In vitro Cr(VI) reduction by cell-free extracts of chromate-reducing bacteria isolated from tannery effluent irrigated soil

Four efficient Cr(VI)-reducing bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil of plants irrigated with tannery effluent and investigated for in vitro Cr(VI) reduction. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolated strains SUCR44, SUCR140, SUCR186, and SUCR188 were identified as Bacillus sp. (JN674188), Microbacterium sp. (JN674183), Bacillus thuringiensis (JN674184), and Bacillus subtilis (JN674195), respectively. All four isolates could completely reduce Cr(VI) in culture media at 0.2 mM concentration within a period of 24–120 h; SUCR140 completely reduced Cr(VI) within 24 h. Assay with the permeabilized cells (treated with Triton X-100 and Tween 80) and cell-free assay demonstrated that the Cr(VI) reduction activity was mainly associated with the soluble fraction of cells. Considering the major amount of chromium being reduced within 24–48 h, these fractions could have been released extracellularly also during their growth. At the temperature optima of 28 °C and pH?7.0, the specific activity of Cr(VI) reduction was determined to be 0.32, 0.42, 0.34, and 0.28 μmol Cr(VI)?min^?1?mg^?1 protein for isolates SUCR44, SUCR140, SUCR186, and SUCR188, respectively. Addition of 0.1 mM NADH enhanced the Cr(VI) reduction in the cell-free extracts of all four strains. The Cr(VI) reduction activity in cell-free extracts of all the isolates was stable in presence of different metal ions tested except Hg²⁺. Beside this, urea and thiourea also reduced the activity of chromate reduction to significant levels.     

Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria

In this study, strains that are capable of bioaccumulating Cr(VI) were isolated from treated tannery effluent of a common effluent treatment plant. The Cr(VI) concentration in this treated effluent was 0.96 mg/l, much above the statutory limit of 0.1 mg/l for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters in India. In addition to the bioaccumulation, biosorption capabilities of living and dead cells were analysed. Two strains, identified as Bacillus circulans and Bacillus megaterium were able to bioaccumulate 34.5 and 32.0 mg Cr/g dry weight, respectively and brought the residual concentration of Cr(VI) to the permissible limit in 24 h when the initial concentration was 50 mg Cr(VI)/l. Our experimental design accounts for initial as well as final residual concentration of heavy metal while selecting heavy metal accumulating strains during batch studies. Biosorption of Cr(VI) was shown by B. megaterium and an another strain, B. coagulans. Living and dead cells of B. coagulans biosorbed 23.8 and 39.9 mg Cr/g dry weight, respectively, whereas, 15.7 and 30.7 mg Cr/g dry weight was biosorbed by living and dead cells of B. megaterium, respectively. Biosorption by the dead cells was higher than the living cells. This was due to prior pH conditioning (pH 2.5 with deionized water acidified with H2SO4) of the dead cells.     

Characterization of a simple bacterial consortium for effective treatment of wastewaters with reactive dyes and Cr(VI)

A microbial consortia consisting of three bacteria isolated from tanning and textile wastewaters revealed high capacity to simultaneously bioaccumulate dye and Cr(VI). The identity of the bacteria were determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis to be closely related to Ochrobactrium sp., Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dependence of initial pH values and range of concentrations of the dye Reactive Black B (33.2-103.1 mg l(-1)) and Cr(VI) (19.9-127.6 mg l(-1)) were examined to find the effect of pH on the dye and Cr(VI) bioaccumulation. Optimal pH for growth of the consortia in media containing 35 mg l(-1) dye and 50 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) was determined to be around 8. The Cr(VI) bioaccumulation by the consortia was rapid in media containing molasses with or without reactive dye with a maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation yield ranging from 90% to 99% within a 2-4d period. A slightly lower yield for the dye bioaccumulation was measured with a maximum dye bioaccumulation of 80% at 59.3 mg l(-1) dye and 69.8 mg l(-1) Cr(VI). The highest specific Cr uptake value was obtained as 76.7 mg g(-1) at 117.1 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) and 50.8 mg l(-1) dye concentration. This ability to bioaccumulate dye and Cr(VI) was more efficient than the enriched sludge from which they were isolated.     

