镉胁迫对不同镉富集能力海水养殖贝类抗氧化能力的影响——以扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔为例

为研究具有不同镉(Cd)富集能力的扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔在相同镉胁迫环境下的抗氧化能力反应的差异,将2种贝类于0.05mg·L-1Cd环境中暴露10 d,分别于第0天、2天、4天、6天、8天、10天分别取样检测内脏团中SOD、CAT、GPx、GST酶活性和GSH含量,同时分析内脏团中Cd的含量。结果表明,对于Cd胁迫组,扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中SOD和CAT酶活反应相似,均呈先被诱导后被抑制的规律,且2种贝类的SOD和CAT活性差异较小。2种贝类内脏团中GSH含量、GST和GPx活性变化差异较大:扇贝内脏团中GSH含量显著降低(p0.05),GST和GPx活性均在第2天和第4天时处于显著诱导状态(p0.05),从第6天时处于抑制状态,而菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中GSH含量、GST和GPx活性在Cd暴露期间无显著变化,且2种贝类间比较,扇贝内脏团中GSH含量和GST活性在整个实验期间始终显著高于菲律宾蛤仔(p0.05),GPx活性从第4天开始高于菲律宾蛤仔;对于无镉污染的对照组,扇贝和菲律宾蛤仔内脏团中SOD、CAT和GPx活性无显著差异,但扇贝内脏团中GSH含量和GST活性显著高于菲律宾蛤仔,其中前者GSH含量约为后者的22倍。研究同时表明在相同镉环境下扇贝内脏团对Cd的富集浓度和富集速率均远高于菲律宾蛤仔。本研究明确了2种贝类在相同镉环境下的抗氧化反应的差异,推断出扇贝内脏团中高含量的GSH以及较高的GST和GPx活性可能在扇贝高富集、高耐受Cd方面起重要作用。     

氨氮胁迫下菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺内参基因的筛选

利用荧光定量PCR技术对目标基因进行转录水平分析,选择合适的内参基因作为对照是其前提条件.随着氨氮胁迫菲律宾蛤仔毒性效应的深入研究,需要准确评价氨氮对蛤仔肝胰腺组织基因表达的影响.然而,不同浓度氨氮条件下的菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺组织的内参基因的筛选尚未报道.本研究以2种不同氨氮浓度暴露菲律宾蛤仔14 d的肝胰腺组织cDNA为...     

桦木内生真菌的分离与代谢产物的抑菌活性

通过琼脂块法和滤纸片法,对白桦Betula platyphylla、棘皮桦B.dahurica、硕桦B.costata和柴桦B.fruticosa）的内生真菌产生抑菌物质的特性进行研究,结果表明分离自白桦3年生枝条的内生真菌拟茎点霉Phomopsis sp.BP103381表现出较强的抑菌物质形成能力。采用正交设计优化了BP103381的培养条件,在含有40 g/L蔗糖、3 g/L NaNO3、1 g/LMgSO4的改良查氏液体培养基中,在pH值6.5、28℃条件下发酵培养9 d,有利于抑菌活性物质的形成。BP103381产生的抑菌活性物质具有较好的温度稳定性,但是酸碱变化对抑菌物质的活性影响较大,BP103381产生的抑菌物质在pH为5.0~7.0时活性较强。     

镉和铅对菲律宾蛤仔脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究亚致死浓度的重金属对海洋贝类的毒性效应,探讨其可能的作用机理,在实验生态条件下以菲律宾蛤仔(Ru-ditapes philip pinarum)为目标生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0.0948、0.237和0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(0.276、0.690和1.380mg·L-1)对菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果显示:(1)鳃和消化腺中的抗氧化酶及MDA的变化呈现出类似的趋势,在胁迫初期,各浓度处理组菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织SOD和CAT与对照组相比活性都显著升高(P<0.01),呈现出明显的诱导效应,而MDA含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);随着胁迫时间的延长,高浓度Cd2+(0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(1.380mg·L-1)处理组中SOD、CAT活性快速下降,与对照组相比差异显著;低浓度处理组中的抗氧化活性虽然也较对照组有所下降,但总体下降幅度不如高浓度组明显,并且所历暴露时间较长。各浓度处理组中MDA含量变化一致,均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且含量均高于对照组。(2)通过相关性分析,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺组织中的SOD活性与Cd2+浓度的相关性大于鳃组织,与Pb2+浓度的相关性则小于鳃组织;消化腺组织中的CAT活性与Cd2+、Pb2+浓度呈抛物线型相关,与鳃组织CAT活性相关性不十分显著。这说明消化腺组织中SOD活性对Cd2+的敏感性大于鳃组织,消化腺组织中CAT活性对Cd2+、Pb2+的敏感性大于鳃组织。因此,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺中SOD、CAT对水环境中的重金属反应敏感,且存在一定的剂量-效应关系,消化腺组织中SOD和CAT活性与其他敏感性指标一起可以作为指示早期海洋重金属污染的生物标志物。     

