麦季稻秆还田方式对后续稻季CH4排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦季4种稻秆还田方式（不还田、表面覆盖、均匀混施和原位焚烧）对后续稻季CH4排放的影响,以探讨稻．麦轮作系统中秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的后续效应。试验于2007年小麦播种期将4．8t·hm^-2水稻秸秆分别以不同方式还田（不还田处理除外）,利用静态箱／气相色谱法对2008年后续稻季CH4排放进行观测。结果表明,不同麦季稻秆还田方式显著影响后续稻季的CH4排放。与不施稻秆处理相比,表面覆盖和均匀混施处理后续稻季CH4排放量增加了75％和40％,且CH4排放量差异主要体现在水稻生长前期（0．60d）;原位焚烧处理CH4排放量与稻秆不还田处理相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）;与不施稻秆处理相比,均匀混施处理显著增加稻季开始前土壤全C质量分数6％和全N质量分数12％（P〈0．05）;各处理水稻（Oryza sativa L．）产量无显著差异（P〉0．05）;稻秆麦季均匀混施与表面覆盖相比能在一定程度上抑制后续稻季CH4排放．同时避免了秸秆焚烧导致的C、N、P等元素的大量损失,是较为合理的麦季稻秆还田方式。     

麦秸与奶牛场废水高固体混合厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

在实验室条件下,以麦秸和奶牛场废水为原料,设计麦秸与奶牛场废水质量比1∶4(T1)、1∶3(T2)和1∶2(T3)以及对照(麦秸与水质量比1∶4(T4))4个处理,研究发酵过程中日产气量、甲烷含量、发酵前后麦秸理化特性和结构的变化.结果表明,奶牛场废水与麦秸在中温、高固体条件下,厌氧发酵可以正常进行,且产气期延长2周以上,对甲烷含量的影响不大;厌氧发酵初始TS浓度对系统产气的影响较大,麦秸产气量随TS浓度的增加而降低,以T1的产气效果最好,麦秸TS产气量为0.41 L.g-1,较T4提高了17.14%,平均甲烷含量为48.78%;厌氧发酵后,麦秸半纤维素含量大幅降低,纤维素含量少许降低,降低幅度均为T1>T2>T4>T3,木质素含量稍有增加,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);FTIR和XRD的结果表明,厌氧发酵后,麦秸纤维素结晶区的相对含量增加,混合发酵可以促进厌氧微生物对麦秸纤维素结晶区的破坏.将麦秸与奶牛场废水(质量比)1∶4混合发酵产沼气是可行的,且促进了厌氧微生物对麦秸有机物的分解破坏,提高了麦秸产气量.     

秸秆腐解剂在秸秆还田中的效果研究初报

在大田、微区和盆栽条件下,研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻生长及产量的影响,同时研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻秸秆腐解速率及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻、麦秸秆还田时施用秸秆腐解剂对提高稻、麦产量具有明显的增产效果,增产的原因是穗数和粒数增加;稻、麦秸秆还田量不同时,还田量大且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较还田量小好;麦秸秆还田方式不同时,麦秸以栽稻前耕翻还田且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较好,上水沤制的效果较差;秸秆腐解剂能促进稻、麦秸秆较快腐解,减轻和防止多量秸秆还田给作物生长带来不利影响,并可稳定和提高土壤养分含量。     

旱地长期施用锌肥对小麦吸锌及产量的影响

以17年的微量元素肥料定位试验为背景，研究了长期施用锌肥条件下小麦的需锌特点和增产效应。施人锌肥后，小麦对微量元素锌的吸收明显增加，籽粒中含锌量增加率为18．8％，秸秆含锌量增加率为41．1％。小麦吸锌量在收获期达最大值，收获期籽粒多吸收13．99g/hm^2，秸秆多吸收23．67g/hm^2，常态年锌肥增产率为4．3％。干旱年增产率为3．7％，丰水年增产率为4．1％。应根据小麦需锌特点和效应，合理施用锌肥。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

嗜碱细菌降解木质素的复合碳源共代谢研究Ⅱ—营养条件调控机制的研究

文章研究了在蔗糖（第一碳源）＋麦草木质素（第二碳源）的复合碳源组合方式培养条件下,嗜碱木质素降解菌降解木质素的降解率及营养条件调控机制对其的影响。结果表明,蔗糖初始浓度为1g/L,添加0．3％的T－80和0.5mmol/L的ABTS并静置培养对菌株的产酶及降解能力有较大的促进作用。     

