six females that were implanted with a hormonal contraceptive
but who showed levels of sexual activity comparable to those of naturally cycling females) and (2) to determine the proximate
mechanism(s) underlying male mating skew. Our results show that the fit of the observed distribution of matings with sexually
attractive females to predictions of the PoA model was poor, with lower-ranking males mating more than expected. While our
work confirms that female mating synchrony sets an upper limit to monopolization by high-ranking individuals, other factors
are also important. Coalitionary activity was the main tactic used by males to lower mating skew in the study group. Coalitions
were expressed in a strongly age-related fashion and allowed subordinate, post-prime males to increase their mating success
by targeting more dominant, prime males. Conversely, females, while mating promiscuously with several males during a given
mating cycle, were more likely to initiate their consortships with prime males, thus reducing the overall effectiveness of
coalitions. We conclude that high-ranking Barbary macaque males have a limited ability to monopolize mating access, leading
to a modest mating skew among them. 相似文献
3.
Within a species, ontogenetic and genetic variation in defensive chemistry can provide the basis for natural selection from
different predator types. The osmeterial chemistry of fifth (last) instar Papilio glaucus caterpillars is known to differ qualitatively from the composition of early instar caterpillars. However, the osmeterial
chemistry of early instar caterpillars has not been thoroughly characterized and may change as the caterpillars undergo their
first three molts. We have used GC/MS to identify a suite of about 50 different terpene compounds in the osmeterial secretions
of P. glaucus caterpillars, and found the relative amounts of these compounds changed significantly with each molt. These quantitative
changes preceded the more dramatic qualitative switch to the production of 2-methylbutyric and isobutyric acids after the
molt to the fifth instar. We also examined the effects of diet and genetic background on the relative quantities of 15 terpenes
present in the secretions of third instar caterpillars. Parentage was found to affect the percentages of many more of the
individual components than did diet, although both exerted an effect. The ontogenetic and genetic variations in the composition
of the osmeterial secretions appear to have an effect on would-be predators. In the laboratory, terpene secretion was found
to discourage attack by ants, whereas the switch from terpene to acid production rendered the caterpillars less palatable
to a larger predator, the green anole. In the field, the presence of functional osmeteria did not seem to dramatically increase
survival in a field study, and only a small, non-significant advantage was seen. Similarly, field data was suggestive that
parentage might affect the likelihood of survival in a natural setting, but the stage of the caterpillar and the field site
significantly affected survivorship. Further studies with greater replicates will be needed to determine whether and to what
extent chemical differences in osmeterial components as well as behavior contribute to differences in outcomes in the field. 相似文献
4.
Biotransformation products of sulfur‐containing derivatives of pentachloronitro‐benzene and hexachlorobenzene in mammals, such as thiophenols, thioanisoles, phenols, anisoles and chlorinated benzenes have been identified by mass spectrometry of negative and positive ions produced by chemical ionisation. The capillary gas chromatograms of extracts from excreta of rats after application of N‐acetyl‐S‐(pentachlorophenyI)‐D,L‐cysteine, as well as of rabbits after application of S,S'‐(tetrachloro‐p‐phenylene)‐L,L'‐dicysteine, are shown. 相似文献
5.
6.
Joanna P. Y. Chan Pei Rong Lau Ai Jie Tham Daiqin Li 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):639-646
In experiments that comprised of three phases (fight, choice, and mating) under “seen” and “unseen” conditions, we examined
the effects of the outcomes of male–male contests and female eavesdropping on female mate choice and male mating success in
the fighting spider, Thiania bhamoensis (Salticidae). The results revealed female eavesdropping on agonistic interactions. Females that had watched an aggressive
interaction showed no distinctive preference for the winner over the loser, but they preferred the loser when they had not
observed a fight. Winners, however, achieved a greater mating success than did losers during the mating phase. Gaining access
to females was based on the insistence of the winners in courtship in terms of the number of quivers, rather than on the fighting
behavior of the males. Hence, the outcome of male–male contests may not be an important determinant of a male’s mating success
in T. bhamoensis. Instead, courtship display plays an important role in determining the success of male mating in this species. This study
also suggests that female mate preference may not be a good indicator of eventual female mate choice and male mating success.