慈竹生物炭对水溶液中Cr(VI)的吸附性能

以慈竹(sinocalamus affinis, SA)为原料,用磷酸对其进行活化,后经热解得到活化生物炭(activated sinocalamus affinis biochar, ASAB),用来吸附水溶液中的Cr(VI)。当溶液的初始pH为3时,Cr(VI)的初始质量浓度为20 mg·L⁻¹,吸附剂投加量为1g·L⁻¹时,Cr(VI)去除率高达99.8%,剩余溶液中Cr(VI)的质量浓度低于废水排放标准(0.5 mg·L⁻¹)。保持其他条件不变,改变Cr(VI)初始浓度,吸附剂的最大吸附容量可达236.2 mg·g⁻¹。以上结果均说明ASAB对废水中的Cr(VI)具有良好的吸附效果。采用SEM、BET、FTIR、XPS等表征方法对活化前、后的慈竹生物炭的化学结构和物理组成进行了表征。ASAB的比表面积是844.45 m²·g⁻¹,约为SAB(sinocalamus affinis biochar)的2.6倍,较高的比表面积可以提供更多的活性位点。本研究中,ASAB的除铬的机制包括静电作用和氧化还原作用。经过5个吸附-脱附循环后,ASAB对Cr(VI)的吸附效率依然可以达到80.9%。以上结果表明,作为1种高效的Cr(VI)吸附剂,ASAB可以用于处理废水中的Cr(VI)。     

Aerobic degradation of di- and trichlorobenzenes by two bacteria isolated from polluted tropical soils

Two polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)-degrading bacteria were isolated by traditional enrichment technique from electrical transformer fluid (Askarel)-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria. They were classified and identified as Enterobacter sp. SA-2 and Pseudomonas sp. SA-6 on the basis of 16S rRNA gene analysis, in addition to standard cultural and biochemical techniques. The strains were able to grow extensively on dichloro- and trichlorobenzenes. Although they failed to grow on tetrachlorobenzenes, monochloro- and dichlorobenzoic acids, they were able to utilize all monochlorobiphenyls, and some dichlorobiphenyls as sole sources of carbon and energy. The effect of incubation with axenic cultures on the degradation of 0.9 mM 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 0.44 mM 1,2,3- and 0.43 mM 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in mineral salts medium was studied. Approximately, 80-90% of these xenobiotics were degraded in 200 h, concomitant with cell increase of up to three orders of magnitude, while generation times ranged significantly (P<0.05) from 17-32 h. Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities were detected in crude cell-free extracts of cultures pre-grown with benzoate, with the latter enzyme exhibiting a slightly higher activity (0.15-0.17 micromolmin(-1) mg of protein(-1)) with catechol, suggesting that the meta-cleavage pathway is the most readily available catabolic route in the SA strains. The wider substrate specificity of these tropical isolates may help in assessing natural detoxification processes and in designing bioremediation and bioaugmentation methods.     

高浓度发酵废水生产单细胞蛋白的菌种筛选

为了回收高浓度发酵废水中的有用资源,以近平滑假丝酵母（C. parapsilosis）、热带假丝酵母（C. tropicalis）、产朊假丝酵母（C. utilis）、汉逊德巴利酵母（D. hansenli）、酿酒酵母（S. cerevisiae）、皮状丝孢酵母（T. cutaneum）、白地霉（G. candidum）和黑曲霉（A. niger）8种常见工业菌种为研究对象,通过摇瓶发酵,考察了不同菌种利用高浓度发酵废水生产单细胞蛋白（SCP）的能力,同时比较废水灭菌和不灭菌两种条件对SCP产量的影响。结果表明,在废水COD浓度69 600 mg·L-1、TN浓度4 048 mg·L-1、初始pH 6.5、28℃、150 r·min-1、灭菌条件下发酵40 h,C. parapsilosis的菌体生物量和粗蛋白含量最高,可达7.04 g·L-1和1.87 g·L-1,对废水中COD和TN的去除率分别为33.5%和20.1%;C. parapsilosis和G. candidum可作为废水生产SCP并高效回收氮素和有机质的优势菌种。在不灭菌条件下,各菌种生产SCP的能力明显高于灭菌条件,且不同菌种产量差异不大,生物量和粗蛋白含量平均高达8.0 g·L-1和4.0 g·L-1,废水COD和TN的去除率分别为47%和33%。     