全氟辛酸(PFOA)对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性的影响

采用半静态毒性实验方法,将菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)分别暴露于0.2、2、20μg·L-1的全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)中,在处理后第1、3、6、10、15、21天分别取样,测定整体组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性和过氧化脂质(LPO)含量。酶活性分析结果显示:PFOA对菲律宾蛤仔组织SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈现先促进后抑制的作用;低浓度组SOD活性在暴露第1天达到最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中高浓度组SOD活性在暴露第6天达到最低;暴露1~15 d,低浓度组CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);高浓度组CAT活性在暴露第6天得到显著诱导,其余时间基本处于抑制状态;中浓度组POD活性在暴露第3天即达到最高,高浓度组POD活性基本一直处于抑制状态;随着PFOA暴露时间的延长,菲律宾蛤仔组织LPO含量呈现了先降低后升高的趋势;各浓度组中EROD的活力都显著被诱导(P<0.01),与处理浓度呈正相关;中高浓度组的GST活性在胁迫期间变化比较显著,呈现诱导-抑制的变化规律。研究表明,PFOA暴露能够引起菲律宾蛤仔组织抗氧化酶和生物转化酶的变化,可以与其他敏感性指标一起作为指示早期海洋PFOA污染的生物标志物。     

固相微萃取在评价沉积物中菊酯类农药生物有效性及生物累积中的仿生研究

菊酯类农药已广泛用于农用、卫生、渔业等领域,因高疏水性累积于沉积物中的此类污染物的生物有效性评价对环境风险研究具有重要意义。采用PDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)高聚物作为固相微萃取材料,基于热力学平衡微损耗性方法测定了沉积物孔隙水中高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯菊酯和甲氰菊酯的自由溶解态浓度(Cfree);同时将PDMS上菊酯类农药的浓度与菲律宾蛤仔体内生物累积浓度的相关性进行了比较研究。结果表明,该方法可以准确测定菊酯类农药在沉积物孔隙水中的Cfree(23.3~255 ng·L-1)并用于评价此类物质(菊酯类农药)的生物有效性;菲律宾蛤仔对四种菊酯类农药的富集系数(BCF)为27.8~301,相对较小;菊酯类农药在PDMS上的浓度和菲律宾蛤仔体内的浓度满足lg Cb,lip=11.64lg CPDMS-51.29(R2=0.980)的定量关系,相关性极显著(P=0.009)。但生物—沉积物富集系数(BSAF)和PDMS-沉积物富集系数(PSAF)的分析比较发现,基于PDMS和生物体内菊酯浓度极显著相关的仿生应用还有待污染物在菲律宾蛤仔体内生物转化数据的进一步补充和校正。     

海洋沉积物中的镉及不同形态镉的生物有效性

镉是一种生物非必需的毒副作用很强的重金属元素.进入海洋环境中的镉,最终有相当部分进入沉积物中,并对底栖生物造成危害.通过测定不同镉质量浓度暴露条件下海水、沉积物和生物体内的镉的形态和含量,研究了海洋沉积物中不同形态镉的生物有效性.结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔对Cd的蓄积随着时间增加,呈现先快速增加的趋势,在24 h内其蓄积速率最大,96 h后生物体内镉的质量分数出现缓慢下降趋势.在蓄积时间一定的条件下,在任何Cd含量沉积物下,菲律宾蛤仔都可以蓄积Cd,而且随着沉积物中镉质量分数升高,生物体内蓄积的镉的质量分数也呈现上升趋势.活性镉(可交换态)是沉积物中镉存在的主要形式(45.48x.96%),硅酸盐结合态和黄铁矿结合态的金属只占较小的比例,活性镉是影响沉积物中重金属镉生物可利用性的最有效形态.     

溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性和组织损伤的初步探索

采用不同质量浓度的溴氰菊酯(0.0070 mg·L~(-1)、0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1)、0.027 mg·L~(-1))对菲律宾蛤仔进行20 d半静置染毒,测定不同时间淋巴液中乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)和钠离子-钾离子-三磷酸腺苷酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase)活性、鳃和肝脏中谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性的变化,并观察染毒20 d后鳃丝组织和消化盲囊组织的损伤情况。酶活性分析结果显示,与对照组相比,低浓度组(0.0070 mg·L~(-1))试验期间酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);中浓度组(0.014 mg·L~(-1)、0.020 mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase均呈先激活后抑制的变化规律(P0.05),鳃和肝脏中GST活性均呈上升趋势(P0.05);高浓度组(0.027mg·L~(-1))淋巴液中ACh E和Na~+-K~+-ATPase、肝脏中GST活性在试验期间持续下降(P0.01),而鳃中GST活性呈先抑制后升高的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,低中浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内的酶活性表现为先诱导后抑制,具有明显的时间、剂量效应;高浓度的溴氰菊酯对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活持续抑制,且染毒浓度越高,组织细胞变异越显著,表现为鳃丝上皮细胞纤毛层萎缩、纤毛脱落,消化盲囊上皮细胞膨胀,出现包涵体样结构。     

镧（Ⅲ）离子诱导的菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白性质研究(Study on the Rare Earth Ion La（Ⅲ） Inducing the Synthesis of Metallothionein in Ruditapes philippinarum)

稀土离子能否诱导海洋生物的金属硫蛋白（MT）合成,将影响到MT对海水重金属的指示作用. 以菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）为试验动物,采用含镧（Ⅲ）离子（La3+）的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MT含量. 结果表明,La3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MT含量,其中,10~1×100μg·L-1的La3+对鳃部诱导作用较大;10~1×10000μg·L-1的La3+对内脏MT均有较好诱导;同时,过柱层析洗脱液的光谱扫描及十二烷基的硫酸盐钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法（SDS-PAGE）分析表明,La3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中的MT在258nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子量为13.1kD和18.3kD.     

镧(Ⅲ)离子诱导的菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白性质研究

稀土离子能否诱导海洋生物的金属硫蛋白(MT)合成,将影响到MT对海水重金属的指示作用.以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为试验动物,采用含镧(Ⅲ)离子(La3+)的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MT含量.结果表明,La3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MT含量,其中,10～1×100μg·L-1的La3+对鳃部诱导作用较大;10～1×10000μg·L-1的La3+对内脏MT均有较好诱导;同时,过柱层析洗脱液的光谱扫描及十二烷基的硫酸盐钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)分析表明,La3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中的MT在258nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子量为13.1kD和18.3kD.     

青海高原土壤拮抗性放线菌的生态分布

采用琼脂块法测定了分离自青海高原不同生态环境下的 1 007株代表性放线菌的拮抗性.结果表明:①供试菌中对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假丝酵母、青霉、辣椒疫霉、西瓜枯萎菌、棉花枯萎菌及黄瓜枯萎菌有拮抗性的放线菌占供试菌总数的比率分别为 9. 1%、27. 2%、2. 1%、2. 6%、13. 8%、10. 1%、7. 1%及 7. 4%;在青海高原(西部)土壤的拮抗性放线菌中,抗细菌放线菌多于抗真菌放线菌,抗G+细菌的放线菌多于抗G-细菌放线菌,抗丝状真菌放线菌多于抗单细胞真菌放线菌.②耕作土壤中,拮抗性放线菌株数占放线菌总株数的百分率 (拮抗菌百分率 )是自然土壤的3. 5倍,且耕作土壤拮抗菌百分率按菜地(71. 7% ) >粮田(40. 6% ) >绿肥地(32. 8% ) >果园(25. 0% )的顺序排列.旱地土壤拮抗菌百分率明显高于水地.③不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率均不同,且不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率按黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土>砂土的顺序排列.④拮抗性放线菌的数量、拮抗菌百分率与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷及磷酸酶活性有关.其中有机质和全氮与拮抗性放线菌株数和拮抗菌百分率的相关性达极显著水平 (P<0. 01).抗细菌与抗真菌拮抗性放线菌的出现频率与土壤有机质、全氮及放线菌总数量的相关性分别达到了极显著(P<0. 01)与显著水平(P<0. 05),且土     

山苍籽油抑制黑曲霉生长的细胞学机制

采用电镜、多维显微、快速显微图像分析，并与计算机技术相结合，研究天然山苍籽香精油抗黑曲霉的机理，获得了单纯使用光学显微镜或电镜难以获得的结果，表明该香精油能直接通过损伤黑曲霉质膜，改变其膜的物理参数和选择通透性而进入细胞，诱发细胞的一系列因素，从而导致孢子失去萌发力，并抑制菌丝体生长．图2表1参12     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.