Thus, a causal relationship between female mate preference and male mating success cannot be inferred.
Joanna P. Y. Chan, Pei Rong Lau, and Ai Jie Tham contributed equally. 相似文献
7.
8.
Xiangrong Wang Yi Yong Shixiong Wang Hao Zhang Hing Hon Ho Pingjian Wang Shoubing Wang Weizhen Chen 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2008,2(2):178-186
The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature. 相似文献
9.
Pomacea insularum were collected from polluted and unpolluted freshwater ecosystems in Malaysia. Besides the shells, the soft tissues were dissected and pooled into cephalic tentacle, foot, mantle, operculum, digestive tract, penial sac, lung sac, and remainder. These tissues were analyzed for the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, and Zn. The present work resulted in three interesting findings. First, the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, and Zn found in most of the different parts of P. insularum collected from the polluted Juru River were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those found in the snails from the other four sites. Second, positive and significant correlation coefficients were found for sediment-lung sac for Cd, Fe, and Zn while sediment-digestive tract for Cu. These correlation results indicated that lung sacs could reflect the environmental concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Zn, while the digestive tract could do the same for Cu. Third, the different concentrations of heavy metals found in the different parts indicated different metal regulation and binding sites in these organs. The significant correlation coefficients between different tissues indicated that they might be caused by similar metal regulation and sequestration. Based on the above findings, P. insularum are a potential biomonitor of Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn pollution in freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
10.
Justyna Rybak Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska Krzysztof Loska Kamila Widziewicz Radosław Rutkowski 《Chemistry and Ecology》2019,35(2):179-190
Studies on the heavy metal concentrations on spider webs in relation to the pathways of pollution penetration (external and internal) have yet to be performed. This work assesses the concentration levels of two heavy metals: essential copper (Cu) and toxic lead (Pb) in spider webs and spiders (females, males and juveniles). Spiders divided into three treatment groups were exposed to the heavy metals in their diet as prey (fruit flies and mealworms larvae) were artificially contaminated with Cu and Pb. In general, we found higher rates of Cu compared to Pb concentrations in spiders and their webs. A positive correlation between levels of Cu and Pb in webs and spiders was found. Males had higher concentrations of both metals Cu and Pb in their bodies and webs compared to females. In an additional experiment, washed webs had significantly less metals than unwashed suggesting the dominance of external pollution in the contamination pathway. 相似文献
11.
Patrizia Jereb Rita Cannas Porzia Maiorano Giambattista Bello Fulvio Garibaldi Marco Mereu Francesco G. Ancona Giovanni Ammendolia Pietro Battaglia Önder Duysak Hendrik Jan T. Hoving Eugenia Lefkaditou Marek R. Lipinski Riccardo Melis Panagiota N. Peristeraki Sergio Ragonese Teresa Romeo Alp Salman Maria Begoña Santos Alberto Villari Danila Cuccu 《Marine Biology》2016,163(11):229
12.
The distribution of lignin in sediment is a useful tool for tracing the transport of land-derived organic matter in an aquatic
environment. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) flash chemopyrolysis, or chemolysis followed by GC–MS analysis can be used
for evaluating the origin of organic carbon in sediments. TMAH chemopyrolysis or chemolysis of organic matter produces a myriad
of semi-volatile products. Among these products are methylated phenols which are an indirect measure of lignin in sediment.
In this study, total organic carbon, elemental carbon, and lignin were measured in Lake Mead sediments. This study indicates
that terrestrial runoff makes a contribution to Lake Mead sediments, and that this contribution is most apparent in sediment
that is close to the Las Vegas Wash. Two chemolysis methods (on-line and off-line) were examined and compared for detection
of lignin phenols. The results from these sediment cores indicate that comparable results can be obtained from the two approaches,
although detection levels are significantly lower for the off-line approach. 相似文献