Chromium (VI) remediation by a native strain: effect of environmental conditions and removal mechanisms involved

A native bacterial strain with high capability for Cr (VI) removal was isolated from tannery sediments located in Elena (Córdoba Province, Argentina). The strain was characterized by amplification of 16S rRNA gene and identified as Serratia sp. C8. It was able to efficiently remove different Cr (VI) concentrations in a wide range of pHs and temperatures. The addition of different carbon sources as well as initial inoculum concentration were analyzed, demonstrating that Serratia sp. C8 could reduce 80 % of 20 mg/L Cr (VI) in a medium containing glucose 1 g/L, at pH 6–7 and 28 °C as optimal conditions, using 5 % inoculum concentration. The mechanisms involved in Cr (VI) removal were also evaluated. The strain was capable of biosorpting around 7.5–8.5 % of 20 mg/L Cr on its cell surface and to reduce Cr (VI). In addition, approximately a 54 and 46 % of total Cr was detected in the biomass and in the culture medium, respectively, and in the culture medium, Cr (III) was the predominant species. In conclusion, Serratia sp. C8 removed Cr (VI) and the mechanisms involved in decreasing order of contribution were as follows: reduction catalyzed by intracellular enzymes, accumulation into the cells, and biosorption to the microbial biomass. This strain could be a suitable microorganism for Cr (VI) bioremediation of tannery sediments and effluents or even for other environments contaminated with Cr.     

某典型铬盐厂污染场地Cr(VI)还原菌的筛选、鉴定及还原特性

从河南省义马市某典型铬盐厂污染场地3个典型区域获得污染土壤,以K2Cr2O7为供试物,用固体平板法筛选出8株菌,并进行Cr（VI）还原菌耐受性实验,挑选出耐受性较高的2株菌作为Cr（VI）的优势还原菌株,对这2株菌进行生长曲线的测定,用16S rRNA基因测序技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并研究了其在不同初始浓度、接种量、pH、温度条件下的还原特性,获得最佳还原条件。结果表明：YM4和YM7等2株菌对Cr（VI）具有高耐受性,其对50 mg·L-1和75 mg·L-1 Cr（VI）浓度的还原率均能达到97%以上。但Cr（VI）浓度提高到100 mg·L-1,YM4和YM7对Cr（VI）的还原率下降到了60%,说明100 mg·L-1 Cr（VI）对YM4和YM7产生了抑制作用。基因测序鉴定出YM4为芽孢杆菌,YM7为微小杆菌。在20～75 mg·L-1 范围内YM4和YM7均对Cr（VI）有较好去除效果。YM4的最佳还原条件是接种量为5%、pH为7.0～8.0、温度为35 ℃,YM7的最佳还原条件是接种量为5%、pH为7.0、温度为40 ℃。基于2株菌对Cr（VI）还原特性的研究,YM4和YM7可以用来作为微生物修复铬污染土壤的备选菌种。     

Chromium species behaviour in the activated sludge process

The purpose of this research was to compare trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal by activated sludge and to investigate whether Cr(VI) reduction and/or Cr(III) oxidation occurs in a wastewater treatment system. Chromium removal by sludge harvested from sequencing batch reactors, determined by a series of batch experiments, generally followed a Freundlich isotherm model. Almost 90% of Cr(III) was adsorbed on the suspended solids while the rest was precipitated at pH 7.0. On the contrary, removal of Cr(VI) was minor and did not exceed 15% in all experiments under the same conditions. Increase of sludge age reduces Cr(III) removal, possibly because of Cr(III) sorption on slime polymers. Moreover, the decrease of suspended solids concentration and the acclimatization of biomass to Cr(VI) reduced the removal efficiency of Cr(III). Batch experiments showed that Cr(III) cannot be oxidized to Cr(VI) by activated sludge. On the contrary, Cr(VI) reduction is possible and is affected mainly by the initial concentration of organic substrate, which acts as electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction. Initial organic substrate concentration equal to or higher than 1000 mgl(-1) chemical oxygen demand permitted the nearly complete reduction of 5 mgl(-1) Cr(VI) in a 24-h batch experiment. Moreover, higher Cr(VI) reduction rates were obtained with higher Cr(VI) initial concentrations, expressed in mg Cr(VI) g(-1) VSS, while decrease of suspended solids concentration enhanced the specific Cr(VI) reduction rate.     

Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by Haloarchaea and their use for the reduction of the chemical oxygen demand of hypersaline petroleum produced water

Ten halophilic Archaea (Haloarchaea) strains able to degrade aromatic compounds were isolated from five hypersaline locations; salt marshes in the Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia, crystallizer ponds in Chile and Cabo Rojo (Puerto Rico), and sabkhas (salt flats) in the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia) and the Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan). Phylogenetic identification of the isolates was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The isolated Haloarchaea strains were able to grow on a mixture of benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid (1.5 mM each) and a mixture of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene (0.3 mM each). Evaluation of the extent of degradation of the mixed aromatic hydrocarbons demonstrated that the isolates could degrade these compounds in hypersaline media containing 20% NaCl. The strains were shown to reduce the COD of hypersaline crude oil reservoir produced waters significantly beyond that achieved using standard hydrogen peroxide treatment alone.     

Comparative study of chromium biosorption by red, green and brown seaweed biomass

Dried biomass of the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis (brown), Ulva spp. (comprising Ulva linza, Ulva compressa and Ulva intestinalis) and Ulva lactuca (green), Palmaria palmata and Polysiphonia lanosa (red) were studied in terms of their chromium biosorption performance. Metal sorption was highly pH dependent with maximum Cr(III) and Cr(VI) sorption occurring at pH 4.5 and pH 2, respectively. Extended equilibrium times were required for Cr(VI) binding over Cr(III) binding (180 and 120min, respectively) thus indicating possible disparities in binding mechanism between chromium oxidation states. The red seaweed P. palmata revealed the highest removal efficiency for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at low initial concentrations. However, at high initial metal concentrations F. vesiculosus had the greatest removal efficiency for Cr(III) and performed almost identically to P. lanosa in terms of Cr(VI) removal. The Langmuir Isotherm mathematically described chromium binding to the seaweeds where F. vesiculosus had the largest q(max) for Cr(III) sorption (1.21mmol g(-1)) and P. lanosa had the largest Cr(VI) uptake (0.88mmol g(-1)). P. palmata had the highest affinity for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding with b values of 4.94mM(-1) and 8.64mM(-1), respectively. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed interactions of amino, carboxyl, sulphonate and hydroxyl groups in chromium binding to Ulva spp. The remaining seaweeds showed involvement of these groups to varying degrees as well as ether group participation in the brown seaweeds and for Cr(VI) binding to the red seaweeds.     

Antioxidant enzyme activities as affected by trivalent and hexavalent chromium species in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw

The detoxification mechanisms of the aquatic moss, Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw., exposed to Cr was analyzed. In addition, the influence of Cr salts (as Cr nitrate, chloride and potassium bichromate) on these mechanisms has also been studied. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11.), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7.) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2.) increased in plants treated with Cr concentrations ranging from 6.25x10(-5) to 6.25mM when given as Cr(NO(3))(3). Antioxidant enzymes responded to the other two salts CrCl(3) and K(2)Cr(2)O(7) only with Cr concentrations higher than 6.25x10(-2)mM. Glutathione level and GSSG/GSH ratio also responded to Cr exposure but no dose-effect relationship could be observed. Moreover, two unknown thiol compounds were observed in mosses exposed to the highest Cr concentrations. Effects on chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios were also shown even at low Cr concentrations. Our results indicated that environmentally realistic concentrations of Cr could lead to impairment of the cellular activity towards F. antipyretica and that Cr(III), when present as a nitrate salt, was as harmful as Cr(VI).     