麦秸还田与土壤耕作对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

2008年在大田试验条件下,设置麦秸还田旋耕、麦秸不还田旋耕、麦秸还田翻耕、麦秸不还田翻耕4个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间原位观测稻麦两熟制农田水稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放通量,研究小麦秸秆全量还田与土壤耕作两项技术措施对稻季CH_4和N_2O排放的影响及其温室效应,以期为稻麦两熟制农田温室气体减排提供对策.结果表明:麦秸还田对稻季CH_4排放总量的影响达极显著水平,麦秸还田与耕作方式的互作效应对CH_4排放总量有显著影响,麦秸还田和耕作方式对N_2O排放总量的影响均达极显著水平;不同麦秸还田与土壤耕作处理稻季OH4排放总量为:麦秸还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕,N_2O的排放总量为:麦秸不还田翻耕>麦秸不还田旋耕>麦秸还田翻耕>麦秸还田旋耕;与麦秸不还田相比,相同耕作措施下麦秸还用排放CH_44和N_2O所产生的全球增温潜势(GWP)明显提高.麦秸还田条件下旋耕处理的GWP高于翻耕处理,而"单位产量的GWP"无明显差异,麦秸不还田条件下采用旋耕措施较翻耕可减轻温室效应.     

Field evaluation and determination of four herbicides in a wheat ecosystem by a simple and versatile QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Wheat products are consumed worldwide and every day; therefore, herbicides misuse in the wheat ecosystem has become a global food safety issue. Here, a simple and versatile method, QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure four herbicides in soil, wheat, and wheat straw – florasulam, carfentrazone-ethyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, and fluroxypyr. By adjusting the amount of graphitized carbon black from 0 to 10 mg, the herbicides could be extracted with satisfactory recoveries of 80%–110%. Application of two water-dispersible granules showed first-order kinetics as well as half-lives between 1.2 and 5.1 d under open-field conditions. The dissipation kinetics of the four herbicides differed in the soil, wheat, and wheat straw, with residual concentrations in straw at 2 h after application being higher than in soil and faster degradation occurring in straw. The terminal residues in soil, wheat grain, and wheat straw were all below the maximum residue limits. The developed method was easy to handle and versatile; thus, it will facilitate regulation and inspection for possible misuse against Good Agriculture Practices. Moreover, the results of this study will contribute to global environmental protection as well as food safety issues.     

基于卫星遥感的秸秆焚烧监测及对空气质量影响分析

每年6月是我国小麦收割的主要时节,也是秸秆焚烧发生的严重时期.利用卫星遥感技术监测2007年6月全国秸秆焚烧状况,并以某市为例,结合气象资料分析秸秆焚烧对环境空气质量的影响.研究结果表明,秸秆焚烧主要分布在冬小麦生产区,华北平原是秸秆焚烧集中区域,火点数占全国的86.9%;秸秆焚烧主要发生在6月上半月,火点数占全月的87.3%.相关分析表明,该市700、800 km范围缓冲区内火点数变化趋势与空气污染指数有较好一致性,相关系数均达0.54,当秸秆焚烧发生在不利于污染物扩散的气象条件下时,将导致空气质量明显下降.     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

Efficient waste and pollution abatements for regions in Japan

This paper computes efficient industrial waste and air pollutants abatements for 47 regions in Japan for the period 1992–2002. The variable-returns-to-scale (VRS) data envelopment analysis (DEA) with a single output (real GDP) and seven inputs (labor, real public capital stock, real private capital stock, industrial waste, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and soot and dust) is used to compute target wastes of each region for each year. The efficient abatement ratios of each region in each year are obtained by comparing the actual to the target amount of a pollutant. Our major findings are: (1) Most regions in Japan have significant room to reduce their pollution since there is a wide gap between efficient and inefficient regions; (2) For each air pollutant, approximately 25–33% of Japan's prefectures can reduce their output by more than 50% without harming regional GDP, and approximately one-third of prefectures can reduce industrial waste more than 30%; (3) Hokkaido is the least efficient region for all years studied and for all waste and pollutants, and target abatement ratios there drastically worsened in the last two sample years; (4) Tokyo, Saitama, Yamanashi, Shiga, Nara, and Tottori are efficient with respect to each type of industrial waste and pollution throughout the study period; (5) many regions in the bottom quartile with respect to real per capita income have significant room to reduce their waste and pollution output; and (6) many regions where energy-intensive industries dominate produce excessive amounts of waste and air pollution compared to other regions.     

Effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The waste water showed high values of total solid (TS), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline pH along with high concentrations of Cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), Ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). The concentration of Cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and Zn in industrial waste water was low than Ni and Cr. The diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. Plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (Ni, 13.65; Cr, 19.73; Zn, 21.6 and Cu 14.76 microg g(-1) dry weight) and root (Ni, 41.4; Cr, 31.6; Zn, 30.2 and Cu 15.85 microg g(-1) dry weight) in high concentrations after irrigation with undiluted industrial waste water. Maximum accumulation of heavy metals was found in the root than the shoot (13.65-21.60 microg g(-1) dry weight). Dry matter yield and biomolecules (Chlorophyll a, b and sugar contents) was found to increase with increase in concentration of waste water up to 50%, which declined at the exposure of undiluted waste water. Catalase activity was found to increase with increase in waste water concentrations up to 100%, while carotenoids content increased in plants only up to the 50% waste water irrigation. Use of industrial waste water in such form, on agricultural lands is not found suitable without proper treatment. It could be injurious to plants growth and may be a potential threat to food web.     

氨化预处理对生物质秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

为探明氨化预处理对小麦秸秆干式厌氧发酵产气量影响的内在原因,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、视频光学接触角测定仪（GBX）、热重分析（TGA）等方法,对氨化处理前后小麦秸秆中纤维结构的变化进行了多方面研究。结果表明,氨化预处理使小麦秸秆纤维部分官能团发生断裂,表层的亲水性增加,秸秆的热稳定性提高,并且氨化作用对纤维结构的破坏,有利于厌氧微生物接触到更多的可发酵物质,提高了秸秆的利用率,也表明小麦秸秆纤维结构的变化是厌氧发酵产气量提高的主要原因。     

施肥及秸秆还田处理下玉米季温室气体的排放

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,在玉米整个生长季,运用静态箱法针对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田处理进行了为期3年N2O排放通量的连续观测,并开展了1季CO2和CH4交换通量的研究.在玉米整个生长过程中施肥阶段N2O的排放量占到了总排放量的83%—96%,表明现有化肥的使用明显导致了农田N2O排放增加.与控制地相比,施肥和耕种可导致玉米田CO2排放明显增加,且正常施肥及秸秆还田样地CO2排放主要集中在苗期至吐丝期.控制地、正常施肥样地及施肥结合秸秆还田样地CH4的累积排放量均为负值,说明旱地土壤是CH4的一个汇.秸秆还田在一定程度上增加了玉米季N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的吸收有所抑制.正常施肥样地和秸秆还田样地全球净增温潜势分别为-1392.8 kg C.hm-2和-179.2 kg C.hm-2,表明华北农田在现有耕作方式下是大气温室气体的一种重要汇.     

Size exclusion chromatography for the removal of pigments from extracellular ligninolytic enzyme extracts from decayed wheat straw

Solid-state fermentation of wheat straw was carried out by a native white rot basidiomycete Daedaleopsis flavida strain 5A. Extract prepared from the 12-day decayed wheat straw contained extracellular ligninolytic enzymes like manganese peroxidase (MnP), manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase along with straw-degraded products and pigments. Sephacryl S-200 size exclusion chromatography in 16/100 column was used for the separation of these ligninolytic enzymes and straw-degraded products and pigments. Recovery of pigment-free ligninolytic enzyme activities as protein was 40% of the total proteins loaded and specific LiP activity increased 34 fold after size exclusion chromatography. Thus accurate estimation of LiP by veratryl alcohol oxidation assay was possible only after the removal of interfering pigments. The reproducibility of size exclusion chromatography is adjudged satisfactory from the consistent results obtained after seven repetitive uses of matrices.     

配施猪粪对麦季CH4和N2O排放及温室效应的影响

采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究配施猪粪条件下麦季CH4和N2O的排放特征,并运用全球增温潜势(PGW)对麦田CH4和N2O排放的温室效应进行估算。结果表明,常规施肥、秸秆还田、50%猪粪和100%猪粪替代化肥处理CH4平均排放通量分别为6.10、10.26、5.32和2.35μg.m-2.h-1,N2O平均排放通量分别为24.25、38.24、12.21和16.06μg.m-2.h-1。CH4排放通量在拔节后随温度升高而增加,N2O排放主要发生在苗期灌溉或降水后。与常规施肥相比,100%猪粪和50%猪粪替代化肥处理麦季CH4和N2O排放产生的总PGW分别降低34.3%和48.9%,单位产量的PGW分别降低26.0%和48.9%,秸秆还田措施的PGW及单位产量的PGW分别提高57.9%和52.0%。然而,与常规施肥与秸秆还田处理相比,100%猪粪处理的小麦产量显著降低(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,在作物高产、稳产要求下,50%猪粪替代化肥措施的减排效果较好。     

Effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste for accelerating biogas generation during simulated landfilling

Effect of aerobic pretreatment of MSW on landfill gas generation was investigated. Volatile solid (VS) loss of MSW is an effective and comparable indicator. Chinese MSW requires at least a reduction of VS about 27% (w/w) prior to disposal. Aerobic pretreatment of MSW reduced lag phase more than 90% before methanogenesis. Aerobic pretreatment degree influences quantity of gas generation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation. Aerobic pretreatment degree (APD) was determined on the basis of reduction in volatile solids (VS) on a wet weight basis. In this study, intermittent aeration (IA) was applied to three reactors as a main aeration mode; since a single reactor was operated under continuous aeration mode. However, the purpose of the experiment was to reduce VS content of waste, irrespective of the comparison between aeration modes. Fresh MSW was first pretreated aerobically with different aeration rates (10, 40, 60 and 85 L/min/m³) for the period of 30–50 days, resulting in VS-loss equivalent to 20%, 27%, 38% and 53% on w/w basis for the wastes A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. The cumulative biogas production, calculated based on the modified Gompertz model were 384, 195, 353, 215, and 114 L/kg VS for the wastes A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Untreated waste (A0) showed a long lag phase; whereas the lag phases of pretreated MSW were reduced by more than 90%. Aerobically pretreated wastes reached stable methanogenic phase within 41 days compared to 418 days for untreated waste. The waste mass decreased by about 8% to 27% compared to untreated MSW, indicative that even more MSW could be placed in the same landfill. The study confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation.     

秸秆还田下改良剂对水稻生长和Cd吸收积累的影响

土壤中的镉（Cd）易在水稻中积累而威胁人体健康,秸秆还田下不同化学改良剂对水稻Cd 吸收累积特性的影响效应值得关注.选取成都平原德阳市旌阳区Cd 污染稻田为研究对象,开展小区试验,研究秸秆（油菜、小麦）直接还田下添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石3 种改良剂对水稻生长和Cd 吸收累积的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,油菜秸秆＋钙镁磷肥和小麦秸秆＋海泡石处理均能增加水稻株高、分蘖数和产量,其中产量提高了6.34%和12.64%,达显著水平（P〈0.05）.秸秆还田下,配施改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）均能显著降低（P〈0.05）水稻糙米Cd 含量,较对照降幅分别为21.65%-36.75%（油菜秸秆还田）和21.11%-33.87%（小麦秸秆还田）.油菜秸秆＋改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）促进了土壤Cd 向茎叶的累积,较对照增加1.31-2.41 倍,这对水稻秸秆（茎叶）还田利用有不利影响.小麦秸秆＋石灰或海泡石处理均显著降低了茎秆、谷壳Cd 积累,较对照降幅为6.28%-19.63%和70.16%-78.68%.综合水稻产量及其对土壤Cd 吸收累积效应,油菜秸秆配合改良剂（海泡石、石灰和钙镁磷肥）、小麦秸秆＋海泡石是较为理想的秸秆还田与改良剂配合处理技术.     

嗜碱细菌降解木质素的复合碳源共代谢研究Ⅰ——复合碳源组合方式及氮源的选择

研究在碱性液体培养条件 (pH =1 0 .5)下 ,不同碳源组合方式对嗜碱木质素降解菌产酶及降解麦草木质素的降解率的影响。研究结果表明 ,在蔗糖 (第一碳源 ) +麦草木质素 (第二碳源 )的组合方式下 ,并将硝酸铵作为氮源且碳氮比为 1 :1 .2时 ,该菌株的产酶及降解能力效果理想。     

水稻秸秆沟埋还田对麦田土壤环境的影响

通过大田试验,采用秸秆沟埋还田方式,设置沟埋深度分别为20、30、40、50 cm及对照5个处理,将上季作物秸秆进行全量还田(秸秆沟埋量为2 kg.m-1),研究水稻秸秆沟埋还田对麦田土壤含水量、温度、容重和孔隙度等的影响。结果表明,降水结束后12 d内,沟埋深度20和30 cm处理土壤含水量(与埋草沟边水平距离10 cm处)显著下降(P<0.05);而沟埋深度40和50 cm处理土壤含水量(与埋草沟边水平距离10 cm处)与对照差异未达显著水平。埋草沟秸秆下层土壤温度变化较小,秸秆对下层土壤具有保温作用;除沟埋深度20 cm处理外,其他不同沟埋深度处理均能明显降低秸秆上层土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,使耕层土壤疏松。