一株耐铬产碱菌的鉴定及其铬(Ⅵ)解毒特性

为了将微生物更好地应用于治理环境污染,从长期Cr(Ⅵ)污染区域筛选Cr(Ⅵ) 耐受细菌,并研究其去除Cr(Ⅵ)的特性。结果表明:筛选出1株产碱菌CQMU-1能高效除去培养体系中的Cr(Ⅵ),用于去除环境中Cr(Ⅵ)污染是可行的。7种细菌中菌株CQMU-1的Cr(Ⅵ) 耐受能力最强,经鉴定为粪产碱菌;当初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为100 mg/L、pH为6.0~8.0、温度为30℃、接种细菌浓度为0.5~2.0 g/L时,CQMU-1的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率最高,达94.6%;培养120 h后,培养液中Cr(Ⅵ)明显减少,总Cr无显著变化,菌体中Cr含量极少。     

Sorption of Cr(VI) from dilute solutions and wastewater by live and pretreated biomass of Aspergillus flavus

Sorption of Cr(VI) was carried out from dilute solutions using live and pretreated biomass in a batch mode. Effects of agitation time, adsorbent dosage and pH were examined. The autoclaved biomass that showed maximum adsorption capacity (Q(0)=0.335 mg g(-1)) was used as an adsorbent in column studies. The optimized flow rate of 2.5 ml min(-1) and bed height 10 cm were used to determine the effect of metal ion concentration on removal of Cr(VI). Applying the BDST model to calculate the adsorption capacity (N(0)) of column, which showed 4.56 x 10(-5), 7.28 x 10(-5), 6.89 x 10(-5), 3.07 x 10(-5), 2.80 x 10(-5)mg g(-1) for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg dm(-3) of Cr(VI), respectively. Batch sorption proved to be more efficient than the column sorption and hence batch sorption was used to remove Cr(VI) from a textile dyeing industry wastewater. The phytotoxic effect of treated and untreated wastewater was studied against Zea mays. Toxicity was reduced by 50% in the treated effluent.     

Relationship between chromium(VI) resistance and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration by some cyanobacterial isolates

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Chromium(VI) resistance and its association with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in cyanobacteria was investigated. Increased EPS concentration was associated with Cr(VI) resistance. The most resistant isolate, Chroococcus sp. H(4), secreted the most EPS (427 mg/L). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EPS concentration of the two most resistant isolates (Chroococcus sp. H(4) and Synechocystis sp. S(63)) was investigated following exposure to 15 and 35 ppm Cr(VI). The composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4) following exposure to 10 ppm Cr(VI) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Control EPS was composed of glucose (99%) and galactronic acid (1%); in the presence of 10 ppm Cr(VI), EPS composition changed to glucose (9%), xylose (75%), rhamnose (14%), and galacturonic acid (2%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results indicated that (1) exposure to elevated concentrations of Cr(VI) affected the composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4), and (2) there was a correlation between Cr(VI) resistance and EPS concentration in some cyanobacteria.     

生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(VI)的去除

利用液相还原法,使生物炭携载纳米零价铁,可以有效解决纳米零价铁在水处理应用中自身团聚问题,从而提高Cr(VI)的去除效率。研究发现:在添加相同剂量纳米的条件下,当炭铁质量比为5:1时,生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(VI)的去除率可达到96.8%,比纯纳米零价铁去除Cr(VI)的效率高35.9%;TEM和BET分析表明,生物炭携载纳米零价铁比纯纳米零价铁有更好的分散性和更高的比表面积,这是其去除Cr(VI)效果更好的主要原因;当溶液中Cr(VI)的反应初始浓度从25 mg/L提升至125 mg/L时,表观速率常数kobs从0.104 1 min-1降低至0.023 5 min-1,说明反应速率随着Cr(VI)初始浓度的增大而降低;当反应溶液初始pH在4.5~8.5之间时,携载纳米零价铁的生物炭对溶液中Cr(VI)的去除率均达到92.1%以上,表明生物炭携载纳米零价铁具有较广的pH适应范围,且对Cr(VI)具有较好的去除效果。     

NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附去除水中Cr(VI)

采用共沉淀法合成磁性复合材料NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH,通过静态吸附试验考察复合材料去除水中Cr（VI）的性能,系统地研究了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和温度等因素对Cr（VI）去除效果的影响。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为2、初始Cr（VI）浓度为50 mg·L-1、吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1时,吸附过程在240 min内达到平衡,此时Cr（VI）的去除率为89.5%。动力学和吸附等温式的研究表明：NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附Cr（VI）的过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型。热力学参数表明该吸附过程为自发、放热的反应过程,低温有利于吸附剂对Cr（VI）的吸附。吸附剂经4次再生后对Cr（VI）仍有83.1%的去除率,且其在外加磁场的作用下能快速与水溶液分离,因此NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH可作为去除水中Cr（VI）的良好吸附剂。     

生物铁修复Cr（VI）污染土壤的性能及机理

以活性污泥与生物铁作为修复剂,对比时间、pH、污泥投加量、Cr（VI）初始浓度对活性污泥、生物铁去除土壤中Cr（VI）的影响;考察生物铁对土壤中Cr（VI）的还原率;采用SEM、XRD、XPS对生物铁修复前后的Cr（VI）污染土壤进行表征分析。实验结果表明：在土壤中,生物铁对Cr（VI）的修复效果优于活性污泥,当pH为6.0,Cr（VI）初始浓度为300 mg·kg-1,生物铁和活性污泥的投加量均为19.57 mg·g-1,修复时间为45 d时,土壤中Cr（VI）经活性污泥与生物铁修复后浓度分别为31.42、19.69 mg·kg-1,去除率分别为89.52%、94.12%。生物铁修复土壤Cr（VI）以还原作用为主,吸附为辅。Cr（VI）污染土壤被生物铁修复后出现了FeOOH、Fe3O4以及Fe3O4与FeCr2O4的混合物,部分Cr（VI）被还原为Cr（III）,铁被氧化为Fe2+、Fe3+。     

绿色合成纳米铁去除水中铬离子

以桉树叶提取液作为还原剂和稳定剂,绿色合成纳米铁（EL-Fe NPs）,用于去除水体中的铬离子。通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR等技术方法对绿色合成的纳米铁去除铬离子反应前后的微观结构进行表征和分析,观察其反应前后的形态结构。主要探究了pH、Cr（VI）溶液初始浓度、EL-Fe NPs投加量和反应温度等因素对EL-Fe NPs去除铬离子效果的影响,研究其吸附动力学并且进行了EL-Fe NPs重复利用实验。实验结果表明：降低溶液初始pH值、升高温度均能提高铬离子的去除率;在铬离子初始浓度10 mg·L-1,EL-Fe NPs投加量1 g·L-1,初始pH=6,反应温度298 K条件下,铬离子的去除率能达到77.2%,其去除过程符合伪一级动力学,反应表观活化能为28.23 kJ·moL-1,表明其为化学控制过程;EL-Fe NPs在重复使用3次之后,铬离子去除率仍能达到35.2%。     

Pseudomonas S2-3菌株对Cr(VI)的耐受性及去除

针对分离得到的Cr(VI)耐受菌株S2-3进行了基本生长特征、16S rRNA序列分析、Cr(VI)对菌株生长影响、菌株生长代谢与铬的去除的关系等研究。结果表明:该菌株属于假单胞菌,与Pseudomonas chlororaphis(Z76673)相似性最高(99.8%);Cr(VI)对菌株生长有着明显的抑制作用,其耐受上限可达到1500 mg/L左右;Cr(VI)导致菌体细胞大小分布变宽,同时使得细胞表面的-OH和-NH基团减少。当初始Cr(VI)浓度为100 mg/L时,48 h内菌株S2-3对Cr(VI)去除效率可达到85.9%,对总铬去除率为24.1%。在高Cr(VI)浓度(1000 mg/L)下,菌株对Cr(VI)和总铬仍有一定的去除效果,分别为58.7%和3.3%。菌株S2-3主要通过还原Cr(VI)的方式去除Cr(VI)。Cr(VI)的还原与菌液ORP以及细胞表面的-OH和-NH有关;总铬的去除不是因为形成了氢氧化铬沉淀,而是Cr(III)被吸附在了细胞表面的-C=O上。